Khangaþyagon Verbs
Verbs
Khangaþyagon is an agglutinating language, and its grammatical affixes are suffixes - the native term is segunakar, "follow-parts".
Stem, Person, Infinitive and Participles
The stem of a verb always ends in a consonant. This is obligatorily followed by either one of the person suffixes
- a
- 1p
- e
- 2p
- i
- 3p
which refer to the person of the subject of the verb, or the infinitive ending
- o
- infinitive
or by a participle suffix
- on/ont
- present participle
- osht
- past participle
A participle may refer to a person characterised by the action, rather than the action itself. Which sense a participle has is entirely lexical, as is whether the verb has the "on" or "ont" form of the present participle. These do not correlate.
These may then be followed by the following segunakar, in order of occurrence
Reflexiveness
- d+reduplication of person ending
- Reflexive
Continuous aspect
- ha
- Continuous
Perfect aspect
- fœ
- Perfect
Tense
- ng
- past tense
- kh
- future tense
Present is unmarked
Voice
- uf
- passive
Active is unmarked.
A reflexive passive indicates that the subject is the indirect cause of an action that affects himself.
- gwenda ya
- I hide (would normally require an object)
- gwendada ya
- I hide myself
- gwenda'uf ya
- I am hidden
- gwendada'uf ya
- I get myself hidden
Mood
- azh
- Conditional
- lt
- Imperative
- dau
- Interrogative
Indicative is unmarked
Negation
- she
- not
Number
This refers to the number of the subject of the verb.
- (a)r
- plural
The a appears epenthetically when this segunak follows a consonant.
Paradigm Summary
The form of the verb can thus be summarised as
{set of alternatives, separated by commas}
[optional segunak]
stem+{person,infinitive,participle}+[Reflexiveness]+[continuous]+[perfect]+[tense]+[voice]+[mood]+[negation]+[number]
The Existential Verb
The equivalent of "there is" is indicated by using the verb dah- (be) in the passive voice, eg
- dahiuf rik
- there is a man
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