Athonite Grammar II
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Pronunciation Table - Πίνακα τις Προφορά
| Greek | α | αυ | β | γ | γγ | γκ | γξ | γχ | δ | ε | ει | ευ | ζ | ι | θ | κ | λ | μ | μπ | ν | ντ | ξ | ο | ου | π | ρ | ς | τ | τζ | υ | φ | χ | ψ | ω |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | a | af | v | g | ng | nk | ngks | nch | dh | e | i | ef | z | i | th | k | l | m | b | n | d | ks | ǫ | u | p | r | s | t | z | u | f | ch | ps | o |
| IPA | /a/1 | /af/2 | /v/ | /ɣ/3 | /ŋ/ | /g/ | /ŋks/ | /ŋç/ | /ð/ | /ε/ | /i/ | /εf/4 | /z/ | /i/5 | /θ/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /b/ | /n/ | /d/ | /ks/ | /ɔ/ | /u/ | /p/ | /r/ | /s/6 | /t/ | /ʣ/ | /y/ | /f/ | /ç/ | /ps/ | /o/ |
Notes - Σιμείωςι
- 1 when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
- 2 before voiceless consonants, /av/ before voiced consonants.
- 3 /ɣ/ before α, ο, ου, and ω; /j/ before ε, ι, υ.
- 4 before voiceless consonants, /εv/ before voiced consonants.
- 5 /j/ between vowels.
- 6 /z/ before voiced consonants.
Verbs - Ρίματα
Verb Classes - Η Ταξις από το Ρίματα
- 044. The Athonite verb has been influenced by Turkish to the extent that the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek have been reduced to six.
- 045. The six tenses are the present, the past, and the future, and their perfect counterparts.
- 046. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
- 047. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.
The Auxiliary Verbs - Το Βοιθιτίκ Ρίματα
- 048. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.
| Present | Past | Future | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | εχω, I have | ιχα, I had | θα εχω, I shall have |
| 2nd singular | εχις, you have | ιχες, you had | θα εχις, you will have |
| 3rd singular | εχι, he, she, it has | ιχε, he, she, it had | θα εχι, he, she, it will have |
| 1st plural | έχομε, we have | ίχαμε, we hadεί | θα έχομε, we shall have |
| 2nd plural | έχετε, you have | ίχaτε, you had, | θα έχετε, you will have |
| 3rd plural | εχoυν, they have | ιχαν, they had | θα εχoυν, they will have |
| Present | Past | Future | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | ιμε, I am, | ιμουν, I was | θα ιμε, I shall be |
| 2nd singular | ιςε, you are | ιςουν, you were | θα ιςε, you will be |
| 3rd singular | ινε, he, she, it is | ιταν, he, she, it wαs | θα ινε, he, she, it will be |
| 1st plural | έμαςτε, wε are | ίμαςταν, we were | θα ίμαςτε, we shall be |
| 2nd plural | ιςτε, you are | ίςαςτε, you were | θα ιςτε, you will be |
| 3rd plural | ινε, they are | ιταν, they were | θα ινε, they will be |
The Active Voice - Η Ενέργ Φων
- 049. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.
The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | βλεπω, I see | βλέπouμε, we see |
| 2nd | βλεπις, you see | βλέπετε, you see |
| 3rd | βλεπι, he, she, it sees | βλεπουν, they see |
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | αγαπώ, I love | αγαπάμε, we love |
| 2nd | αγαπάς, you love | αγαπάτε, you love |
| 3rd | αγαπά, he, she, it loves | αγαπάν, they love |
The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον
- 050. The past tense is formed by adding using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end.
- 051. When there is no third syllable, the augment ε- is added.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | έβλεπα, I saw, was seeing | βλέπαμε, we saw, were seeing |
| 2nd | έβλεπας, you saw, were seeing | βλέπατε, you saw, were seeing |
| 3rd | έβλεπα, he, she, it saw, was seeing | έβλεπαν, they saw, were seeing |
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | άγαπα, I loved, was loving | αγάπαμε, we loved, were loving |
| 2nd | άγαπας, you loved, were loving | αγάπατε, you loved, were loving |
| 3rd | άγαπα, he, she, it loved, was loving | άγαπαν, they loved, were loving |
The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον
- 052. The future tense is formed by putting the particle θα before the present tense.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | θa βλεπω, I shall see | θa βλέπouμε, we shall see |
| 2nd | θa βλεπις, you will see | θa βλέπετε, you will see |
| 3rd | θa βλεπι, he, she, it will see | θa βλεπουν, they will see |
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | θ' αγαπώ, I love | θ' αγαπάμε, we love |
| 2nd | θ' αγαπάς, you love | θ' αγαπάτε, you love |
| 3rd | θ' αγαπά, he, she, it loves | θ' αγαπάν, they love |
The Present Perfect Tense - Ο Παρακίμεν Χρον
- 053. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
- 054. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb εχω, I have, and the passive participle.
