Novelatine

NOVELATINE Sa lêgwa syar dwar valyô
Pronunciation:	West: / sa lɛ̃gwa sjar dwar valjõ / East: / sa lɛ̃gwa ʃar dwar valjõ/
Spoken in:	Central Italy
Timeline:	Alternate
Total speakers:	ca. 5000
Genealogical classification:	Indo-European Italic Romance Novelatine
Written in:	Latin alphabet
Created by:
Bukkaa	started in November 2012

Novelatine is a language, spoken by a few thousand people in two remote mountain valleys in Central Italy. Its speakers call their own language Sa lêgwa syar dwar valyô, The language of the two valleys, or simply Sa lêgwa (nob), The/Our language. It is a direct descendent of Latin, and it retained a more conservative grammar, morphology and syntaxis than the other Romance languages. Its lexicon retains many more words directly from Latin than other Romance lexicons.

Apart from its conservatism, the main feature is the presence of two distinct dialects, one for each valleys, with some definite differences.

Phonology

Ortography

Novelatine ortography is partially based on standard Italian ortography, while a large part of it was developped independently.

Letter	IPA pron.	X-Sampa pron.	Note and English or other approximation
A, a	[a]	[a]	as in Scottish or Irish stack
B, b	[b]	[b]	as in back
C, c	1.[k] 2.[ʧ]	1.[k] 2.[tS]	1. before any consonant, the vowels a, o, ô, u, as in kiss 2. before the vowels e, i and the semivowel y, as in chip
D, d	[d]	[d]	as in admit
E, e	1.[ɛ] (stressed) 2.[e] (unstressed) 3.[ə] (final)	1.[E] 2.[e] 3.[@]	1. always in stressed syllables, as in North American English bed 2. always in unstressed syllables (see note), as in British English dress 3. only in the Eastern dialect, in final syllables, as in about
Ê, ê	1.[ɛ̃] (stressed) 2.[ẽ] (unstressed)	1.[E˜] 2.[e˜]	similar to French brin (The two variants follow the same rules of distribution of the letter e)
F, f	[f]	[f]	as in fine
G, g	1.[g] 2.[ʤ]	1.[g] 2.[dZ]	1. before any consonant, the vowels a, o, ô, u, as in gun 2. before the vowels e, i and the semivowel y, as in jump
H, h	[-]	[-]	it has no sound, it is only used with other letters to express other sounds.
I, i	[i]	[i]	as in North American English free
J, j	[-]	[-]	it is not part of the alphabet, it can be found only in loanwords, where it retains its original pronunciation.
K, k	[-]	[-]	it is not part of the alphabet, it can be found only in loanwords, where it retains its original pronunciation.
L, l	1.[l] 2.[ʎ]	1.[l] 2.[L]	1. only the clear L, as in let, never dark L 2. only in the Eastern dialect, when is followed by y (which is soundless), as in Spanish millón or in Italian figlio
M, m	[m]	[m]	as in map
N, n	1.[n] 2.[ŋ] 3.[ɲ]	1.[n] 2.[N] 3.[J]	1. as in nine 2. before k and g (see note), as in sing 3. only in the Eastern dialect, when is followed by y (which is soundless), as in Spanish niño or in Italian bagno or in French agneau
O, o	1.[ɔ] (stressed) 2.[o] (unstressed)	1.[O] 2.[o]	1. always in stressed syllables, as in North American English thought 2. always in unstressed syllables (see note), as in Australian English thought
Ô, ô	1.[ɔ̃] (stressed) 2.[õ] (unstressed)	1.[O˜] 2.[o˜]	similar to French bon (The two variants follow the same rules of distribution of the letter o)
P, p	[p]	[p]	as in speed
Q, q	[-]	[-]	it is not part of the alphabet, it can be found only in loanwords, where it retains its original pronunciation.
R, r	[r]	[r]	rolled R, as in Italian terra or in Spanish perro it can also play the role of a vowel, appearing in the end of a word without a vowel.
S, s	1.[s] 2.[z] 3.[ʃ]	1.[s] 2.[z] 3.[S]	1. in initial position, before any voiceless consonant, and in final position, as in salt 2. in intervocalic position, and before every voiced consonant(see note), as in rose 3. only in the Eastern dialect, when is followed by y (which is soundless), as in show
T, t	[t]	[t]	as in tick
U, u	[u]	[u]	as in North American English goose
V, v	1. [v] 2. [ʊ̯] (final)	1.[v] 2.[U]	1. as in valve 2. only in the Eastern dialect, when is in final position, as in hook, but with a labiodental closure.
W, w	[w]	[w]	as in weep
X, x	[-]	[-]	it is not part of the alphabet, it can be found only in loanwords, where it retains its original pronunciation.
Y, y	1.[j] 2.[-]	1.[j] 2.[-]	1. as in you 2. only in the Eastern dialect, when is after l, n, and s, it is soundless.
Z, z	1.[ʦ] 2.[ʣ]	1.[ts] 2.[dz]	1. as in German Zehn 2. as in Italian zero (see note for more info about their occurence)

Notes on orthography

• Initial stops b [k], c [k], d [d], g [g], p [p] and t [t] are never aspirated.

• Voiceless intervocalic stops c [k], p [p] and t [t] are never voiced.

• The letter c represents two different sounds. When it is followed by a consonant, or the vowel a, o, ô or u, it represents the consonant [k]:

can [ˈkan]

cô [kõ]

cru [ˈkru]

it represent [k] also when in final position:

loc [ˈlɔk]

it represents the sound [ʧ] when followed by e, ê, i and y:

ciwta [ˈʧiwta]

vyice [ˈvjiʧe]

êwcyô [ẽˈwʧjõ]

if we want c to represent the sound [k] before one of the previous sounds, a mute h is inserted.

alchies [alˈkies]

brachyô [ˈbrakjõ]

• The letter e can represent two different sounds, [e] and [ɛ]. It is pronounced as [ɛ] only when e is stressed. As the stress can move on different syllables, for example in verbal conjugation, the pronunciation of e can change:

leger [leˈʤer]: lege [ˈlɛʤe] - legim [leˈʤim]

Not every stressed e must be pronounced as [ɛ]. These instances are largely unpredictable, but a large number of stressed e has to be pronounced as [ɛ]. A classic instance is the infinitival stressed verbal ending -er, which has always to be pronounced [er].

moner [moˈner]

The same rules applies to ê, which can represent [ẽ] and [ɛ̃].

In the Eastern dialect, a final e (IPA: [e]), tends to be pronounced as [ə], (it is said to be reduced), and when it is an e mobile, in -er endings, if unstressed:

lupe W: [ˈlupe] / E: [ˈlupə]

rose W: [ˈrɔze] / E: [ˈrɔzə]

veter W: [ˈvɛter] / E: [ˈvɛtər]

• The letter g represents two different sounds. When it is followed by a consonant, or the vowel a, o, ô or u, it represents the consonant [g]:

gawdyô [ˈgawdjõ]

agorafobia [agoˌrafoˈbia]

grôd [ˈgrɔ̃d]

it represent [g] also when in final position:

ewig [eˈwig]

it represents the sound [ʤ] when followed by e, ê, i and y:

agiw [ˈaʤiw]

geno [ˈʤɛno]

môgyar [mõˈʤjar]

if we want g to represent the sound [g] before one of the previous sounds, a mute h is inserted.

