Kalo
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Introduction
Phonology
Consonants
Stops
- t - /t/ >> /tʰ/
- k - /k/ >> /kʰ/
- kw - /kʷ/
Nasals
In anyomo each nasal consonant has a geminate counterpart, and gemination is lexically contrastive.
- m - /m/ >> /mː/
- n - /n/ >> /nː/
- ny - /ɲ/ >> /ɲː/
Approximants
- h - /ɦ/
- w - /w/
- y - /j/
Vowels
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | e | o |
Open | a |
There are only three phonemic vowels: /a e o/. They can be long or short and be one of three tones. Length can be lexical, but tone is strictly phonemic.
- aàáeèéoòó
Tones
There are three phonemic tones, traditionally described as mid, high, and low; in transcription the mid tone is unmarked, and the high and low tones are indicated with acute and grave accents respectively.
Morphosyntax
anyomo is an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.
Pronouns
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1 | o- | wà- |
2 | ko- | kwà- |
3 | ∅ | yà- |
Aspect
imperfective
- -a
perfective
- -e
- They have arrived.
- I've bought it.
- We all went.
- This morning I ate breakfast.
durative
- -á
- I'll read, and you listen.
- We will do it, and you all watch.
- Sit for a while. I'll be right back.
- She likes to eat standing up.
- Smiling, he said, "I'm sorry."
progressive
- -ó
- She is reading.
- Mom is making a phone call.
- Who is taking a shower in there?
- The cleaning lady is cleaning our room right now.
- Yesterday at 7pm, we were eating dinner.
- I am working now. It's not convenient for me to leave.
Derivation
Nominalization
Lexicon
affixes
stems
- nyom - speak; talk; converse; chat; discuss
- h - walk; go (away); run; move (of vehicle); visit; leave