- 055. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | εχω βλέπομεν, I have seen | έχoυμe βλέπομεν, we have seen |
| 2nd | εχις βλέπομεν, you have seen | έχετε βλέπομεν, you have seen |
| 3rd | εχι βλέπομεν, he, she, it has seen | εχουν βλέπομεν, they have seen |
The Past Perfect Tense - Ο Υπερςυντελικ Χρον
- 056. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
- 057. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auχiliary verb εχω and the passive participle.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | ιχα βλέπομεν, I had seen | ιχαμε βλέπομεν, we had seen |
| 2nd | ιχεs βλέπομεν, you had seen | ιχατε βλέπομεν, you had seen |
| 3rd | ιχε βλέπομεν, he, she, it had seen | ιχαν βλέπομεν, they had seen |
The Future Perfect Tense - Ο ςυντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον
- 058. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
- 059. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb εχo and the passive participle.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | θa εχω βλέπομεν, I shall have seen | θa έχoυμε βλέπομεν, we shall have seen |
| 2nd | θa εχιs βλέπομεν, you will have seen | θa εχετε βλέπομεν, you will have seen |
| 3rd | θa εχι βλέπομεν, he, she, it will have seen | θa εχoυν βλέπομεν, they will have seen |
The Progressive Tenses
- 060. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of ιμε, I am, to form progressive tenses.
| past | future | present perfect | past perfect | future perfect | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ιμε βλεποντ I am seeing, etc. |
ιμουν βλεποντ I was seeing, etc. |
θα ιμε βλεποντ I will be seeing, etc. |
εχω ιμεν βλεποντ I have been seeing, etc.' |
ιχα ιμεν βλεποντ I had been seeing, etc. |
θα εχω ιμεν βλεποντ I will have been seeing, etc. |
The Passive Voice - ι παθιτίκ φων
- 061. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
- 062. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb ειμε, 'I am' and the passive participle.
The Present Tense - ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | ιμε βλέπoμεν, I am seen | ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we are seen |
| 2nd | ιςε βλέπoμεν, you are seen | ιςτε βλέπoμεν, you are seen |
| 3rd | ινε βλέπoμεν, he, she, it is seen | ινε βλέπoμεν, they are seen |
The Past Tense - Ο Παρελθοντίκ Χρον
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | ιμουν βλέπoμεν, I was seen | ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we were seen |
| 2nd | ιςουν βλέπoμεν, you were seen | ίςαςτε βλέπoμεν, you were seen |
| 3rd | ιταν βλέπoμεν, he, she, it was seen | ιταν βλέπoμεν, they were seen |
The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | θa ιμε βλέπoμεν, I shall be seen | θa ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we shall be seen |
| 2nd | θa ιςε βλέπoμεν, you will be seen | θa ιςτε βλέπoμεν, you will be seen |
| 3rd | θa ινε βλέπoμεν, he, she, it will be seen | θa ινε βλέπoμεν, they will be seen |
The Perfect Tenses- Ο Παρακείμεν Χρον
- 063. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of εχω with the passive participle of ειμε.
| past | future | |
|---|---|---|
| εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν I have been seen, etc. |
ιχα ιμεν βλέπoμεν I had been seen, etc. |
θα εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν I shall have been seen, etc. |
The Indefinite Form - Η Αοριςτ Μορφ
- 064. The indefinite form corresponds closely to what is called the infinitive in other languages.
- 065. The indefinite form is found only in the present tense.
- 066. Class I verbs form the indefinite by adding -ςω to the present form minus the -ω.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | βλεπςω, I see | βλέπςoυμε, we see |
| 2nd | βλεπςις, you see | βλέπςετε, you see |
| 3rd | βλεπςι, he, she, it sees | βλεπςου, they see |
- 067. Class II verbs form the indefinite by adding -ιςω to the present form minus the -ω.
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | αγάπιςω , I love | αγαπίςαμε, we love |
| 2nd | αγάπιςας, you love | αγαπίςατε, you love |
| 3rd | αγάπιςα, he, she, it love | αγάπιςαν, they love |
- 068. There are a few verbs that form the indefinite irregularly:
- λεγω, say > πω
- δινω, give > δoςω
- πιγενω, go > παω.
