Senjecas - List of Conjunctions
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Pronunciation table
(labial) |
riisűko (dental) |
muitűko (alveolar) |
vainűko (palatal) |
ṡ̨uuše̋nos (vowels) |
nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos (weak vowels) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | f | v | m̃ | m | t | d | þ | ð | ɫ | l | ṡ | ż | s | z | r | n | k | g | x | ƣ | h | ȝ | š | s̨ | i | e | a | ǫ | o | u | ĭ | ĕ | ŭ | |||||||||||||
| /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /m̥/ | /m/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /l̥/ | /l/ | /ʦ/ | /ʣ/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ɾ̥/ | /n/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ç/ | /ʝ/ | /j̊/ | /j/ | /sʷ/ | /sʲ/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ä/ | /ɒ/ | /o/ | /u/ | /ɪ/ | /ɛ/ | /ʊ/ | ||||||||||||
Coordinating conjunctions - párƣeðsa̋m̃o
- 1. da connects two clauses or sentences: and.
- éȝu se̋dom áfa e-e̋e̋ga. da te̋rom e-vı̋da:
- She got up from her chair and left the room.
- éȝu se̋dom áfa e-e̋e̋ga. da te̋rom e-vı̋da:
- 2. de denotes on the contrary: but (rather), whereas.
- le̋e̋gu e-tőpa. de kétu xa̋lo e-e̋sa:
- The doctor arrived but it was too late.
- le̋e̋gu e-tőpa. de kétu xa̋lo e-e̋sa:
- 3. ésti denotes in spite of what preceded: but, however, yet, although, nevertheless, on the other hand
- mu mum tum że̋e̋nu e-na̋ma. ésti műnu e-vűűa:
- I thought I knew you, yet I was wrong.
- mu mum tum że̋e̋nu e-na̋ma. ésti műnu e-vűűa:
- 4. éti denotes in addition to: plus, and in addition to, as well as.
- ande̋ru ṡa̋bom éti suumnı̋zom e-sa̋a:
- In addition to the hat, the lady bought an umbrella.
- ande̋ru ṡa̋bom éti suumnı̋zom e-sa̋a:
- 5. -m̃e denotes two alternatives, either of which could be true: or.
- ma̋a̋ma dork̬ős tááda m̃úm do alvĕða̋a̋nomm̃e k̬a̋zomm̃e u-tőƣa:
- Mother will bring us barley bread or wheat bread for supper.
- ma̋a̋ma dork̬ős tááda m̃úm do alvĕða̋a̋nomm̃e k̬a̋zomm̃e u-tőƣa:
- 6. m̃o denotes a situation in which there are only two alternatives: or, or else.
- mum sűne. m̃o ɠa̋le:
- Go with me or stay.
- mum sűne. m̃o ɠa̋le:
- 7. ném̃o denotes negative alternative: or not.
- tu mum sune̋ȝa ném̃o:
- You may go with me or not.
- tu mum sune̋ȝa ném̃o:
- 8. ƥűvi denotes a consequence; so-, (such-, -that).
- kétu me̋e̋a a̋han e-sűűm̃a. ƥűvi pa̋ðo e-ne̋va:
- It rained so many days that the dam burst.
- kétu me̋e̋a a̋han e-sűűm̃a. ƥűvi pa̋ðo e-ne̋va:
Subordinating conjunctions - fásƣeðsa̋m̃o
- 9. ávi denotes at the moment when: as soon as.
- nőmom e-vĭvı̋da—ávi ha̋m̃aþu e-ı̋la:
- He had left home as soon as he was called.
- nőmom e-vĭvı̋da—ávi ha̋m̃aþu e-ı̋la:
- 10. ébi denotes possibility: in case, in the event that, if
- m̃us nómþi u-ɠa̋a̋la—ébi suum̃e̋ȝa:
- If it rains, we'll stay home.
- m̃us nómþi u-ɠa̋a̋la—ébi suum̃e̋ȝa:
- 11. épi denotes in the same way that: as, so, in like manner, the way; in the capacity of.
- mu éȝom u-kı̋a—épi e̋e̋vlu e̋e̋va:
- I will do it as the commander has ordered.
- mu éȝom u-kı̋a—épi e̋e̋vlu e̋e̋va:
- 12. fési denotes up to the time that: before, until, ere.
- ðűűo ǧa̋rom éva me̋e̋e sűűm̃em e-pa̋usa—fési m̃u-le̋ðom e-tőpa:
- Before (ere) it reached our valley the storm dumped a lot of rain on the mountain.