• In the Eastern dialect, when a l (IPA: [l]) is followed by a y, it tends to be pronounced as [ʎ], (it is said to be palatalized), while the y is not pronounced anymore:

côsilyô W: [kõˈsiljõ] / E: [kõˈsiʎõ]

milyô W: [miˈljõ] / E: [miˈʎõ]

• In the Eastern dialect, when a n (IPA: [n]) is followed by a y, it tends to be pronounced as [ɲ], (it is said to be palatalized), while the y is not pronounced anymore:

punya W: [ˈpunya] / E: [ˈpuɲa]

aragnyowa W: [aˈragnjowa] / E: [aˈragɲowa]

• The letter o can represent two different sounds, [o] and [ɔ]. It is pronounced as [ɔ] only when o is stressed. As the stress can move on different syllables, for example in verbal conjugation, the pronunciation of o can change:

orar [oˈrar]: ore [ˈɔre] - orem [oˈrɛm]

Not every stressed o must be pronounced as [ɔ]. These instances are largely unpredictable, but a large number of stressed o has to be pronounced as [ɔ]. Some verbal roots can preserve the [o] pronunciation during conjugation:

vowar [voˈwar]: vowe [ˈvowe] - vowem [voˈwɛm]

The same rules applies to ô, which can represent [õ] and [ɔ̃].

• The letter s represents two different sounds. When it is in initial position followed by a voiceless consonant or by a vowel, inside the word followed or preceded by a consonat, or in final position, it represents the consonant [s]:

saw [ˈsaw]

spwêdye [ˈspwɛ̃dje]

serpês [ˈsɛrpẽs]

if it is inside the word between two vowels, or followed by a voiced consonant, also in initial position, it represents the consonant [z]:

rosa [ˈrɔza]

êsuwa [ˈɛ̃zuwa]

during some morphological processes, a [s] could be added after a velar stop ([t] or [d]): when this occurs, [s] merges with these two consonant forming the affricate consonants [ʦ] and [ʣ] respectively, both represented by z:

root sawut- + ending -s → sawuz [ˈsawuʦ]

root lyibertad- + ending -s → lyibertaz [ljiberˈtaʣ]

In the Eastern dialect, when a s (IPA: [s]) is followed by a y, it tends to be pronounced as [ʃ], (it is said to be palatalized), while the y is not pronounced anymore:

syor W: [sjor] / E: [ʃor]

caysyô W: [kajˈsjõ] / E: [kajˈʃõ]

• In the Eastern dialect, when a v (IPA: [v]) is in final position, it tends to be pronounced as [ʊ̯]:

brev W: [ˈbrɛv] / E: [ˈbrɛʊ̯]

biv W: [ˈbiv] / E: [ˈbiʊ̯]

W: Cwo fac? Biv [ˈkwɔ ˈfak ˈbiv] / E: Cwo fa? Biv [ˈkwɔ ˈfa ˈbiʊ̯] What is he/she doing? He/she is drinking

Since it becomes more like a semivowel, it does not count as a separate syllable. When the final v is followed by another word (without a pause), with an initial vowel, it is pronounced [v], since it is felt as united with the next word:

E: brev [ˈbrɛʊ̯] / brev côcyô [ˌbrɛʊ̯ kõˈʧjõ] / brev oracyô [ˌbrɛv oraˈʧjõ]

Stress

Stress is not fixed in Novelatine, but it usually may fall on the last (leger, [leˈʤer]) or the penultimate (rosa, [ˈrɔza] syllable of a word, more rarely on the third (ceweber, [ˈʧɛweber]/[ˈʧɛwebər] syllable from the last one.

As stress is not indicated in written texts, this feature is maybe the most difficult to learn.

The position of stress within a word is not exactly predictable, but it usually follows these general rules:

• The penultimate syllable is stressed when the word ends with a vowel or with -s
• The ultimate vowel is stressed when the word ends with a consonant, except for -s

There are, however, many exceptions to these rules:

1. Some nouns and adjectives, ending in a vowel, are stressed on the last syllable (yuvêtu [juvẽˈtu] - these nouns have often lost a final consonant, which is usually restored in other cases: yuvêtud [juvẽˈtudẽ]).
2. Some nouns and adjectives, ending with the -er group, with mobile e, are stressed on the penultimate (or third from the last) syllable (veter, [ˈvɛter]/[ˈvɛtər]).
3. The infinitival forms of some III conjugation verbs is not stressed on the last syllable, as its rule would require (perder [ˈpɛrder]).
4. All 3rd plural person verbal forms are stressed on the penultimate (or third from the last) syllable, even if all of them end in -t (the stressed syllable is usually the same of the 3rd singular person). (amêt, [ˈamẽt], cewebrêt, [ˈʧɛwebrẽt]).

Sound inventory

Consonants

This is the consonant system in the IPA consonant table:

Consonants
	Bilabial		Labio- dental		Dental		Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal		Velar
Plosive	p	b					t	d					k	g
Nasal		m		[ɱ]1			n					(ɲ)		[ŋ]2
Vibrant								r
Fricative			f	v			s	z	(ʃ)
Affricate							ʦ	ʥ	tʃ	dʒ
Approximants		(ʊ̯)										j		w
Lateral approximants								l				(ʎ)

The phonemes inside round brackets belong only to Eastern dialect phonology.

• 1: Allophone of [m] before labiodental consonants
• 2: Allophone of [n] before velar consonant

Vowels

This is the vowel system in the IPA vowel table:

Vowels
			Front		Central				Back
High			i							u
High-Mid			e/ẽ							o/õ
Mid					(ə)
Low-Mid			ɛ/ɛ̃							ɔ/ɔ̃
Low					a

The phonemes inside round brackets belong only to Eastern dialect phonology.

Noun morphology

Novelatine retains the complex system of Latin declensions, but the six cases of Latin language have merged in a three-case system: Nominative, Genitive and Accusative. Nouns are grouped in four declensions, but as phonological changes modified some endings, each declension group has more subgroups.

First declension

The first declension has both feminine and masculine nouns, but no neuter nouns. Most nouns (more than 90%) are feminine, and there is no difference in the endings between both genders. The endings are:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-a	-e
Genitive	-e	-arô
Accusative	-ô	-es

• Example: Rosa, rose, feminine

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	rosa	rose
Genitive	rose	rosarô
Accusative	rosô	roses

• Example: Êcowa, inhabitant, masculine

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	êcowa	êcowe
Genitive	êcowe	êcowarô
Accusative	êcowô	êcowes

Even if both genders share the same endings, nouns agree with adjectives, articles, pronouns and verbs according the real gender:

• Se bone poeta: the good poet
• Sa rosa pulcra: the beautiful rose

Remember also, that some nouns (mostly modern loanwords), whose roots end with a velar stop, c [k] or g [g], should preserve this pronunciation in all declined forms, even in front of e:

• Example: Elica, screw:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	elica	eliche
Genitive	eliche	elicarô
Accusative	elicô	eliches

Second declension

The second declension has only masculine and neuter nouns. Each gender forms a different subgroup. There is also a -er subgroup:

Masculine subgroup

The endings for the masculine second declension are:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-e	-yi
Genitive	-yi	-erô
Accusative	-ô	-es

• Example: Lupe, wolf

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lupe	lupyi
Genitive	lupyi	luperô
Accusative	lupô	lupes

If the root already ends with an -y- or with a -w-, the -yi endings become simply -i-:

• Example: Casye, cheese

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	casye	casyi
Genitive	casyi	casyerô
Accusative	casyô	casyes

