Khangaþyagon Verbs
Verbs
Khangaþyagon is an agglutinating language, and its grammatical affixes are suffixes - the native term is segunakar, "follow-parts".
Stem, Person, Infinitive and Participles
The stem of a verb always ends in a consonant, and need not be phonologically complete. This is obligatorily followed by either one of the person suffixes
- a
- 1p
- yaga ya
- I speak
- e
- 2p
- yage ye
- you speak
- i
- 3p
- yagi rik
- the man speaks
which refer to the person of the subject of the verb, or the infinitive ending
- o
- infinitive
- yago
- to speak
or by a participle suffix
- on/ont
- present participle
- yagon
- speaking, speech, language
- osht
- past participle
- yagosht
- spoken
A participle may refer to a person characterised by the action, rather than the action itself. eg
- bagiront
- keeper.
Which sense a participle has is entirely lexical, as is whether the verb has the "on" or "ont" form of the present participle. These do not correlate.
These may then be followed by the following segunakar, in order of occurrence
Reflexiveness
- d+reduplication of person ending
- Reflexive. Indicates that the direct object of the verb is identical with the subject.
- gwendidi khratap
- The thief hides himself.
Continuous aspect
- ha
- Continuous. Indicates an ongoing or habitual, as in "be doing" or "keep doing".
- yagaha ya
- I am speaking
Perfect aspect
- fœ
- Perfect. Indicates a completed action. The English equivalent is "have done"
- yagafœ ya
- I have spoken
- yagahafœ ya
- I have been speaking
Tense
Khangaþyagon has a three-tense system, in which present in unmarked, and past and future are marked with the following segunakar.
- ng
- past tense
- yagang ya
- I spoke
- yagahang ya
- I was speaking
- kh
- future tense
- yagakh ya
- I will speak
- yagafœkh ya
- I will have spoken
- yagahafœkh ya
- I will have been speaking
Voice
Khangaþyagon has two voices, active, which is unmarked, and passive
- uf
- passive. May indicate either a stative passive "be done" or an eventive passive "get done"
- eskringuf glaf
- The horse was ridden
A reflexive passive indicates that the subject is the indirect cause of an action that affects himself.
- gwenda ya
- I hide (would normally require an object)
- gwendada ya
- I hide myself
- gwenda'uf ya
- I am hidden
- gwendada'uf ya
- I get myself hidden
Mood
Khangaþyagon has four moods, indicative, which is unmarked, and the following-
- azh
- Conditional. Indicates "if" or "would"
- yagifœazh yi
- if he had spoken/he would have spoken
- lt
- Imperative. Khangaþyagon's imperative also covers the semantic space of an optative or hortative
- yagelt ye
- Speak!
- yagehalt ye
- Keep speaking!
- yagilt yi
- May he speak!
- dau
- Interrogative. Forms polar questions
- yagafœkhdau vlakhmark?
- Will the king have spoken?
More on the usage of these moods may be found in the syntax section
Negation
- she
- not
- yagangshe ya
- I do not speak
- bilbitehaltshe ye
- Stop wittering on!
Number
This refers to the number of the subject of the verb.
- (a)r
- plural
- yagar yar
- we speak
- yagingar yir
- they spoke
The a appears epenthetically when this segunak follows a consonant.
Paradigm Summary
The form of the verb can thus be summarised as
{set of alternatives, separated by commas}
[optional segunak]
stem+{person,infinitive,participle}+[Reflexiveness]+[continuous]+[perfect]+[tense]+[voice]+[mood]+[negation]+[number]
The Existential Verb
The equivalent of "there is" is indicated by using the verb dah- (be) in the passive voice, eg
- dahiuf rik
- there is a man
Modal Verbs
There are four verbs
- osf
- must. Indicates a strong obligation, especially moral obligation, to perform the action.
- ovl
- can. Indicates the possibility or ability to perform the action.
- orng
- should. Indicates that the action is desirable, but does not convey the sense of strong obligation that osf does.
- olw
- might. Indicates that the action is uncertain.
which occur only in compounds with other verbs. As such, they occupy a morphological grey area between segunakar and roots. As a closed class of bound morphemes, they share properties with segunakar, and all begin with o, which is associated with non-finite verb forms. However, they take stress, which is a property of roots (segunakar never take stress). Also, when they occur, the form of the present participal is determined by the modal verb, and not by the verb they compound with.
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