Sounds of Old Adpihi

Proto-Adpihi's Consonants

Most of Proto-Adpihi's consonants, like all of Old and Middle Adpihi's and Reptigan's consonants, were on an egressive pulmonic airstream.

Pulmonic Consonants

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Plosive	p b		t̪ d̪	t d			c	k ɡ			ʔ
Nasal	m		n̪	n			ɲ	ŋ
Trill				r
Tap or Flap						ɽ
Fricative		f v	θ	s z	ʃ ʒ			x			h
Lateral fricative
Approximant	β̞						j
Lateral approximant				l

Proto-Adpihi apparently had one ejective consonant.

Non-pulmonic Consonants

Clicks	Voiced Implosives	Ejectives
		kʼ Velar

Also there were, apparently; kʰ pʰ t̠ʃ d̠ʒ

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
Close	i · y		ɨ · ʉ		ɯ · u
		ɪ · ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e · ø		ɘ · ɵ		ɤ · o
			ə
Open-mid	ɛ · œ		ɜ · ɞ		ʌ · ɔ
	æ		ɐ
Open	a · ɶ				ɑ · ɒ

Other Symbols

ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative

w Voiced labial-velar approximant

ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant

ʜ Voiceless epiglottal fricative

ʢ Voiced epiglottal fricative

ʔ Epiglottal plosive

ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives

ɺ Lateral alveolar flap

ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x.

Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. k͡p t͡s

Suprasegmentals

ˈ	Primary stress	ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
ˌ	Secondary stress
ː	Long	eː
ˑ	Half-long	eˑ
˘	Extra short	ĕ
.	Syllable break	ɹi.ækt
	Minor (foot) group
	Major (intonation) group
‿	Linking (absence of a break)

Tones & Word Accents

Level	Contour
e̋ or ˥
é ˦
ē ˧
è ˨
ȅ ˩

Diacritics

̥	Voiceless n̥ d̥	̤	Breathy voiced b̤ a̤	̪	Dental t̪ d̪
̬	Voiced s̬ t̬	̰	Creaky voiced b̰ a̰	̺	Apical t̺ d̺
ʰ	Aspirated tʰ dʰ	̼	Linguolabial t̼ d̼	̻	Laminal t̻ d̻
˒	More rounded ɔ̜	ʷ	Labialized tʷ dʷ	~	Nasalized ẽ
˓	Less rounded ɔ̹	ʲ	Palatalized tʲ dʲ
˖	Advanced u̟	ˠ	Velarized tˠ [[Voiced velarized alveolar stop	dˠ]]	ˡ	Lateral release dˡ
˗	Retracted i̠	ˤ	Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ	̚	No audible release d̚
¨	Centralized ë	̴	Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ
̽	Mid-centralized e̽	˔	Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = Voiced alveolar fricative)