Ibran sound changes

Sound changes from Latin to Ibran.

Common changes

(Changes to Ibran-flavored Vulgar Latin.)

1. Word-final /m/ → ∅

   In some function words (e.g. meum, iam) this /m/ |M| → /n/ |N|

2. /mn/ → /nn/
3. Final /t/ → ∅
4. /h/ → ∅
5. /e/ or /i/ in hiatus in unstressed penult → /j/ |I| (transcribed as |j|)
6. V in unstressed penult → ∅
7. /tk/ → /tʃ/ |Z|
8. Word-stress vowels:

   /aː a/ → /ɑ/ |A|

   /e aj/ → /ɛ/ |E| (tr. |ę|)

   /i eː oj/ → /e/ |E| (tr. |ẹ|)

   /iː/ → /i/ |I|

   /o/ → /ɔ/ |O| (tr. |ǫ|)

   /u oː aw/ → /o/ |O| (tr. |ọ|)

   /uː/ → /u/ |V| (tr. |u|)

9. Unstressed vowels:

   /aː a/ → /ɑ/ |A|

   /i eː e oj aj/ → /ɛ/ |E|

   /iː/ → /i/ |I|

   /u oː o aw/ → /ɔ/ |O|

   /uː/ → /u/ |V| (tr. |u|)

Verb endings

Latin verbs in -ere generally merge with those in -ēre. The following are the ancestral forms of the Ibran verb endings.

Verbs in -āre (-áre)

• Present: -o, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
• Imperfect: -á, -ás, -á, -ámos, -átes, -án.
• Preterite: -ái, -ásti, -áe, -ámos, -ástes, -áron.
• Present subjunctive: -e, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
• Imperfect subjunctive: -ásse, -ásses, -ásse, -assẹ́mos, -assẹ́tes, -ássen.

Verbs in -ēre and -ĕre (-ẹ́re)

• Pres. -jo/-o, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
• Impf. -ẹ́a, -ẹ́as, -ẹ́a, -eámos, -eátes, -ẹ́an.
• Pret. -i, -ẹ́sti, -e, -ímos, -ístes, -ẹ́ron.
• Pr.subj. -a, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
• Impf.subj. -ẹ́sse, -ẹ́sses, -ẹ́sse, -essẹ́mos, -essẹ́tes, --ẹ́ssen.

Verbs in -īre (-íre)

• Pres. -jo, -is, -e, -ímos, -ítes, -jon.
• Impf. -jẹ́a, -jẹ́as, -jẹ́a, -jeámos, -jeátes, -jẹ́an.
• Pret. -í, -ísti, -íe, -ímos, -ístes, -iẹ́ron.
• Pr.subj. -ja, -jas, -ja, -jámos, -játes, -jan.
• Impf.subj. -ísse, -ísses, -ísse, -issẹ́mos, -issẹ́tes, -íssen.

Early changes

1. /[voiced consonant]j/ → /dʒ/ |I| (tr. |j|)
2. /[unvoiced cons.]j/ → /tʃ/ |Z|
3. /j/ → /dʒ/ (V)_V

   Occasionally any of these /dʒ/ will reduce entirely to /j/ |Y| (by dialectal influence?)

4. /nn nj/ → /ɲ/ |NH|
5. /ll lj/ → /ʎ/ |LL|
6. /d ɡ/ → ∅ V_V
7. /b/ → /v/ |V| V_V
8. /ɑi ɑɛ ɛɛ/ → /ɛj/ |EI| (tr. |ęj|)
9. /eɛ ei/ → /ej/ |EI| (tr. |ẹj|)
10. /ɔi oi/ → /ɔj oj/ |OI| (tr. |ǫj ọj|)

    These three rules do not take effect if the second vowel is stressed.