- ðűűo ǧa̋rom éva me̋e̋e sűűm̃em e-pa̋usa—fési m̃u-le̋ðom e-tőpa:
- 13. hi denotes by or for the cause that: because, as, for, since, now that, given that.
- m̃us bázvi na̋a̋nu ke̋la—hi la̋a̋ta ááþvi tőpa:
- We must return early since (because, as, for, given that) night falls quickly.
- m̃us bázvi na̋a̋nu ke̋la—hi la̋a̋ta ááþvi tőpa:
- 14. k̨ára denotes in the circumstance(s) that: if, provided that, on the condition that, whether, as long as [with sbj.].
- vĭva̋dos ese̋ȝa—k̨ára mum e-sune̋ȝa:
- It would be better if (provided that, as long as) you went with me.
- vĭva̋dos ese̋ȝa—k̨ára mum e-sune̋ȝa:
- 15. láṡ̬i denotes in a manner suggesting: as if, as though, like [with sbj.].
- mől̤u kı̋a—láṡ̬i túmave̋ȝa:
- The miller acts as if he were about to sneeze.
- mől̤u kı̋a—láṡ̬i túmave̋ȝa:
- 16. méi denotes varying through time in the same proportion that: as.
- mu ziþa̋sa—méi ðűűo e-ȝőba:
- I began to worry as the storm approached.
- mu ziþa̋sa—méi ðűűo e-ȝőba:
- 17. metáádi denotes for fear that: lest, so that...not [with sbj.].
- éȝu bu a̋tu ke̋la—metáádi nőbon vane̋ȝa:
- He should go outside for a moment lest (so that) he (not) damage his lungs.
- éȝu bu a̋tu ke̋la—metáádi nőbon vane̋ȝa:
- 18. méti denotes at such time as: when, at the same time-, -that, -as, at the time that, at the time(s) at which, whenever, while, during the time at which, as, as-, -long-, -soon-, -as.
- m̃us étu tőnom e-ve̋na—méti num tűmu e-ve̋na:
- When we heard him sneeze, we also heard the thunder.
- m̃us étu tőnom e-ve̋na—méti num tűmu e-ve̋na:
- 19. móódi denotes in such or which way: how
- mu sa̋a̋ra—móódi dőþom de̋xu ma̋ƣa:
- I know how I can get some money.
- mu sa̋a̋ra—móódi dőþom de̋xu ma̋ƣa:
- 20. nóóli denotes to such an extent: insofar as, inasmuch as, in that.
- m̃ı̋ı̋ru m̃un e-þőna—nóóli kőuku e-e̋sa:
- Inasmuch as the man was a cripple, he helped us.
- m̃ı̋ı̋ru m̃un e-þőna—nóóli kőuku e-e̋sa:
- 21. ópi introduces an indirect question: whether
- mu sa̋a̋ra ne—ópi ata̋sa:
- I do not know whether I want to go.
- mu sa̋a̋ra ne—ópi ata̋sa:
- 22. pósi denotes that an action takes place after another action: after.
- tu le̋idu vide̋ȝa—pósi sűűm̃e u-de̋usa:
- You may go out to play after the rain stops.
- tu le̋idu vide̋ȝa—pósi sűűm̃e u-de̋usa:
- 24. sáámi denotes a concession: though, although, while, notwithstanding, even-, -if, -though, albeit.
- kı̋lrus éstu ǧarfőőlan na̋a̋a—sáámi sűűm̃e fésvi alme̋e̋a a̋han e-de̋usa:
- Although the rain stopped several days ago, the [Lithan] villagers still fear landslides.
- kı̋lrus éstu ǧarfőőlan na̋a̋a—sáámi sűűm̃e fésvi alme̋e̋a a̋han e-de̋usa:
- 25. sííri denotes up to a certain time or place: as far/much/ many as, until.
- e-suum̃e̋la—sííri da̋a̋es e-þ̨a̋la:
- It rained and rained until the rivers overflowed.
- e-suum̃e̋la—sííri da̋a̋es e-þ̨a̋la:
- 26. síti denotes as example: as, such as, for example, by way of.
- m̃us ǧa̋lam ga̋uða—síti fésu nĭna̋ka neánu:
- We are experiencing a drought such as we’ve never seen before.
- m̃us ǧa̋lam ga̋uða—síti fésu nĭna̋ka neánu:
- 27. sómi denotes a comparison: like; than [when comparing sentences].
