Proto-Yarkhic: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
! Singular
! Singular
| -ar / -r
| -ar- / -r-
| '''banur-'''
| '''banura'''
| man
| man
| -
| -
| '''tkacʼ-'''
| '''tkacʼa'''
| stone
| stone
|-
|-
! Paucal
! Paucal
| -akʼ / -kʼ
| -akʼ- / -kʼ-
| '''banuakʼ-'''
| '''banuakʼa'''
| few men
| few men
| -akʼ / -kʼ
| -akʼ- / -kʼ-
| '''tkacʼakʼ-'''
| '''tkacʼakʼa'''
| few stones
| few stones
|-
|-
! Plural
! Plural
| -it / -t
| -it- / -t-
| '''banuit-'''
| '''banuita'''
| men
| men
| -es / -s
| -es- / -s-
| '''tkacʼes-'''
| '''tkacʼesa'''
| stones
| stones
|}
====Declension====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
! Nominative
| -a
| '''wolqhara'''
| rowspan=3 | wolf
|-
! Pegative
| -e
| '''wolqhare'''
|-
! Accusative
| -
| '''wolqhar'''
|-
! Instrumental
| -ní
| '''wolqharní'''
| by/with wolf
|-
! Genitive
| -yò
| '''wolqharyò'''
| of wolf
|-
! Ablative
| -tʼo
| '''wolqhartʼo'''
| from wolf
|-
! Allative
| -ôs
| '''wolqharôs'''
| to wolf
|-
! Benefactive
| -dʼa
| '''wolqhardʼa'''
| for wolf
|}
|}


Revision as of 11:44, 9 May 2014

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labio-velar Uvular
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ (ɴ)
Tenuis plosive p t c k q
Voiced plosive b d ɟ g ɢ
Ejective plosive pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ
Implosive ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ
Fricative s
Trill r (ʀ)
Approximant l j w

Spelling

  • /p t c k q/ p t c k q
  • /pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ qʰ/ ph th ch kh qh
  • /pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ/ p̕ t̕ c̕ k̕ q̕
  • /b d ɟ g ɢ/ b d j g ġ
  • /bʰ dʰ ɟʰ gʰ ɢʰ/ bh dh jh gh ġh
  • /ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ/ b̕ d̕ j̕ g̕ ġ̕
  • /s/ s
  • /m n ɲ ŋ~ɴ/ m n ṇ ŋ
  • /r~ʀ l/ r l
  • /j w/ y w

Vowels

Front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close iː uː
Near-Close ɪ ʊ
Mid-Close eː ɘ ɵ oː
Mid-Open ɛː ɜ ɞ ɔː
Open ä äː

Spelling

  • /iː uː/ í ú
  • /eː oː/ é ó
  • /ɛː ɔː/ ê ô
  • /äː/ a
  • /ɪ ʊ/ i u
  • /ɘ ɵ/ e o
  • /ɜ ɞ/ è ò
  • /ä/ a

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(ː)(R/s)(C)

Accent

  • Acute accent on initial syllable.

Grammar

Nouns

  • nominative-accusative alignment with marked nominative
  • 3A secundative alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative, P/R = Accusative, T = Instrumental)
  • 8 cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Accusative, Instrumental, Genitive, Ablative, Allative, Benefactive
  • noun class system (suffixal): Animate, Inanimate
  • number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural
  • definiteness (articles): Gnomic, Indefinite, Definite proper, Definite distant
  • nominal tense (suffixal): past, present, future

Definiteness + [Root + Root extension(s) + (Noun class + Number) + Case + Nominal tense]

Noun class and number

Animate Inanimate
Singular -ar- / -r- banura man - tkacʼa stone
Paucal -akʼ- / -kʼ- banuakʼa few men -akʼ- / -kʼ- tkacʼakʼa few stones
Plural -it- / -t- banuita men -es- / -s- tkacʼesa stones

Declension

Nominative -a wolqhara wolf
Pegative -e wolqhare
Accusative - wolqhar
Instrumental -ní wolqharní by/with wolf
Genitive -yò wolqharyò of wolf
Ablative -tʼo wolqhartʼo from wolf
Allative -ôs wolqharôs to wolf
Benefactive -dʼa wolqhardʼa for wolf

Verbs

  • aspects (suffixal): Perfective-Imperfective + Frequentative, Momentane
  • voices (infixal): Active, Reflexive vs Causative
  • three subjective and objective persons (suffixal)
  • three moods (cliticized): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive
  • negative verb

(Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + Aspect + Subject + Object + Mood

Adjectives

  • adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and describing nouns.
  • degrees of intensify are instead degrees of comparison.

Pronouns

  • clusivity in 1. person
  • obviative

Adpositions

  • prepositions

Syntax

  • SOV
  • head-final
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