Proto-Uralic/distribution: Difference between revisions

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* pronouns: '''*ku-''' "who", '''*me-''' "1PP", '''*mi-''' "what", '''*minä''' "1PS", '''*to''' "that"
* pronouns: '''*ku-''' "who", '''*me-''' "1PP", '''*mi-''' "what", '''*minä''' "1PS", '''*to''' "that"
* basic verbs: '''*elä-''' ¹ "to live", '''*kaĺa-''' "to disappear", '''*ńalə-''' "to lick", '''*ńälə-''' "to swallow", '''*puna-''' "to plait", '''*ujə-''' "to swim"
* basic verbs: '''*elä-''' ¹ "to live", '''*kalə- "to die", '''*kaĺa-''' "to disappear", '''*ńalə-''' "to lick", '''*ńälə-''' "to swallow", '''*puna-''' "to plait", '''*ujə-''' "to swim"
* body parts: '''*künčə''' ² "nail", '''*mëksa''' "liver", '''*sënə''' "vein", '''*sülə''' "bosom", '''*śilmä''' "eye", '''*śɜðäm(ə)''' "heart"
* body parts: '''*künčə''' ² "nail", '''*mëksa''' "liver", '''*sënə''' "vein", '''*sülə''' "bosom", '''*śilmä''' "eye", '''*śɜðäm(ə)''' "heart"
* other nouns: '''*ëla''' "low", '''*ńëlə''' "arrow", '''*nimə''' "name", '''*pälä''' ³ "half", '''*pesä''' "nest", '''*purkə''' ⁴ "blizzard", '''#wäśkä''' "metal"
* other nouns: '''*ëla''' "low", '''*ńëlə''' "arrow", '''*nimə''' "name", '''*pälä''' ³ "half", '''*pesä''' "nest", '''*purkə''' ⁴ "blizzard", '''#wäśkä''' "metal"
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* numerals: '''#kormɜ''' "3", '''#kuwtə''' "6", '''*ńeljä''' "4", '''*śëta''' "100"
* numerals: '''#kormɜ''' "3", '''#kuwtə''' "6", '''*ńeljä''' "4", '''*śëta''' "100"
* others: '''*jäŋə''' "ice", '''*jećə''' ¹ "soul", '''*kälä-''' "to wade", '''*kätə''' "hand", '''*keččä''' ² "ring", '''*kerə''' "skin", '''#kuwlə-''' "to hear", '''*tälwə''' "winter", '''*sükśə''' "autumn", '''*wäkə''' "power", '''*werə''' "blood", '''*wɜðɜm''' "marrow"
* others: '''*jäŋə''' "ice", '''*jećə''' ¹ "soul", '''*kälä-''' "to wade", '''*kätə''' "hand", '''*keččä''' ² "ring", '''*kerə''' "skin", '''#kuwlə-''' "to hear", '''*tälwə''' "winter", '''*sükśə''' "autumn", '''*śarw/pə''' "horn", '''*wajə''' "butter", '''*wäkə''' "power", '''*werə''' "blood", '''*wɜðɜm''' "marrow"
| ¹ K. ''ać'' unclear
| ¹ K. ''ać'' unclear
² Mo. ''či'' "sun" unclear
² Mo. ''či'' "sun" unclear
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! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Hungarian
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Hungarian
|-
|-
| '''*ĺëmə''' "bird cherry", '''*wü/ilɜ''' "upper"
| '''#kowsə''' "spruce", '''*ĺëmə''' "bird cherry", '''*poŋə''' "bosom", '''*porə-''' "to bite", '''*wü/ilɜ''' "upper"
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Permic
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Permic
|-
|-
| '''*kala''' "fish", '''*muna''' "egg", '''*śinśä''' ¹ "inside"
| '''*joŋsə''' "bow", '''*kala''' "fish", '''*muna''' "egg", '''*śinśä''' ¹ "inside"
| ¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
| ¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
|-
|-
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! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mordvinic
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mordvinic
|-
|-
| '''*kunśə'''(-) "(to) pee", '''*menə-''' "to go", '''#sɜja''' "sleeve"¹, '''*śälə-''' "to cut"
| '''*kunśə'''(-) "(to) pee", '''*menə-''' "to go", '''*pončə''' "tail", '''#sɜja''' "sleeve"¹, '''*śälə-''' "to cut"
| ¹ F. ''hija'' unclear
| ¹ F. ''hija'' unclear
|-
|-
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! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samic
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samic
|-
|-
| '''*küńä''' "elbow", '''*piŋə''' ¹ "tooth"
| '''*küńä''' "elbow", '''*piŋə''' ¹ "tooth", '''*walə-''' "to be"
| ¹ Smy. *pəj "flint" unclear
| ¹ Smy. *pəj "flint" unclear
|}
|}
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|-
|-
! Samic
! Samic
| '''*kuńa-''' "to blink" || '''*täwðə''' "full" (Ma. irreg.) || '''*sewə-''' "to eat" || || '''*pAnə-''' "to put" || || '''*wetə''' "water"
| '''*kuńa-''' "to blink" || '''*täwðə''' "full" (Ma. irreg.) || '''*sewə-''' "to eat" ||
| '''*lowə''' "bone"<br/>'''*pAnə-''' "to put" || || '''*wetə''' "water"
| '''*kiwə''' "stone"<br/>'''*sula-''' "to melt"
| '''*kiwə''' "stone"<br/>'''*sula-''' "to melt"
|-
|-
! Finnic
! Finnic
| style="background:lightgray"|
| style="background:lightgray"|
| || '''*ëńa''' "aunt" || '''*këččə''' "bitter"<br/>'''*ńërə''' "cartilage" || || ||
| || '''*ëńa''' "aunt"<br/>'''*soŋə-''' "to go thru" || '''*këččə''' "bitter"<br/>'''*ńërə''' "cartilage" || || '''*oŋə''' "mouth" (?) ||
| '''*mälkə''' "breast"<br/>'''*peljä''' "ear"
| '''*mälkə''' "breast"<br/>'''*peljä''' "ear"
|-
|-
! Mordv.
! Mordv.
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*mińä''' "dtr-in-law"<br/>'''*pura''' "bore"
| '''*mińä''' "dtr-in-law"<br/>'''*pura''' "bore"<br/>'''*pušə-''' "to blow"
| '''*ëppə''' "pa-in-law"<br/>'''*śowə''' "mouth" || '''*suxə-''' "to row"<br/>*sɜnśɜ- "to stand" || || '''*jɜxə-''' "to drink"
| '''*ëppə''' "pa-in-law"<br/>'''*śojə(-)''' "(to) sound"<br/>'''*śowə''' "mouth" || '''*suxə-''' "to row"<br/>*sɜnśɜ- "to stand" || || '''*jɜxə-''' "to drink"
| '''*puća-''' "to squeeze" (Ma. irreg.)<br/>'''*tärä''' "root"
| '''*puća-''' "to squeeze" (Ma. irreg.)<br/>'''*tärä''' "root"
|-
|-
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| colspan="3" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*nüðə''' "handle" (H. irreg.)<br/>'''*pala''' "bit"
| '''*nüðə''' "handle" (H. irreg.)<br/>'''*pala''' "bit"
| '''*enä''' "big" (P. irreg.)<br/>'''*jëka-''' "to divide"<br/>'''*kälə''' "tongue"<br/>'''*mexə-''' "to sell"
| '''*enä''' "big" (P. irreg.)<br/>'''*jëka-''' "to divide"<br/>'''*karə''' "crust"<br/>'''*kälə''' "tongue"<br/>'''*mexə-''' "to sell"<br/>'''*ulkə''' "pole" (F. q:ble)
| '''*kulkə-''' "to go" ||
| '''*kulkə-''' "to go" ||
| '''*ćäŋkə-''' "to cut" (Mo. irreg.)<br/>'''#kiśkä-''' "to rip"<br/>'''*kulə-''' "to run out"<br/>'''*näkə-''' "to see"<br/>'''*śëlka''' "pole"<br/>'''*ü/ejə''' "night"
| '''*ćäŋkə-''' "to cut" (Mo. irreg.)<br/>'''#kiśkä-''' "to rip"<br/>'''*kulə-''' "to run out"<br/>'''*näkə-''' "to see"<br/>'''*omtə''' "cavity"<br/>'''*śëlka''' "pole"<br/>'''*ü/ejə''' "night"
|-
|-
! Permic
! Permic
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*kanta-''' "to carry"<br/>'''*sala-''' "to steal"<br/>'''*śüĺə'' "coal" || '''#wiŋü''' "son-in-law" (messy!) || || '''*pućka''' "shit" (F. irreg.)<br/>'''*wëlka-''' "to leave"
| '''*kanta-''' "to carry"<br/>'''*sala-''' "to steal"<br/>'''*śüĺə''' "coal" || '''#wiŋü''' "son-in-law" (messy!) || || '''*pućka''' "shit" (F. irreg.)<br/>'''*wëlka-''' "to leave"
|-
|-
! Hung.
! Hung.
| colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*ëkta-''' "to put" || '''*śečä''' "uncle"
| '''*ëkta-''' "to put" || '''#kośkə''' "dry"<br/>'''*śečä''' "uncle"
| '''#käjä''' "moth" (S. q:ble)<br/>'''*śepä''' "neck"<br/>'''*śëmə''' "scales"<br/>'''*śülkə''' "spit"
| '''#käjä''' "moth" (S. q:ble)<br/>'''*śepä''' "neck"<br/>'''*śëmə''' "scales"<br/>'''*śoð(ka)''' "goldeneye"<br/>'''*śülkə''' "spit"
|-
|-
! Mansi
! Mansi
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*kajwa-''' "to dig" (S. irreg.)<br/>'''te-''' "2PP"<br/>'''*tinä''' "2PS" || '''*pilwə''' "cloud"
| '''*kajwa-''' "to dig" (S. irreg.)<br/>'''*lomə''' "snow" (H. q:ble)<br/>'''*te-''' "2PP"<br/>'''*tinä''' "2PS"
| '''*kota''' "house"<br/>'''*pilwə''' "cloud"<br/>'''*śalə''' "intestine" (H. q:ble)
|-
|-
! Khanty
! Khanty