- mu gáámu tum ka̋a—sómi éȝum:
- I like you more than (I like) her.
- mu gáámu tum ka̋a—sómi éȝum:
- mu gáámu tum ka̋a—sómi éȝu tum ka̋a:
- I like you more than she does (likes you).
- mu gáámu tum ka̋a—sómi éȝu tum ka̋a:
- 28. ši denotes an exception to a previous statement: except (that), but (that), were it not that.
- mu me̋xam vide̋ȝa—ši mőre nĭne̋ṡa:
- I would leave the country but (that) (except that, were it not that) my horse has died.
- mu me̋xam vide̋ȝa—ši mőre nĭne̋ṡa:
- 29. táádi denotes purpose: so that, in order that [with sbj.].
- mu ánen sa' u-ke̋la—táádi ta̋ƣom tode̋ȝa:
- I will have to buy another so that I may start the journey.
- mu ánen sa' u-ke̋la—táádi ta̋ƣom tode̋ȝa:
- 30. toáári denotes in a certain case: then [apodosis] [N.B. This clause is placed after the protasis, since the protasis is also a dependent clause.]
- ébi mu ánen sae̋ȝa—toáári taƣe̋dom sa̋' u-ke̋la:
- If I buy another, (then) I will have to buy provisions.
- ébi mu ánen sae̋ȝa—toáári taƣe̋dom sa̋' u-ke̋la:
- 31. vái denotes at or in which place or situation: where.
- mu m̃ŭm̃űna—vái mu-ta̋a̋zlos e-ðe̋e̋a:
- I have forgotten where I put my keys.
- mu m̃ŭm̃űna—vái mu-ta̋a̋zlos e-ðe̋e̋a:
Correlative conjunctions - ȝémƣeðsa̋m̃o
- 32. épi ...épi... denotes a comparison of the same way or like manner: as...so....
- épi t' u-se̋e̋a—épi t' u-me̋e̋þa:
- As you sow, so shall you reap.
- épi t' u-se̋e̋a—épi t' u-me̋e̋þa:
- 33. -k̬e...-k̬e connects two words: and.
- éȝu' sa̋xomk̬e ka̋komk̬e k̬a̋zomk̬e tőƣu móóda u-aðne̋ma:
- They will contribute by bringing beer, chicken and bread.
- éȝu' sa̋xomk̬e ka̋komk̬e k̬a̋zomk̬e tőƣu móóda u-aðne̋ma:
- 34. m̃o... m̃o... denotes a situation in which there are only two alternatives: either...or.
- tu m̃o dőrk̬om ávi u-e̋da. m̃o u-de̋e̋a:
- You will either eat your dinner right now or you will go to bed.
- tu m̃o dőrk̬om ávi u-e̋da. m̃o u-de̋e̋a:
- 35. nék̬e...nék̬e denotes the negative of either; neither... nor.
- nék̬e se̋sos nék̬e gűno bőþam ápa sőþlum e-sűka:
- Neither threats nor torture turned the soldier from his duty.
- nék̬e se̋sos nék̬e gűno bőþam ápa sőþlum e-sűka:
- 36. ne sólvi... ésti étu, not only...but also.
- ne sólvi gőbu vűűa. ésti étu ƣosa̋a̋ru vűűa:
- Not only is he handsome, (but) he is also brilliant.
- ne sólvi gőbu vűűa. ésti étu ƣosa̋a̋ru vűűa:
- 37. ópi...ópi... denotes multiple alternative possibilities; whether...or.
- ópi tu ɠa̋a̋la. ópi a̋ta tu-re̋ko e̋sa:
- Whether you stay or go is your decision.
- ópi tu ɠa̋a̋la. ópi a̋ta tu-re̋ko e̋sa:
- 38. sómi...sómi..., (just) as...so.
- sóm' iðr̨őnus m̃ǫðga̋þon żűsa. sómi aaþ̨őnu' s̨oofga̋þon żűsa:
- Just as Ethrans love rosehips, so Pyrans love sloe berries.
- sóm' iðr̨őnus m̃ǫðga̋þon żűsa. sómi aaþ̨őnu' s̨oofga̋þon żűsa:
- 39. vóói...vóói... denotes including two alternatives; both...and...
- vóói sőþlus vóói kőővus me̋bom do u-ǧe̋ma:
- Both the soldiers and the nobles will come to the dance.
- vóói sőþlus vóói kőővus me̋bom do u-ǧe̋ma:
