Karkl: Difference between revisions
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[[User:Danielsavoiu|Danielsavoiu]] 03:09, 16 November 2005 (PST) | [[User:Danielsavoiu|Danielsavoiu]] 03:09, 16 November 2005 (PST) | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] |
Latest revision as of 13:06, 25 March 2006
Introduction
This language is intended to be simple to learn and simple to speak and write. It follows a few simple rules:
- Static conjugation
- Static declension
- No gramatical gender
- No diacritic marks
Sounds and Phonetics
Letters
- abcdefghijlmnoprstuvxz – Pronounced like in Latin
- k = k in English
- y = ы in Russian (like 'e' in 'roses' when muttered through the teeth)
- w = short u
Letter groups
- sh = “sh” in English /ʃ/
- ts = “ts” in English /ʦ/
- zh = “zh” in English /ʒ/
- ce,ci = “che” , “chi” in English /ʧ/
Diphtongs
AW ; AJ ; EW ; EJ ; OW ; OJ ; UJ ; YJ ; WA ; WE ; WO ; JA ; JE ; JO ; JU ; JY
Everything else in in separate syllables.
Grammar and Morphology
Noun
Static declension No gramatical gender Definite article sg: lo Definite article pl: le (plural is achieved by adding an i to the noun)
Can be:
- Subject - DIR - Predicative Denominator - DIR - Apposition - DIR - Direct, Indirect, Circumstantial Object – DIR;IND;IND - Attribute – IND - Agent Object - DIR
- Has 2 cases N/A ; G/D = Direct ; Indirect = Dir ; Ind
- For case-specific prepositions see ‘Prepositions’ section
Ex:
Crat ; lo Crat ; Vaka ; lo Vaka
Verb
Static conjugation
- grI <=> R = X + [consonant]
- grII <=> R = X + [vowel]
Indicative:
Past > Present > Future || | | || \/ \ / \/ R+ec R R+av [esec;irec] [es;ir] [esav;irav]
Infinitive: R + ‘at’ [esat ; irat] Gerund: R + ‘and’ [esand ; irand] Participle: R + ‘it’ [esit ; irit] Conditional: R + ‘-ko’ [es-ko ; ir-ko] Imperative: for grI : R + last cons of R + ‘i’ [essi ; irri] Imperative: for grII: R + ‘i’ [moi ; saj] Imperative: for pl. and politeness = Imp + ‘te’ [essite;sajte]
Copulative verbs:
- Esat = to be | - Menat = to mean | - Numat = to be called |+ what OR how - Rodat = to be born | - Devenat = to become |
Pronoun
Personal:
____________________ pI | Jo || Mi | pII | Tu || Vu | pIIIm | Il || Ili | pIIIf | Ilo || Ili | Imp | Ilo || X | Refl | Sinu |
Posessive: Personal + ‘m’ [Jom ago ; Tum ago]
Demonstrative:
ke |ka = this |that ket |kat = this+noun|that+noun
Relative / Interrogative:
Ho - What Hno – Who Ki - which
Negative:
Nihno - Nobody Niho - Nothing
Indefinite:
Hemi - all Hemiti + noun – all + noun
Numeral
Cardinal:
Simple:
on duv trej shtar sen sei set pot nov tsek sent limm milion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100 1000 1000000
Compound:
tsek-on tsek-duv sent-duvtsek-duv 11 12 122
Ordinal = Cardinal + ‘st’ Divisive: x/y = Xcard + Ydivisive ; Divisive = Cardinal + ‘ton’
Ex:
- 19,382,948,395,280 = 19 limm 382 sent miliardi 948 milioni 395 limm 282
- 1,248,225 = on milion duvsent-shtartsek-pot limm duvsent-duvtsek-sen
- 285,482,333 = duvsent-pottsek-sen milioni shtarsent-pottsek-duv limm trejsent-trejtsek-trej
Preposition
Direct Case:
DObj:
‘po’ Ø
AgObj:
‘de’
Indirect Case: CObj
‘cam’ – CM = like ‘po’ – CL = on ‘o’ - CL = to ...etc... (indicating time,place,manner,scope,cause)
Atribute
‘o’ = lo Crat o lo mad = the house of the girl
IObj
‘o’ = Io saj o lo mad = I say to the girl ‘so’ = with ...etc... (any other)
Adjective / Adverb
- Lo ret crat. – Attribute , IND <- Adject
- Lo crat es ret. – Pred. Denom. , DIR <- Adject
- Lo mad scrib ret – Cobj , IND <- Adverb
Comparative Degree:
-Positive = ret -Comparative - Superior = reter |\ - Inferior = sam ret | + cam [smth] - Equal = puste ret |/ -Superlative - Absolute = forte ret - Relotive = retest
- Evidentalmente - obviously
- Clasicalmente - classically
Translation Samples
English:
A chemical reaction is a process involving one, two or more substances (called reactants), characterized by a chemical change and yielding one or more product(s) which are different from the reactants. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that strictly involve the motion of electrons, although the general concept of a chemical reaction (in particular the notion of a chemical equation) is applicable to transformations of elementary particles, as well as nuclear reactions.
Karkl:
On reactsion kimik es on proces implicand on, duv aj multer substantsi (numiti reactanti), caracterizati de on camb kimik ej rezultand on aj multer product(i) ki es diferent(i) o le reactanti. Clasicalmente, reactsioni kimiki avolget cambi ki strictalmente impliket lo motsion o electroni, ben ke lo concept general o reactsii kimiki (spetsialmente lo notion o ekuatsion kimik) es aplicable o le transformatsionii o particuli elementari, cam es reactii nucleari
Danielsavoiu 03:09, 16 November 2005 (PST)