• Example: Ecwe, horse

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ecwe	ecwi
Genitive	ecwi	ecwerô
Accusative	ecwô	ecwes

Neuter subgroup

The endings for the neuter second declension are:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-ô	-a
Genitive	-yi	-erô
Accusative	-ô	-a

• Example: Pomô, apple

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pomô	poma
Genitive	pomyi	pomerô
Accusative	pomô	poma

If the root already ends with an -y-, the -yi ending becomes simply -i-:

• Example: Brachyô, arm

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	brachyô	brachya
Genitive	brachyi	brachyerô
Accusative	brachyô	brachya

-er subgroup

The -er subgroup contains only masculine nouns whose nominative singular form ends with -er. They add the usual second declension endings in other cases, some nouns losing the -e (the mobile -e-), while some other nouns preserve it:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-yi
Genitive	-yi	-erô
Accusative	-ô	-es

• Example: Ager, field

With mobile -e-
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ager	agryi
Genitive	agryi	agrerô
Accusative	agrô	agres

• Example: Pwer, boy

Without mobile -e-
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pwer	pweryi
Genitive	pweryi	pwererô
Accusative	pwerô	pweres

Labial subgroup

Some nouns, whose root ends in -w-, change this last consonant in -l- before the -yi endings (singular genitive and nominative masculine plural):

• Example: Mawô, evil

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	mawô	mawa
Genitive	malyi	mawerô
Accusative	mawô	mawa

Third declension

The third declension is the most complex and large noun declension group. There are many subgroup, as many nouns has little differences, even if the declension pattern remains the same.

The basic declension patterns for masculine/feminine and for neuter nouns are:

Masculine/Feminine
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-s
Genitive	-s	-ô
Accusative	-ê	-es

Neuter
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-a
Genitive	-s	-ô
Accusative	-	-a

If the root ends with a bilabial stop ([t] or [d]), these consonants merge with the ending -s in z ([ʦ] or [ʣ] respectively), in the genitive singular, and in the masculine and feminine nominative plural:

• Example: Ciwta, city, substantive of the nominative vowel subgroup.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ciwta	ciwtaz
Genitive	ciwtaz	ciwtadô
Accusative	ciwtadê	ciwtades

If the last consonant of the noun root is -s-, or there are two or more consonants, the singular genitive ending becomes -is, while the plural nominative ending becomes -es:

• Example: Pader, father, substantive with mobile -e-.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pader	padres
Genitive	padris	padrô
Accusative	padrê	padres

First subgroup

The first subgroup contains nouns whose singular nominative form coincides with their root. They simply add the regular endings.

• Example: Can, dog.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	can	cans
Genitive	cans	canô
Accusative	canê	canes

Second subgroup (Vowel nominative form)

The second subgroup contains nouns whose root is the plural genitive without the -ô ending. The nominative form usually ends with a vowel, as the root's last consonant was lost in this form.

• Example: Du, leader.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	du	ducs
Genitive	ducs	ducô
Accusative	ducê	duces

A small group of nouns lose two consonant in the nominative form, typically a consonant, preceded by w:

• Example: No, night.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	no	nowz
Genitive	nowz	nowtô
Accusative	nowtê	nowtes

Third subgroup (Nasal subgroup)

The second subgroup contains nouns whose root is the plural genitive without the -ô ending. The nominative form usually ends with a nasal vowel, as the root's last consonant -n merged with the previous vowel in this form. The masculine and feminine nouns usually has -ô at the nominative form, while the neuter nouns usually has -ê.

• Example: Opyinyô, opinion, thought.

Masculine/Feminine declension
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	opyinyô	opyinyons
Genitive	opyinyons	opyinyonô
Accusative	opyinyonê	opyinyones

• Example: Nomê, noun, name.

Neuter declension
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	nomê	nomina
Genitive	nomins	nominô
Accusative	nomê	nomina

Fourth subgroup (Palatal subgroup)

The fourth group contains nouns whose plural genitive form adds an -y- infix before the usual -ô endings. Neuter nouns in this subgroup add the -y- infix also within the plural nominative and accusative forms.

• Example: Awr, ear.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	awr	awrs
Genitive	awrs	awryô
Accusative	awrê	awres

• Example: Mar, sea.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	mar	marya
Genitive	mars	maryô
Accusative	mar	marya

Fifth subgroup (Labial subgroup)

The fifth group contains nouns whose the root's last consonant -l- becomes an -w in the singular nominative form and in the singular accusative form for neuter nouns. The plural forms add the palatal infix -y- according to the rules of the palatal subgroup.

• Example: Pew, skin.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pew	pels
Genitive	pels	pelyô
Accusative	pelê	peles

• Example: Animaw, animal.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	animaw	animalya
Genitive	animals	animalyô
Accusative	animaw	animalya

Sixth subgroup (Rhotic subgroup)

The fifth group contains nouns whose the root's last consonant -r- becomes an -s in the singular nominative form and in the singular accusative form for neuter nouns. The plural forms add the palatal infix -y- according to the rules of the palatal subgroup.

• Example: Mus, mouse.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	mus	murs
Genitive	murs	muryô
Accusative	murê	mures

• Example: Os, mouth.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	os	orya
Genitive	ors	oryô
Accusative	os	orya

Seventh subgroup (participial subgroup)

The sixth subgroup contains nouns whose conjugation is the same as the past participles. The nominative singular final consonant -s is replaced in all other forms with a -t, which merges with the ending -s in -z, when required. The plural forms follow the palatal subgroup declension pattern.

• Example: Dês, tooth.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	dês	dêz
Genitive	dêz	dêtyô
Accusative	dêtê	dêtes

• Example: Pôs, bridge.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pôs	pôz
Genitive	pôz	pôtyô
Accusative	pôtê	pôtes

Irregular subgroup

There are a number of nouns, which have an irregular behavior, even if they follow the usual third declension pattern:

• nom. capo; gen. capiz; acc. capo; pl. nom. capita; pl. gen. capitô pl. acc. capita (head, neuter)
• nom. fwe; gen. fwors; acc. fworê; pl. nom. fwors; pl. gen. fworô; pl. acc. fwores (flower, feminine)
• nom. die; gen. diey; acc. diê; pl. nom. dies; pl. gen. dierô; pl. acc. dies (day, masculine)

Fourth declension

The fourth declension has masculine, feminine and neuter nouns. There are two subgroups the -e subgroup and the -o subgroup.

-e subgroup

The -e subgroup contains both masculine and feminine nouns. Most nouns are masculine (more than 95 %), but the few feminine nouns are very used. These are the endings.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-e	-os
Genitive	-os	-wô
Accusative	-ô	-es

• Example: Pase, step, masculine

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pase	pasos
Genitive	pasos	paswô
Accusative	pasô	pases

• Example: Dome, house, home, feminine

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	dome	domos
Genitive	domos	domwô
Accusative	domô	domes

-o subgroup

The -o subgroup contains only neuter nouns. These are the endings.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-o	-wa
Genitive	-os	-wô
Accusative	-o	-wa

• Example: Geno, knee

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	geno	genwa
Genitive	genos	genwô
Accusative	geno	genwa

Loanwords

Novelatine has assimilated a number of loanwords during its develop. Some loanwords entered the language a long time ago and they were absorbed and adapted to its morphological system, while other loanwords are younger and underwent different treatments.

As Novelatine is surrounded by the Italian language, most loanwords come from this language, but in the past also French loanwords entered its vocabulary, while in most modern times the loanwords come mostly from English.