Revision as of 14:03, 5 November 2013

Word roots ordered by their distribution

Ṃissing in 0-1 branches
Found in all branches
  • pronouns: *ku- "who", *me- "1PP", *mi- "what", *minä "1PS", *to "that"
  • basic verbs: *elä- ¹ "to live", *kalə- "to die", *kaĺa- "to disappear", *ńalə- "to lick", *ńälə- "to swallow", *puna- "to plait", *ujə- "to swim"
  • body parts: *künčə ² "nail", *mëksa "liver", *sënə "vein", *sülə "bosom", *śilmä "eye", *śɜðäm(ə) "heart"
  • other nouns: *ëla "low", *ńëlə "arrow", *nimə "name", *pälä ³ "half", *pesä "nest", *purkə ⁴ "blizzard", #wäśkä "metal"
  • etc: *kuma- "overturned", #kɜk/ttA "2", #wittə "5"
  1. Mo. *eŕa- irregular
  2. Smy. *kəčä irregular
  3. S. *pealē irregular
  4. Hu. forr "to boil" questionable
Found everywhere except Samoyedic
  • numerals: #kormɜ "3", #kuwtə "6", *ńeljä "4", *śëta "100"
  • others: *jäŋə "ice", *jećə ¹ "soul", *kälä- "to wade", *kätə "hand", *keččä ² "ring", *kerə "skin", #kuwlə- "to hear", *tälwə "winter", *sükśə "autumn", *śarw/pə "horn", *wajə "butter", *wäkə "power", *werə "blood", *wɜðɜm "marrow"
 ¹ K. ać unclear

² Mo. či "sun" unclear

Found everywhere except Khanty
*lämə "broth"
Found everywhere except Hungarian
#kowsə "spruce", *ĺëmə "bird cherry", *poŋə "bosom", *porə- "to bite", *wü/ilɜ "upper"
Found everywhere except Permic
*joŋsə "bow", *kala "fish", *muna "egg", *śinśä ¹ "inside" ¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
Found everywhere except Mari
*pelə- "to fear", *tulka ¹ "feather", *tu/üĺkA "prod", ¹ F. *sulka?!
Found everywhere except Mordvinic
*kunśə(-) "(to) pee", *menə- "to go", *pončə "tail", #sɜja "sleeve"¹, *śälə- "to cut" ¹ F. hija unclear
Found everywhere except Finnic
*ipsə/ä- "(to) smell", #sejə "pus" ¹ Mo. unclear
Found everywhere except Samic
*küńä "elbow", *piŋə ¹ "tooth", *walə- "to be" ¹ Smy. *pəj "flint" unclear
Missing in 2 branches
Finnic Mordvinic Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic
Samic *kuńa- "to blink" *täwðə "full" (Ma. irreg.) *sewə- "to eat" *lowə "bone"
*pAnə- "to put"		 *wetə "water" *kiwə "stone"
*sula- "to melt"
Finnic *ëńa "aunt"
*soŋə- "to go thru"		 *këččə "bitter"
*ńërə "cartilage"		 *oŋə "mouth" (?) *mälkə "breast"
*peljä "ear"
Mordv. *mińä "dtr-in-law"
*pura "bore"
*pušə- "to blow" 		*ëppə "pa-in-law"
*śojə(-) "(to) sound"
*śowə "mouth"		 *suxə- "to row"
*sɜnśɜ- "to stand"		 *jɜxə- "to drink" *puća- "to squeeze" (Ma. irreg.)
*tärä "root"
Mari *nüðə "handle" (H. irreg.)
*pala "bit" 		*enä "big" (P. irreg.)
*jëka- "to divide"
*karə "crust"
*kälə "tongue"
*mexə- "to sell"
*ulkə "pole" (F. q:ble) 		*kulkə- "to go" *ćäŋkə- "to cut" (Mo. irreg.)
#kiśkä- "to rip"
*kulə- "to run out"
*näkə- "to see"
*omtə "cavity"
*śëlka "pole"
*ü/ejə "night"
Permic *kanta- "to carry"
*sala- "to steal"
*śüĺə "coal"		 #wiŋü "son-in-law" (messy!) *pućka "shit" (F. irreg.)
*wëlka- "to leave"
Hung. *ëkta- "to put" #kośkə "dry"
*śečä "uncle" 		#käjä "moth" (S. q:ble)
*śepä "neck"
*śëmə "scales"
*śoð(ka) "goldeneye"
*śülkə "spit"
Mansi *kajwa- "to dig" (S. irreg.)
*lomə "snow" (H. q:ble)
*te- "2PP"
*tinä "2PS" 		*kota "house"
*pilwə "cloud"
*śalə "intestine" (H. q:ble)
Khanty *miŋä "behind"
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