ʾAšdu Yat-Vṛḵaž: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 16:03, 18 June 2014
Vrkhazhian (YŠDD YT-VṚḴẔKM, Yašdad Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam) is a Northern Hašakaṃ language that is spoken in the region known as Vṛḵaẕ. The earliest form of this language, known as Ancient Vrkhazhi, was spoken around 10 000 years ago.
History
Dialects
Vrkhazhian has at least two major dialects and at least ten other minor dialects. The table below lists two of the major dialects
Dialect | Location |
---|---|
Ḵadačīkam | Centered around the city of Yat-Ḵadač |
ʾAlšardīkam | To the south of the city of Yat-Šamašet |
Ḵadačīkam is recognized as the standard dialect of writing and communication.
Writing System
ʾAlḵavaht Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam [ˈʔalxaβaʰt ˈjat-βɹ̩ˈxaʑikam] is the official writing script of Vṛḵaẕīkam [βɹ̩'xaʑikam]. The script consists of 30 letters, their names being asssigned by actual words in the language through acrophony. The writing direction of the script is boustrephedon, and can start in any horizontal direction preferred, though the most common starting direction is Right-to-Left.
History
The script has been around for at least 7,500 years, with few changes and alterations to the letter forms since it's inception. The true origins of the writing system is unknown, however, it is based partially off of the logographic script of a sister language known as Ḫadīṯča [χaˈdiθt͡ʃa].
Letter names
Phonetics and phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Alveolar | (Alveolo)-
Palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | Light | hn [ʰn~n̥] | |||||
Plain | m [m] | n [n] | ṉ [ɴ] | ||||
Stop | Light | hp [ʰp] | ht [ʰt] | hk [ʰk] | hq [ʰq] | ||
Plain | p [p] b [b] | t [t] d [d] | k [k] g [g] | q [q] | ʾ [ʔ] | ||
Dark | ṗ [pʶ~pˤ] ḅ [bʶ~bˤ] | ṭ [tʶ~tˤ] ḍ [dʶ~dˤ] | |||||
Affricate | ḏ [ʦ] | č [ʧ~ʨ] j [ʤ~ʥ] | |||||
Fricative | Plain | f [ɸ] v [β] | s [s] z [z] | š [ʃ~ɕ] ẕ [ʒ~ʑ] | ḵ [x] ğ [ɣ] | ḥ [χ~ħ] | h [h] |
Dark | ṣ [sʶ~sˤ] ẓ [zʶ~zˤ] | ||||||
Approximant | Light | hr [ʰɹ~ʰɾ~ɹ̥̥] | |||||
Plain | r [ɹ~ɾ] | y [j] | w [w] | ||||
Trill | rr [r] | ṟ [ʀ] | |||||
Lateral Approximant | Light | hl [ʰl~l̥] | |||||
Plain | l [l] | ||||||
Dark | ḷ [lʶ~lˤ] | ||||||
Lateral Fricative | ḻ [ɬ~ɬʲ] |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | ī [i] | i [ɨ] | ū [u] |
Close-mid | ē [e] | ō [o] | |
Mid | u [ə] | ||
Open-mid | e [ɛ] | o [ɔ] | |
Open | a [a] |
IPA | Letter | Example |
---|---|---|
Dipthongs | ||
ae̯ | aẏ | like eye |
oe̯ | oẏ | like boy |
ao̯ | aẇ | like cow |
Stress
Stress in Vrkhazhian is generally placed on the last or second-to-last syllable.
Grammar
Morphology
Overview
Vrkhazhian is a highly inflecting triconsonantal root language. Most roots consist of three consonants (triliteral), though there are many words that consist of two letter (biliteral) roots. Vrkhazhian does not recognize four- and five-letter roots. Between and around these roots various infixes, suffixes, and prefixes are used to carry grammatical functions or derived words.
The consonants <y>/j/ and <w>/w/ are considered weak roots, and roots containng these consonants caue irregular verb forms to appear.
Nominal morphology
Vrkhazhian has three grammatical genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. Grammatical gender in Vrkhazhian is strictly semantic, thus most nouns, such as inanimate objects, fall into the category of neuter.
Vrkhazhian has two numbers (singular and plural) and five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, lative, and ablative). The table below shows the noun vīkīm (ruler) in the various cases.