Ancient loanwords were adapted to the language, and now they do not raise particular problems:

• môgyar, to dinner, from Italian mangiare, to eat, with a slight shift in meaning, from which Novelatine speakers derived môgya, dinner, which does not exist in Italian.

Most modern loanwords, however, usually enter the language unchanged, and this could be a problem if the desinence does not fit the usual declension patterns of Novelatine.

Some loanwords are still adapted to the declensions, especially if they are very used words:

• * Example: Computer, computer, masculine.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	computer	computers
Genitive	computers	computerô
Accusative	computerê	computeres

Other loanwords are left unchanged in all cases, and they are labelled as indeclinable nouns, while their role, number and gender are usually expressed by articles, adjectives and verbs.

• Software, software, masculine:
  • Se software sties computers nove e, the software of this computer is new
  • Se programater sies software, the programmer of the software

Loanwords from Italian language are particular, especially proper nouns: Feminine nouns, already ending with -a, are declined without any problems, usually retaining the original pronunciation of the last consonant of the root.

• Monica, → gen., Moniche

Masculine nouns, which in Italian usually end with -o, are usually declined as a second declension noun, as the -o would replace the usual -e ending:

• Massimo → gen., Massimyi, acc., Massimô

They usually retain the original pronunciation of the last consonant of the root. The masculine nouns in -a decline as a first declension noun:

• Andrea → gen., Andree, acc., Andreô

Other nouns, ending with other vowels (as Daniele), or with a consonant (mostly foreign noun as Michael or Ivan) are left unchanged, even if sometimes they are declined, especially when one native speaker is named with them. They are not declined when referring to foreign people.

Articles, Adjectives and Pronouns

Articles

Novelatine has a definite article, se. The western dialect has an indefinite article, the numeral une, while the eastern dialect usually uses no indefinite article. The article une declines as a normal first class adjective.

Definite article

The definite article se has an irregular declension:

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	se	sa	sô	syi	se	sa
Genitive	sies	sies	sies	syor	syar	syor
Accusative	sô	sô	sô	ses	ses	sa

The nominative singular masculine and neuter forms usually lose their vowel before another vowel and get an apostrophe, while the nominative neuter singular and all accusative singular forms become son before another vowel:

• S'agricowa son agrô si cow: the farmer cultivates his own field

In the eastern dialect the nominative plural masculine form, syi, gets shorter too:

• W: Syi agricowe ses agres si cow - E: Sy'agricowe ses agres si col: the farmers cultivate their own fields

In the eastern dialect, especially in most marginal area, all plural forms uses the 'sy- alternative root (pronounced [ʃ]-):

• W: Syi agricowe ses agres si cow - E: Sy'agricowe syes agres si col: the farmers cultivate their own fields

In the northern villages of the western valley, before another vowel the accusative forms and the neuter forms in the singular become som instead of son

• W: S'agricowa som agrô si cow: the farmer cultivates his own field

The articles usually merge with the preposition ad, because of the normal merging of the sounds [d] + [s] = [ʣ]. As the preposition ad can be followed by the accusative or the genitive case, these are the merged forms:

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
ad + Genitive	azies	azies	azies	azyor	azyar	azyor
ad + Accusative	azô	azô	azô	azes	azes	aza

Adjectives

Adjectives usually decline according to the gender and the number of the noun they qualify. They are usually placed after their nouns, but sometimes they are found before them.

Adjectives are divided in two class, according to their declension pattern:

1st class

The adjectives in this class decline like I and II declension nouns. They use the I declension endings for feminine nouns, and the II declension endings for masculine and neuter nouns:

• Example: Nove, new

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	nove	nova	novô	novyi	nove	nova
Genitive	novyi	nove	novyi	noverô	novarô	noverô
Accusative	novô	novô	novô	noves	noves	nova

They follow the same rules of the II declension, as there are adjectives with mobile e or with a palatal infix -y-

• Example: Veter, old, adjective with mobile e

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	veter	vetra	vetrô	vetryi	vetre	vetra
Genitive	vetryi	vetre	vetryi	vetrerô	vetrarô	vetrerô
Accusative	vetrô	vetrô	vetrô	vetres	vetres	vetra

• Example: Lyiber, free, adjective without mobile e

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	lyiber	lyibera	lyiberô	lyiberyi	lyibere	lyibera
Genitive	lyiberyi	lyibere	lyiberyi	lyibererô	lyiberarô	lyibererô
Accusative	lyiberô	lyiberô	lyiberô	lyiberes	lyiberes	lyibera

2nd class

The adjectives in this class decline like III declension nouns. They use the normal III declension endings for masculine, feminine and neuter nouns, with the same root. They can belong to anyone of all III declension subgroup, except the first one.

• Example: Brev, short, brief, adjective belonging to the palatal subgroup.

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	brev	brev	brev	brevs	brevs	brevya
Genitive	brevs	brevs	brevs	brevyô	brevyô	brevyô
Accusative	brevê	brevê	brev	breves	breves	brevya

• Example: Ceweber, famous, adjective belonging to the palatal subgroup with mobile e.

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ceweber	ceweber	ceweber	cewebres	cewebres	cewebrya
Genitive	cewebris	cewebris	cewebris	cewebryô	cewebryô	cewebryô
Accusative	cewebrê	cewebrê	ceweber	cewebres	cewebres	cewebrya

• Example: Awda, brave, bold, audacious, adjective belonging to the vowel nominative subgroup (for this group the plural forms are the same ones of the palatal subgroup).

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	awda	awda	awda	awdacs	awdacs	awdacya
Genitive	awdacs	awdacs	awdacs	awdacyô	awdacyô	awdacyô
Accusative	awdacê	awdacê	awda	awdaces	awdaces	awdacya

• Example: Agiw, nimble, agile, adjective belonging to the labial subgroup.

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	agiw	agiw	agiw	agils	agils	agilya
Genitive	agils	agils	agils	agilyô	agilyô	agilyô
Accusative	agilê	agilê	agiw	agiles	agiles	agilya

Comparison

There are two ways for creating the various degree of comparison. One is directly retained from the ancient Latin, while the other one is a more recent creation.

The first form of comparison is built by adding some endings to the adjective's root:

• Nove, new, 1st class

Declension of the comparative form
	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	novyer	novyer	novye	novyers	novyers	novyera
Genitive	novyers	novyers	novyers	novyerô	novyerô	novyerô
Accusative	novyerê	novyerê	novye	novyeres	novyeres	novyeres

• Nove, new 1st class

Declension of the superlative form
	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	novisime	novisima	novisimô	novisimyi	novisime	novisima
Genitive	novisimyi	novisime	novisimyi	novisimerô	novisimarô	novisimerô
Accusative	novisimô	novisimô	novisimô	novisimes	novisimes	novisima

• Brev, short, 2st class

Declension of the comparative form
	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	brevyer	brevyer	brevye	brevyers	brevyers	brevyera
Genitive	brevyers	brevyers	brevyers	brevyerô	brevyerô	brevyerô
Accusative	brevyerê	brevyerê	brevye	brevyeres	brevyeres	brevyeres

• Brev, short 2st class

Declension of the superlative form
	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	brevisime	brevisima	brevisimô	brevisimyi	brevisime	novisima
Genitive	brevisimyi	brevisime	brevisimyi	brevisimerô	brevisimarô	brevisimerô
Accusative	brevisimô	brevisimô	brevisimô	brevisimes	brevisimes	brevisima

The second form of comparison is built by using the adverb mags with the normal grade of the adjective. The comparative form is formed by placing mags before the normal declined adjective, while the superlative form is formed with the definite article + mags before the declined adjective.