11. /k ɡ kʷ/ → /tʃ dʒ kʲ/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[V+front]
12. /k ɡ kʷ/ → /kʲ ɡʲ k/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[a]
13. /k ɡ kʷ/ → /k ɡ k̠/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[V+back]
14. /p f t s k kʲ k̠/ → /b v l z ɡ ɡʲ ɡ̄/ |B V L S G G GV| (|gu|) V_V

    An original /l ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /d ... l/ (oblitare → *obdilare)

    An original /t ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /l ... d/ (veritatem → *verilade)

15. /p t k/ → /b d ɡ/ |B D G| V_[r,l]
16. /f/ → /v/ |V| _[r,l]
17. /tt kk ss rr/ → /t k s r/ |T C SS R|
18. /ɑ[velar] e[velar] i[velar] o[velar] u[velar] → /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|ae ęj ẹj oe ọj|) [stressedV]_[dental,nasal]
19. /ɑ[velar,dental] e[velar,dental] i[velar,dental] o[velar,dental] u[velar,dental] → /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|ae ęj ẹj oe ọj|) [stressedV]_[sibilant]

    But /i[velar,dental][sibilant] u[velar,dental][sibilant]/ → /i[sibilant+long] u[sibilant+long]/

    (complicated... but basically:

    aKT aKN aKS/aTS → aeT aeN aeS

    eKT eKN eKS/eTS → eiT eiN eiS

    iKT iKN iKS/iTS → éiT éiN iSS

    oKT oKN oKS/oTS → oeT oeN oeS

    uKT uKN uKS/uTS → óiT óiN uSS)

    The eKT... ond oKT... rules go into effect whichever quality of E vowel is involved. In unstressed syllables—I won't bother writing the rule here—the element assimilates:

    aKT aKN aKS/aTS → aTT aNN aSS

    eKT eKN eKS/eTS → eTT eNN eSS

    iKT iKN iKS/iTS → iTT iNN iSS

    oKT oKN oKS/oTS → oTT oNN oSS

    uKT uKN uKS/uTS → uTT uNN uSS

20. /o u/[-stress] → /a œ/ |A EV| (|à eu|) _C[V+front]
21. /ɑ e o/ → /a i œ/ |A I EV| (|à i eu|) _/ɲ,ʎ/
22. /ɑrj erj orj/ → /aːr ɛːr œːr/ |AIR EIR EUR|
23. /ɑ/ → /a/ r_ (unless _r or _[velar])
24. /ɛ e ɔ o/ /jɛ je ɔj/wɛ uː/o/ |IE IE OI/UE UO/O| when stressed.

    ɔj/wɛ — wɛ in syllables closed by sonorants, ɔj elsewhere

    uː/o — uː in open syllables, o in closed ones. (The spelling |uo| comes from an intermediate /wo/ stage)

25. /f/ → /h/ |h| _[V+round]
26. final V (including /a/ but not /ɑ/), and V before final /s/ ← ∅ (unless restored by analogy)
27. final /ɑ/ → /ə/ |e|
28. /ɑ/ before the stressed syllable reduces to /ə/ |a|
29. other vowels before the stressed syllable drop if the syllable structure allows it, or reduce to /ə/ |e| if not
30. plural /ɔs ɑs/ reduce to /əs/ |es| (plural /ɛs/ just becomes /s/ by a previous rule)
31. initial unstressed /ɛ/ or /i/ disappear.
32. /m/ → /w̃/ |ũ| _C
33. [labial,lateral] → /w/ |u| _C
34. /aw ɑw əw ʌw/ → /oː/
35. /ɛw ew iw/ → /œː øː yː/
36. /ɔw ow uw/ → /oː oː uː/

About this point (the beginning of the Old Ibran period) the orthography stabilizes, including the introduction of some accent marks to alleviate homography.

Later changes

1. Neutralization of voicing in fricatives (which assimilate in voicing to the following phoneme, or voiceless when final)
2. /u/ → /y/
3. /je wo wø/ → /i u y/ in closed syllables
4. syllable-initial /j/ → /ʝ/; /dj tj sj/ → /ɟʝ cç ç/
5. /s/ assimilates to following consonants
6. /tʃ tʃː/ → /ç tʃ/
7. /ʎ/ → /j/ (/iʎC/ → /iːC/)
8. /ɡl/ → /lː/
9. /w/ → ∅ _[V+rounded]
10. /kʲ/ → /tʃ/
11. final stops devoice
12. loss of final schwa
13. /k̠/ → /k/
14. /ɔɛ ɑɛ/ → /ɔː aː/
15. /ej ɛj/ → /ɛj/
16. /oj ɔj/ → /œj/