Proto-Yarkhic: Difference between revisions
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''Definiteness + [Root + Root extension(s) + (Noun class + Number) + Case + Nominal tense]'' | ''Definiteness + [Root + Root extension(s) + (Noun class + Number) + Case + Nominal tense]'' | ||
====Noun class and number==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%;" | |||
| | |||
! colspan=3 | Animate | |||
! colspan=3 | Inanimate | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
| -ar / -r | |||
| '''banur-''' | |||
| man | |||
| - | |||
| '''tkacʼ-''' | |||
| stone | |||
|- | |||
! Paucal | |||
| -akʼ / -kʼ | |||
| '''banuakʼ-''' | |||
| few men | |||
| -akʼ / -kʼ | |||
| '''tkacʼakʼ-''' | |||
| few stones | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| -it / -t | |||
| '''banuit-''' | |||
| men | |||
| -es / -s | |||
| '''tkacʼes-''' | |||
| stones | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Revision as of 10:10, 9 May 2014
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio-velar | Uvular | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | (ɴ) | |
| Tenuis plosive | p | t | c | k | q | |
| Voiced plosive | b | d | ɟ | g | ɢ | |
| Ejective plosive | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |
| Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ɠ | ʛ | |
| Fricative | s | |||||
| Trill | r | (ʀ) | ||||
| Approximant | l | j | w |
Spelling
- /p t c k q/ p t c k q
- /pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ qʰ/ ph th ch kh qh
- /pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ/ p̕ t̕ c̕ k̕ q̕
- /b d ɟ g ɢ/ b d j g ġ
- /bʰ dʰ ɟʰ gʰ ɢʰ/ bh dh jh gh ġh
- /ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ/ b̕ d̕ j̕ g̕ ġ̕
- /s/ s
- /m n ɲ ŋ~ɴ/ m n ṇ ŋ
- /r~ʀ l/ r l
- /j w/ y w
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | |||
| Close | iː | uː | ||
| Near-Close | ɪ | ʊ | ||
| Mid-Close | eː | ɘ | ɵ | oː |
| Mid-Open | ɛː | ɜ | ɞ | ɔː |
| Open | ä äː | |||
Spelling
- /iː uː/ í ú
- /eː oː/ é ó
- /ɛː ɔː/ ê ô
- /äː/ a
- /ɪ ʊ/ i u
- /ɘ ɵ/ e o
- /ɜ ɞ/ è ò
- /ä/ a
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(ː)(R/s)(C)
Accent
- Acute accent on initial syllable.
Grammar
Nouns
- nominative-accusative alignment with marked nominative
- 3A secundative alignment (S/A = Nominative, D = Pegative, P/R = Accusative, T = Instrumental)
- 8 cases (suffixal): Nominative, Pegative, Accusative, Instrumental, Genitive, Ablative, Allative, Benefactive
- noun class system (suffixal): Animate, Inanimate
- number combined with noun class: singular, paucal, plural
- definiteness (articles): Gnomic, Indefinite, Definite proper, Definite distant
- nominal tense (suffixal): past, present, future
Definiteness + [Root + Root extension(s) + (Noun class + Number) + Case + Nominal tense]
Noun class and number
| Animate | Inanimate | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | -ar / -r | banur- | man | - | tkacʼ- | stone |
| Paucal | -akʼ / -kʼ | banuakʼ- | few men | -akʼ / -kʼ | tkacʼakʼ- | few stones |
| Plural | -it / -t | banuit- | men | -es / -s | tkacʼes- | stones |
Verbs
- aspects (suffixal): Perfective-Imperfective + Frequentative, Momentane
- voices (infixal): Active, Reflexive vs Causative
- three subjective and objective persons (suffixal)
- three moods (cliticized): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive
- negative verb
(Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + Aspect + Subject + Object + Mood
Adjectives
- adjectives are replaced by stative verbs and describing nouns.
- degrees of intensify are instead degrees of comparison.
Pronouns
- clusivity in 1. person
- obviative
Adpositions
- prepositions
Syntax
- SOV
- head-final