• bone → mags bone → se mags bone

The second forms are usually used with adjectives with more than three syllables, or with loanwords. This use is, however, not fixed yet. Especially in the Western dialect the use of mags is spreading also with shorter adjectives, while in the Eastern dialect also some longer adjectives use the first forms. In some remote villages of the Western dialect mags is replaced with pwe (from the Latin PLUS).

The comparison endings are usually added to the real root of the adjective, restoring an actually lost consonant:

• agiw → agilyer, agilisime
• awda → awdacyer, awdacisime

In the case of adjectives, whose nominative masculine singular form ends in -er with a mobile e, the superlative ending become -ime and is added directly to the -er ending without losing the -e-:

• veter → vetryer, veterime
• ceweber → cewebryer, ceweberime

Some adjectives have irregular forms for the comparative and superlative grade:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative	English
Bone	melyer	owtime	good
Grôd	mayer	masime	big, great
Mawe	peyer	pesime	bad, evil
Parve	minyer	minime	little, small

Demonstrative adjectives

There are two demonstrative adjectives: isvi which means that, and ste which means this; both they have an irregular conjugation:

• Isvi, that

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	isvi	avi	ivi	yivi	evi	avi
Genitive	iesvi	iesvi	iesvi	orôvi	arôvi	orôvi
Accusative	ôvi	ôvi	ivi	esvi	asvi	avi

• Ste, this

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ste	sta	sto	styi	ste	sta
Genitive	sties	sties	sties	storô	starô	storô
Accusative	stô	stô	sto	stes	stes	sta

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

The personal pronouns in Novelatine have an irregular declension. Some of them have an alternative root in some cases. In the third persons the pronouns are divided for gender, in singular (as in English) and in plural number.

The most important feature, is the retention of the dative forms, for all personal pronouns:

Person	English	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative
1st sing.	I	eo	mey	mi	me
2nd sing.	you (sing.)	tu	tuy	ti	te
3rd sing. f.	he	le	lies	luy	lô
3rd sing. m.	she	la	lies	luy	lô
3rd sing. n.	it	lo	lies	luy	lo
1st plur.	we	nos	nestri	nob	nos
2nd plur.	you (plur.)	vos	vestri	vob	vos
3rd plur. m.	they (m.)	lyi	lyor	lyis	les
3rd plur. f.	they (f.)	le	lyar	lyis	les
3rd plur. n.	they (n.)	la	lyor	lyis	la

The singular accusative masculine and feminine 3rd person form lô becomes lon before a vowel:

• Tu lon ams?: Do you love him/her?

In the northern villages of the western valley, this form becomes lom before a vowel:

• Tu lom ams?: Do you love him/her?

Accusative and dative pronominal forms usually become clitics when they are found after imperative forms, which end with a vowel:

• Dami ses cwaves sies awtomobils: Give me the keys of the car!
• Spewtalo!: Look at it! (to one person)
• Spewtad lo: Look at it! (to two or more people)

If there are two pronominal forms, a dative and an accusative form, they cliticize together, following the ordinary dative-accusative order, only if the forms end in a vowel:

• Damilo: Give it to me
• Danob lo: Give it to us

With most prepositions, which usually require the genitive case, dative forms of personal pronouns are used. The only exception is the preposition cô, which has exceptional forms for the first and the second persons:

• eo: mecô (with me)
• tu: tecô (with you sing.)
• nos: nobiscô (with us)
• vos: vobiscô (with you plur.)

The personal pronouns have also replaced the possessive adjectives and pronouns:

The possession is expressed by the dative personal pronouns, placed after the possessed noun:

• Eo son amicô ti vidye: I see your friend

The dative forms do not agree with the possessed noun, only with the gender and the number of the possessor(s).

• Eo son amicô lyis vidye: I see their friend
• Eo ses amices ti vidye: I see your friends

The genitive forms are used instead of the possessive pronouns, or when the adjectives would be used as object in the sentence.

• Ste can mey e: This dog is mine
• Styi cans mey sôt: These dogs are mine

Relative pronoun

The relative pronoun cwi has an irregular declension:

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	cwi	cwe	cwo	cwi	cwe	cwe
Genitive	chies	chies	chies	cwor	cwar	cwor
Accusative	cwê	cwô	cwo	cwes	cwes	cwe

Indefinite pronouns

• Alcwi: it may mean someone, somebody, something or anyone, anybody, anything. It declines like cwi:

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	alcwi	alcwe	alcwo	alcwi	alcwe	alcwe
Genitive	alchies	alchies	alchies	alcwor	alcwar	alcwor
Accusative	alcwê	alcwô	alcwo	alcwes	alcwes	alcwe

• Nemê: it may mean no one, nobody, only with humans or other animated beings. It has an irregular declension, only in the singular:

Case	Forms
Nominative	nemê
Genitive	nemins
Accusative	neminê

• Niw: it means nothing, with things or action or statuses. It has an irregular declension, only in the singular:

Case	Forms
Nominative	niw
Genitive	nulriy
Accusative	niw

• Omcwi: it may mean everyone, everybody, everything. It declines like cwi:

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	omcwi	omcwe	omcwo	omcwi	omcwe	omcwe
Genitive	omchies	omchies	omchies	omcwor	omcwar	omcwor
Accusative	omcwê	omcwô	omcwo	omcwes	omcwes	omcwe

Numbers

These are the Novelatine numbers, with their cardinal and ordinal forms:

Number	Cardinal	Ordinal
1	une	pryime
2	due	secunde
3	W: tre / E: ter	terce
4	W: cwatre / E: cwater	cwarte
5	cwêc	cwête
6	W: sey / E: ses	seste
7	sewtê	sewtime
8	owto	owtave
9	novê	none
10	decê	decime
11	ôdecê	ôdecime
12	dwodecê	dwodecime
13	tredecê	tredecime
14	cwaterdecê	cwaterdecime
15	cwêdecê	cwêdecime
16	W: seydecê / E: sesdecê	W: seydecime / E: sesdecime
17	sewtêdecê	sewtêdecime
18	dwedevyinti	dwedevyigesime
19	ôdevyinti	ôdevyigesime
20	vyinti	vyigesime
21	vyinti une	vyigesime prime
22	vyinti due	vyigesime secunde
30	tryinta	tryintesime
40	cwadryinta	cwadryintesime
50	cwêcyinta	cwêcyintesime
60	sesyinta	sesyintesime
70	sewtyinta	sewtyintesime
80	owtyinta	owtyintesime
90	novyinta	novyintesime
100	cêtô	cêtesime
200	dwecêtyi	dwecêtesime
300	trecêtyi	trecêtesime
400	cwadregêtyi	cwadregêtesime
500	cwêgêtyi	cwêgêtesime
600	sescêtyi	sescêtesime
700	sewtêgêtyi	sewtêgêtesime
800	owtêgêtyi	owtêgêtesime
900	nôgêtyi	nôgêtesime
1000	mil	milesime
2000	due milya	due milesime
1.000.000	milyô	milyonesime
1.000.000.000	milyarde	milyardesime

Declension

Most numbers are indeclinable, while only a few agree with their nouns.