Noun (masc.) | Noun (fem.) | Noun (neut.) | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative/Accusative singular | vīkīm-a | vīkīm-ē | vīkīm |
Genitive singular | vīkīm-īl | vīkīm-an | vīkīm-ūn |
Lative singular | vīkīm-aj-a | vīkīm-aj-ē | vīkīm-ajī |
Ablative singular | vīkīm-ēh-a | vīkīm-ēh-ē | vīkīm-ēhī |
Nominative/Accusative plural | vīkīm-al | vīkīm-ēn | vīkīm-ad |
Genitive plural | vīkīm-īlū | vīkīm-anū | vīkīm-īr |
Lative plural | vīkīm-īj-al | vīkīm-īj-ēn | vīkīm-īj-ad |
Ablative plural | vīkīm-ūh-al | vīkīm-ūh-ēn | vīkīm-ūh-ad |
Construct state
Nouns in Vrkhazhian can also be placed in the construct state, which is used for genitive constructions and denotes that the noun is the possessed object. Using the noun ʾalkad (soldier, guard), the conjugations of the construct state are shown below:
Noun (masc.) | Noun (fem.) | Noun (neut.) | |
---|---|---|---|
Singular | ʾalkad-ī | ʾalkad-a | ʾalkad-ū |
Plural | ʾalkad-īt | ʾalkad-at | ʾalkad-ūm |
Vebal morphology
Verbs in Vrkhazhian are conjugated for number (singular and plural), tense (infinitive, past, past participle, present, present participle, and future) and voice (active and passive)
Verb patterns
The table below shows the conjugation of the root DNJ - "crush"
Active Singular | Active Plural | Translation | Passive Singular | Passive Plural | Translation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | dannaja | ʾadnīyaj | to crush | dūnnēja | ʾadnūšīj | to be crushed |
Past | nōdnoj | nadnūjam | crushed | nūdnūj | nīdnajam | was crushed |
Past Participle | yūdnoj | yūdnējam | was crushing | yīdnaj | yīdnūjam | was being crushed |
Present | dūnaj | dūnjam | crush | danēj | danjam | is crushed |
Present Participle | hūdnaj | hūdnījam | is crushing | hadnēj | hadnojam | is being crushed |
Future | ʾadnej | ʾadnejam | will crush | ʾīdnīj | ʾīdnījam | will be crushed |
Verb moods
Vrkhazhian has three moods, jussive, potential and conditional. The table below shows the conjugation of the root ṖMT - "walk"
Singular | Plural | Translation | |
---|---|---|---|
Jussive | šīṗmūt | šīṗmatam | I must/should walk |
Potential | kaṗmet | kaṗmatam | I can walk |
Conditional | ʾīmaṗmat | ʾīmaṗmūtam | I would walk |
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns in Vrkhazhian are as follows:
Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Lative | Ablative | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
1st | inclusive | ẕaẏ "I" | yeš "we" | šadīb | ʾaẏyīb | šadīkī | ʾaẏyīkī | šadīš | ʾaẏyīš | šadīt | ʾaẏyat |
exclusive | ṉal "we" | ṉalīb | ṉalīkī | ṉalīš | ṉalat | ||||||
2nd | masculine | ʾīšī "you" | qar "you" | ʾīšīb | qarīb | ʾīšakī | qarakī | ʾīdeš | qareš | ʾīdat | qarat |
feminine | ʾatī "you" | šūn "you" | ʾatīb | šūnīb | ʾatakī | šūnakī | ʾateš | šūneš | ʾatat | šūnat | |
3rd | masculine | haf "he" | baʾ "they" | hafīb | baʾīb | hafakī | baʾakī | hapeš | baʾeš | hapat | baʾat |
feminine | šaf "she" | tav "they" | šafīb | tavīb | šafakī | tavakī | šapeš | tabeš | šapat | tabat | |
neuter | ḥol "they" | ṗal "they" | ḥajīm | ṗajīm | ḥajakī | ṗajakī | ḥaješ | ṗaješ | ḥajat | ṗajat |
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns in Vrkhazhian are as follows:
Deixis | |||
---|---|---|---|
Number | Proximal | Medial | Distal |
Singular | ʾīšar "this" | ʾanī "that" | maẏ "that" |
Plural | ʾīšrūhīt "these" | ʾanīhīt "those" | maẏyīt "those" |