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Phonology & Orthography

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Plosive	/p b/ p b		/t d/ t d				/k g/ c g	/q ɢ/ c g	/ʔ/ x
Affricate				/ts/ ç	/tʃ/ ḉ
Nasal	/m/ m		/n/ n				/ŋ/ ng	/ɴ/ ng
Trill			/r/ r
Fricative		/f/ f	/θ/ z	/s/ s	/ʃ/ ś		/x/ k	/χ/ k	/h/ h
Lateral Fricative			/ɮ/ l
Approximant		/ʋ/ v				/j/ j

• /p t k q/ are realized as [p̚ t̚ k̚ q̚] word finally
• /b d g ɢ/ are realized as [β ð ɣ ʁ] after a vowel and before another vowel, a sibilant, or a liquid
• /k ɡ ŋ x/ and /q ɢ ɴ χ/ are in complementary distribution with the former occurring in a syllable containing front vowels and the former occurring in a syllable containing back vowels
• /hm hn hŋ hɴ hr hɮ/ are realized as [m̥ n̥ ŋ̥ ɴ̥ r̥ ɬ]
• /r ɮ/ are realized as [r̥ ɬ] word finally

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	/i y/ i y		/u/ u
Close-Mid	/e ø / e ø		/o/ o
Open		/a/ a

• when unstressed, vowels are lightly raised
• long vowels are represented by doubling the vowel

Vowel Harmony

Front	e	ø	y
Back	a	o	u
Neutral	i

Stress

Stress normally falls on the first syllable of a word. However, there is irregular stress. This is denoted by an acute accent on that specific syllable's vowel to show the irregularity.

Morphology

Verbs

Intransitive

	SG	DL	PL
1P	-vøs/vos	-vøl/vol	-venee/vanaa
2P	-d	-del/dal	-denee/danaa
3P	-eset/asat	-esel/asal	-esnee/asnaa

Transitive

	1P_SG	2P_SG	3P_SG	1P_DL	2P_DL	3P_DL	1P_PL	2P_PL	3P_PL
1P_SG	-vøs/vos	-vøl/vol	-venee/vanaa
Second Person	-d	-del/dal	-denee/danaa
Third Person	-eset/asat	-esel/asal	-esnee/asnaa