• Une declines like a 1st class adjectives: une, una, unô, etc. It has no plural forms.
• Due has its own declension: m/f/n nominative: due; m/n genitive: dwor, f genitive: dwar; m/f/n accusative: dues
• The multiples of cêtô, like dwecêtyi, trecêtyi, etc., decline like 1st class plural adjectives, even if there are other indeclinable numbers after them: sescêta vyinti cwêc poma: 625 apples; le dwecêtes dues roses imyit: he bought 202 roses
• Milya is the actual plural of mil, but it is indeclinable.
• Milyô and milyarde are nouns (respectively of III and II declension). They decline according to their rule in the sentence and their nouns are in genitive cases: Due milyons ominô: two million people; unô milyonê bawteryerô côtê, it contains one million bacteria

Verbs

Novelatine has a strictly conservative and quite difficult verbal morphology. The complex verbal system of ancient Latin is retained, also with the passive synthetic forms. Nevertheless an analitic new future tense was developed, together with two conditional tenses. An isolated resultative form was also developed.

When verbs are listed, more forms are presented. As exemple, we list the verb amar, to love:

• Amar: infinitive form
• ame: first singular person of the indicative present tense
• amay: first singular person of the indicative perfect tense
• amate: past participle, masculine nominative singular form

The first singular person of the indicative present tense shows the present root, by dropping the -e, -er or -o ending:

• ame → am-e → am- (present root)

The first singular person of the indicative perfect tense shows the perfect root, by dropping the -ay, -yi or -iyi ending:

• amay → am-ay → am- (perfect root)

This is necessary, as almost all irregular verbs have a different perfect root:

• legsyi → legs-yi → legs- (perfect root) / leg- (present root)

The Novelatine verbs have six moods:

• Infinitive, which has 2 tenses: present, past
• Indicative, which has 5 tenses: present, imperfect, perfect, plusquamperfect and future
• Subjunctive, which has 5 tenses: present, imperfect, perfect, plusquamperfect and future
• Conditional, which has 2 tenses: present, past
• Resultative, which has 1 tense: past
• Imperative, which has 1 tense: present

and four adjectival forms:

• Present participle
• Past participle
• Future participle
• Gerundive

Conjugations

Novelatine verbs are divided in four conjugations:

Conjugation	Ending
I	-ar
II	-er (palatal)
III	-er (non palatal)
IV	-yir

The second conjugation uses the same endings of the third conjugation, plus a palatal infix -y, in many forms. For clarity's sake, we don't consider this verbal class as a subgroup of the third conjugation, but as an independent conjugation class, according to the tradition of Latin four conjugations' pattern.

Indicative

Present tense (têpe praysês)

The present tense is formed by adding some endings to the present root of the chosen verb.

These are the endings:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	ame	monye	lege	finye
II sing.	ams	mons	legs	fins
III sing.	am	mon	leg	fin
I plur.	amem	monyim	legim	finyim
II plur.	amez	monyiz	legiz	finyiz
III plur.	amêt	monyêt	legôt	finyôt

In the singular second person forms, if the root ends with a bilabial stop ([t] or [d]), these consonants merge with the endings in z ([ʦ] or [ʣ] respectively):

• Spewtar, to watch, to look at → spewz [spɛwʦ], you are watching
• Eseder, to eat → esez [ezeʣ], you are eating

However if the root ends with two consonants (except for -yC-, -wC- and -rC- and -lC, with C that is not y), the endings become I: -es, II: -yis, III: -is, IV: -yis

If the verbal root ends with -Vw-, the -w- becomes -l-:

• Êcowar, to inhabit, to live in → êcols, you inhabit, you live in

The third singular person usually adds a Ø-ending or zero ending, or it can be said it adds no ending. If the verbal root ends in more than a consonant, this could trigger some changes in the verbal root:

• if the verbal root ends with -Cr, where C is a stop ([p], [b], [k], [g]), the -r- is retained:

cewebrar: cewebre, cewebres, cewebr, cewebrem...

• if the verbal root ends with -Cw- or Cy, the -w- or -y- are dropped:

locwer: locwe, locwis, loc, locwim...

côsilyar: côsilye, côsilyes, côsil, côsilyem...

punyar: punye, punyes, pun, punyem

(Note that in this example -y- is retained for the second singular person, as it is part of the root, instead of part of the ending)

In the Estern dialect, since the groups -ly-, -ny- and -sy- are read as the single consonants [ʎ], [ɲ] and [ʃ] respectively, in the third singular person l, n and s are still read as [ʎ], [ɲ] and [ʃ], even if the -y- is dropped:

• côsilyes: W [kõˈsiljes] / E [kõˈsiʎes], côsil: W [kõˈsil] / E [kõˈsiʎ]
• punyes: W [ˈpunjes] / E [puɲes], pun: W [ˈpun] / E [ˈpuɲ]

Imperfect tense (têpe êperfewtô)

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amavô	monyivô	legyivô	finyivô
II sing.	amavs	monyivs	legyivs	finyivs
III sing.	amav	monyiv	legyiv	finyiv
I plur.	amavem	monyivem	legyivem	finyivem
II plur.	amavez	monyivez	legyivez	finyivez
III plur.	amavêt	monyivêt	legyivêt	finyivêt

In the third conjugation if the verb root ends in -Cw, the endings lose the -y-:

• Locwer, to speak → locwivô, locwivs, locwiv..

If the verbal root ends in -Vw-, the -w- becomes -l-:

• Cower, to cultivate → colyivô, colyivs, colyiv..

Perfect tense (têpe perfewtô)

The perfect tense is formed by adding some endings to the perfect root of the chosen verb. The perfect root usually coincide with the present root, as we can see in the case of most verbs of the first conjugation, but in the other conjugations, especially with irregular verbs, the root is not the same.

These are the usual endings:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amay	monyi	legsyi	finiyi
II sing.	amayst	monyust	legsyist	finiyist
III sing.	amaw	monyut	legsyit	finiyit
I plur.	amaym	monyum	legsyim	finiyim
II plur.	amayz	monyuz	legsyiz	finiyiz
III plur.	amayerôt	monyerôt	legsyerôt	finiyerôt

When a verbs belongs to a certain conjugation, it will usually add the conjugation's typical endings. However, some irregular verbs of the first, the second and the fourth conjugation, add the third declension's endings to their irregular perfect root.

• Dar, Ir → dedyi, dedyist, dedyit, dedyim, dedyiz, dedyerôt
• Ryider, IIr → ryisyi, ryisyist, ryisyit, ryisyim, ryisyiz, ryisyerôt
• Capyir, IVr → cepyi, cepyist, cepyit, cepyim, cepyiz, cepyerôt

They will be marked with Ir, IIr and IIIr in the Lexycon section.

Plusquamperfect tense (têpe pwuscwôperfewtô)

The following endings have to be added to the perfect root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amayerô	monyerô	legsyerô	finiyerô
II sing.	amayers	monyers	legsyers	finiyers
III sing.	amayer	monyer	legsyer	finiyer
I plur.	amayerem	monyerem	legsyerem	finiyerem
II plur.	amayerez	monyerez	legsyerez	finiyerez
III plur.	amayerêt	monyerêt	legsyerêt	finiyerêt

Future tense (têpe futurô)

The synthetic future tense of ancient Latin has entirely disappeared, and it was replaced by a new analytic future form.