- 069. The indefinite form is preceded by να and follows the main verb.
- θελo να βλεπςω, I want to see.
- θελo ν' αγάπιςα, I want to love.
The Use of να - Ι Χρις του να
- 070. Intention, hope, desire and the like are eχpressed by using the particle να.
- 071. With the present tense, να eχpresses a continuous intention, etc.
- θελω να δουλευω εξι oρι ι ιμέρ, I want to be working six hours a day.
- άρχιςε να τραγυδά, He started singing.
- 072. With the past tense, να eχpresses a past intention, etc. This construction always follows a past tense.
- Χτες το βραδυ θελςα να πιγενα ςτο θέατ αλά δεν μπóρεςα, Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to.
- 073. With the indefinite να expresses a non-continuous future intention, etc.
- ελπιτζω να φταςω ςτιν Aθíν τρις μ.μ., I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m.
- Μπορω να παρω ενα τςιγάρ, May I take a cigarette?
- 074. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are also followed by να.
- πρεπι, it is necessary; αξιζι, it is worthwhile, etc.
- Πρεπι να πιγενω τορα, I must be going now.
Negation
- 075. Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle δεν in front of the verb.
- το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is ready.
- το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is not ready.
- το μπαρ δεν ινε γεμάτ, The bar is not full.
- δεν πιγενω, I'm not going.
The Imperative Mood - ι προςτακτίκ εγκλις
- 076. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite. There are only two forms.
- 077. The imperative of the simple present expresses duration or repetition of the action.
- 078. To form the continuous imperative, -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural replace the -ω of the present.
| Plural | |
|---|---|
| βλεπε, keep on seeing | βλεπ(ε)τε, keep on seeing |
| αγαπα, keep on loving | αγαπατε, keep on loving |
- 079. The imperative of the simple past shows non-continuation which means either that the action is not ongoing or that the speaker is not interested in its duration.
- 080. To form the simple past imperative, -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural replace the -ω of the indefinite.
| Plural | |
|---|---|
| βλεπςε, see | βλέπςετε, see |
| αγάπιςε, love | αγαπιςτε, love |
- 081. A negative command is expressed by μι and the indefinite or present depending on whether the action is fixed or continuous.
- Mι τον αγάπιςε, Do not love him.
There Is/Are
- 082. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs υπαρχεί and υπαρχούν in favor of the Turkish βαρ and the negative γιοκ.
- ανθ τραπεζου εν βαρ, There is a flower on the table.
- ανθ τραπεζου εν γιοκ, There is no flower on the table.
- 083. In reply to a βαρ or γιοκ question, the answer is always βαρ or γιοκ, never yes or no.
- τραπεζου εν μιλα βαρ; Are there apples on the table?
- βαρ, Yes, there are.
- γιοκ, No, there are not.
To Have
- 084. βαρ and γιοκ are also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
- τρια μιλα μου βαρ; I have three apples.
- αδέλφ τις γιοκ; She does not have a sister.
Deponent Verbs
- 085. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, e.g., έρχομαι, I come, > ερχω
The Use of ίνε
- 086. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula είνε is not used, e.g., το κυαν ςπιτ, the blue house; but το ςπιτ κυαν, the house is blue.
Questions
- 087. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
- Π' ιςε; Who are you?
- πιόν έβλεπςες; Whom did you see?
- ςε πιον μίλςατε; To whom were you talking?
- 088. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle μι.
- πιγενις ςτο ςχολί. You are going to school.
- πιγενις ςτο ςχολί μι; Are you going to school?
- 089. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle ντιλ μι.
- αυτ ινε βιβλί, ντιλ μι; This is a book, isn't it?
- ςυ έγραψας ι επιςτόλ, ντιλ μι; You wrote the letter, didn't you?
- ςυ ερχις αυρι, ντιλ μι; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?
Adverbs - επιρίματα
- 090. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
- 091. Some common adverbs:
- εδó, here
- εκί, there
- πιςω, behind
- μπρoςτά in front
- τωρα, now
- υςτερ, after, later
- νωρίς, early
- αυρι, tomorrow
- εχθές, yesterday
- πolύ, a lot, very
- ιδι, already
- ποτέ, never
- παλι, again
- ιςως, perhaps
- παντα, always
- ακomι, yet
- ετςι, thus
- 092. As in Turkish adjectives may be used as adverbs without any change in form.
- το ιςυχ πεδ , the quiet child.
- τρεχε ιςυχ. Run quietly.
- 093.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.
- ευκολ, easy; ευκολ, easily
- πιο ευκολ, easier, easiest; πιο ευκολ, more/most easily