It is formed with the present forms of the verb aber and the infinite form of the main verb:

Person		I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	ao	amar	moner	leger	finyir
II sing.	as	amar	moner	leger	finyir
III sing.	a	amar	moner	leger	finyir
I plur.	avyim	amar	moner	leger	finyir
II plur.	avyiz	amar	moner	leger	finyir
III plur.	ôt	amar	moner	leger	finyir

Examples:

• Eo ao caner: I will sing
• Cras azô mar ao vader: Tomorrow I will go to the beach

Subjunctive

Present tense (têpe praysês)

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amê	monyô	legô	finyô
II sing.	amis	monyes	leges	finyes
III sing.	ami	monye	lege	finye
I plur.	amim	monyem	legem	finyem
II plur.	amiz	monyez	legez	finyez
III plur.	amêt	monyôt	legêt	finyêt

Imperfect tense (têpe êperfewtô)

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amarê	monerê	legerê	finyirê
II sing.	amars	moners	legers	finyirs
III sing.	amar	moner	leger	finyir
I plur.	amarem	monerem	legerem	finyirem
II plur.	amarez	monerez	legerez	finyirez
III plur.	amarêt	monerêt	legerêt	finyirêt

Perfect tense (têpe perfewtô)

The following endings have to be added to the perfect root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amayerê	monyerê	legsyerê	finiyerê
II sing.	amayeris	monyeris	legsyeris	finiyeris
III sing.	amayeri	monyeri	legsyeri	finiyeri
I plur.	amayerim	monyerim	legsyerim	finiyerim
II plur.	amayeriz	monyeriz	legsyeriz	finiyeriz
III plur.	amayerêt	monyerêt	legsyerêt	finiyerêt

Plusquamperfect tense (têpe pwuscwôperfewtô)

The following endings have to be added to the perfect root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amaysê	monyisê	legsyisê	finiyisê
II sing.	amaysis	monyisis	legsyisis	finiyisis
III sing.	amaysi	monyisi	legsyisi	finiyisi
I plur.	amaysim	monyisim	legsyisim	finiyisim
II plur.	amaysiz	monyisiz	legsyisiz	finiyisiz
III plur.	amaysêt	monyisêt	legsyisêt	finiyisêt

Future tense (têpe futurô)

It is formed with the subjunctive present forms of the verb aber and the infinite form of the main verb:

Person		I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	abyô	amar	moner	leger	finyir
II sing.	abyes	amar	moner	leger	finyir
III sing.	abye	amar	moner	leger	finyir
I plur.	abyem	amar	moner	leger	finyir
II plur.	abyez	amar	moner	leger	finyir
III plur.	abyôt	amar	moner	leger	finyir

Examples:

• Crede co abyes caner: I believe you will sing
• Crede co cras azô mar abyes vader: I believe that tomorrow you will go to the beach

Conditional

The conditional forms have two tenses, the present and the past tense. It is an analytic mood, formed with the auxiliary verb aver.

The conditional present is formed with the perfect tense forms of the verb aber, plus the infinitive form of the main verb:

Person		I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	avyi	amar	moner	leger	finyir
II sing.	avyust
III sing.	avyut
I plur.	avyum
II plur.	avyuz
III plur.	avyerôt

Examples:

• Eo avyi caner: I would sing
• Cras azô mar avyi vader: Tomorrow I would go to the beach

The conditional past is formed with the plusquamperfect tense form of the verb aber, plus the infinitive form of the main verb:

Person		I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	avyerô	amar	moner	leger	finyir
II sing.	avyers
III sing.	avyer
I plur.	avyerem
II plur.	avyerez
III plur.	avyerêt

Examples:

• Eo avyerô caner: I would have sung
• Azô mar avyerô vader: I would have gone to the beach

Resultative

The resultative form is not inherited from Ancient Latin, but it is a later creation, most likely under the influence of the Italian passato prossimo.

It is formed with the present forms of the verb aber and the past participle without the adjectival endings:

• advenyir, to happen → advête → advêt: cwo a advêt?, what has happened? what did just happen?
• facer, to do → fawte → fawt: cwo as fawt?, what have you done? what did you just do?

Its meaning and use are slightly different between the two dialects, but its basic meaning is pointing out the result of an action. In a more linguistically precise definition, it is a perfective past form of the verb.

Imperative

The imperative mood has only one tense, the present tense. It is used to give orders, and it has only the second person forms.

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
II sing.	ama	mone	lege	finyi
II plur.	amad	monyid	legid	finyid

Some III conjugation verbs have a short imperative form:

• dicer, to say, to tell: Di! (instead of dice!), say! tell!
• facer, to do, to make: Fa! (instead of face!): do! make!
• vader, to go: Va! (instead of vade!): go!

Impersonal forms

These forms are called impersonal, because they are not conjugated as usual verbs, but they represent special forms, usually considered as adjectival forms.

Gerundive

The gerundive is an adjectival form, which usually means which must be X-ed. It declines like a normal 1st class adjective, thus we will show only the masculine nominative singular form.

I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
amôde	monêde	legêde	finyêde

Present participle

The present participle is an adjectival form, which usually means which X-s, similar to the English -ing form. With transitive verbs it has an active meaning.

I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
amôs	monês	legês	finyês

They have a special declension (also some nouns decline this way):

• Example: Amôs, loving, which loves.

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	amôs	amôs	amôs	amôz	amôz	amôtya
Genitive	amôz	amôz	amôz	amôtyô	amôtyô	amôtyô
Accusative	amôtê	amôtê	amôs	amôtes	amôtes	amôtya

• Example: Legês, reading, which reads.

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	legês	legês	legês	legêz	legêz	legêtya
Genitive	legêz	legêz	legêz	legêtyô	legêtyô	legêtyô
Accusative	legêtê	legêtê	legês	legêtes	legêtes	legêtya

• Example: Finyês, ending, which ends.

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	finyês	finyês	finyês	finyêz	finyêz	finyêtya
Genitive	finyêz	finyêz	finyêz	finyêtyô	finyêtyô	finyêtyô
Accusative	finyêtê	finyêtê	finyês	finygêtes	finyêtya	finyêtes

Past participle

The past participle is an adjectival form, which usually means X-ed, similar to the English past participle. With transitive verbs it has a passive meaning.

It declines like a normal 1st class adjective, thus we will show only the masculine nominative singular form

I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
amate	monite	lewte	finyite

The forms of the past participle are mostly irregular in the third conjugation. Most irregular verbs have irregular participial forms:

• Caner, to sing → côte, sung
• Corer, to run → curse, run
• Fêger, to fake → fiwte, faked
• Scryiber, to write → scryiwte, written
• Venyir, to come → vête, come

Past participle are usually distinguished by the -te ending, which in some irregular verbs can become -se.

Future participle

The future participle is an adjectival form, which usually means which will X; it has no English counterparts. With transitive verbs it has an active meaning.

It is formed by dropping the masculine ending of the past participle, and adding the -ure endings:

• Venyir, to come → vête → vêt- + -ure → vêture, coming, which will come

It declines like a normal 1st class adjective, thus we will show only the masculine nominative singular form

I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
amature	moniture	lewture	finyiture

Passive forms

Novelatine has particular passive forms for its verbs, because, differently from most modern European language, but similar to Latin and Ancient Greek, in some tenses it has retained simple forms (the verb has one single form), instead of compound forms (as in English auxiliary verb + participle).

• Monyires: you are warned
• Crede co monyôter: I believe they are being warned

Simple form are used in the indicative present and imperfect tense, in subjunctive indicative present and imperfect tense, in the imperative mood and in the infinitive. The other tenses and moods are built like English, with the conjugated forms of the verb eser, to be + the past participle, or, for compound tenses, regularly with the conjugated forms of the verb aber, to have + the passive form of the infinitive.

• Monite fuyist: you were warned
• Tu as moniri: you will be warned

Infinitive

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri

Or instead it can be said, that the passive infinitive form is built by adding -i to the normal infinitive forms.

Indicative present tense

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amer	monyer	leger	finyer
II sing.	ameres	monyires	legires	finyires
III sing.	ameter	monyiter	legiter	finyiter
I plur.	amemer	monyimer	legimer	finyimer
II plur.	amemnyi	monyimnyi	legimnyi	finyimny
III plur.	amêter	monyêter	legôter	finyôter

Indicative imperfect tense

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amaver	monyiver	legyiver	finyiver
II sing.	amaveres	monyiveres	legyiveres	finyiveres
III sing.	amaveter	monyiveter	legyiveter	finyiveter
I plur.	amavemer	monyivemer	legyivemer	finyivemer
II plur.	amavemnyi	monyivemnyi	legyivemnyi	finyivemnyi
III plur.	amavêter	monyivêter	legyivêter	finyivêter

Indicative perfect tense

The passive indicative perfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the past participle, which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the perfect tense forms of the verb eser, to be:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyi
II sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyist
III sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyit
I plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyim
II plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyiz
III plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyerôt

Indicative plusquamperfect tense

The passive indicative plusquamperfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the past participle, which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the plusquamperfect tense forms of the verb eser, to be:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyerô
II sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyers
III sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyer
I plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyerem
II plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyerez
III plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyerêt

Indicative future tense

It is formed with the present forms of the verb aber and the infinite passive form of the main verb:

Person		I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	ao	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
II sing.	as
III sing.	a
I plur.	avyim
II plur.	avyiz
III plur.	ôt

Examples:

• Syi documêtyi cras ôt videri: The documents will be seen tomorrow

Subjunctive present tense

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amêr	monyôr	legôr	finyôr
II sing.	amires	monyeres	legeres	finyeres
III sing.	amiter	monyeter	legeter	finyeter
I plur.	amimer	monyemer	legemer	finyemer
II plur.	amimnyi	monyemnyi	legemnyi	finyemnyi
III plur.	amêter	monyôter	legêter	finyêter

Subjunctive imperfect tense

The following endings have to be added to the present root:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amarer	monerer	legerer	finyirer
II sing.	amareres	monereres	legereres	finyireres
III sing.	amareter	monereter	legereter	finyireter
I plur.	amaremer	moneremer	legeremer	finyiremer
II plur.	amaremnyi	moneremnyi	legerenyi	finyiremnyi
III plur.	amarêter	monerêter	legerêter	finyirêter

Subjunctive perfect tense

The passive subjunctive perfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the past participle, which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the subjunctive perfect tense forms of the verb eser, to be:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyerê
II sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyers
III sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyer
I plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyerim
II plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyeriz
III plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyerêt

Subjunctive plusquamperfect tense

The passive subjunctive plusquamperfect tense is a compound tense, formed with the past participle, which usually agree in number and gender with the subject, and the subjunctive plusquamperfect tense forms of the verb eser, to be:

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyisê
II sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyisis
III sing.	amate, -a, ô	monite, -a, ô	lewte, -a, ô	finyite, -a, ô	fuyisi
I plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyisim
II plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyisiz
III plur.	amatyi, -e, a	monityi, -e, a	lewtyi, -e, a	finyityi, -e, a	fuyisêt

Subjunctive future tense

It is formed with the present subjunctive forms of the verb aber and the infinite passive form of the main verb:

Person		I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	abyô	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
II sing.	abyes
III sing.	abye
I plur.	abyem
II plur.	abyez
III plur.	abyôt

Examples:

• Crede co syi documêtyi cras abyôt videri: I believe the documents will be seen tomorrow

Conditional present tense

It is formed with the perfect tense forms of the verb aber and the infinite passive form of the main verb:

Person		I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	avyi	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
II sing.	avyust
III sing.	avyut
I plur.	avyum
II plur.	avyuz
III plur.	avyerôt

Examples:

• Syi documêtyi avyerôt videri: The documents would be seen

Conditional past tense

It is formed with the plusquamperfect tense forms of the verb aber and the infinite passive form of the main verb:

Person		I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	avyerô	amari	moneri	legeri	finyiri
II sing.	avyers
III sing.	avyer
I plur.	avyerem
II plur.	avyerez
III plur.	avyerêt

Examples:

• Syi documêtyi avyerêt videri: The documents would have been seen

Verb eser (to be)

Indicative
Person	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pl.perfect
I sing.	sô	erô	fuyi	fuyerô
II sing.	es	ers	fuyist	fuyers
III sing.	e	er	fuyit	fuyer
I plur.	some	erem	fuyim	fuyerem
II plur.	ez	erez	fuyiz	fuyerez
III plur.	sôt	erôt	fuyerôt	fuyerêt

Subjunctive
Person	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pl.perfect
I sing.	sê	eserê	fuyerê	fuyisê
II sing.	ses	eseris	fuyers	fuyisis
III sing.	set	eseri	fuyer	fuyisi
I plur.	sem	eserim	fuyerim	fuyisim
II plur.	sez	eseriz	fuyeriz	fuyisiz
III plur.	sêt	eserêt	fuyerêt	fuyisêt

Other compound tenses and moods are formed according to the usual grammar rules.

Other irregular verbs

I conjugation

• dar: do, das, da, dam, daz, dôt
• star: sto, stas, sta, stam, staz, stôt

II conjugation

• aber: ao, as, a, avyim, avyiz, ôt, perf.: aviy, avyust...
• poser: posô, podes, pode, W:posom/E:posome, podez, posôt, imperf.: poderô, poders...; perf.: podiy, podyust..; subj. pres.: posê, poses, pose, posem, posez, posêt; subj. imperf.: poserê, posers...
• tener: tenye, tens, tê, tenyim, tenyiz, W: tenyêt/E: têt
• voler: volye, vows, vut, volyim, volyiz, volyôt

III conjugation

• facer: facye, W: facs/E: fac, W: fac/ E: fa, facim, faciz, facyôt
• noscer: nosce, noscis, nos, noscim, nosciz, noscôt

Syntax

Novelatine has retained a large part of the vast Latin syntax, while has created some new innovations, some of them shared with other Romance languages, while some other under the influence of the surrounding Italian language.

Constituent order

Novelatine is a typical SOV language. It retained the ancient Latin word order, in which the verb usually comes at the end of the sentence. As it still make a large of use of its case, the constituent order can be considered as free, but the position of the various parts of the sentences is ruled by semantic, more than syntactic, rules.

• Marce (subject) Siwvyô (object) vid (verb): Marce sees Siwvya

The position of the indirect object (marked with D) is not compulsorily fixed, like the other parts of the sentence, but it usually tends to respect these rules:

- it usually comes before the direct object (O):

• Marce (S) azô docêtê (D) sô libelô si (O) dedyit: Marce gave the teacher his own book

- if the indirect object is a pronoun, it moves immediately before the verb:

• Marce (S) sô libelô si (O) luy (D) dedyit: Marce gave him his own book

but if the object (or another part) of the sentence is followed by an identical dative possessive pronoun, it moves back before the object:

• Marce (S) luy (D) sô libelô luy (O) dedyit: Marce gave him his book

if the possessive pronoun is different the pronoun remains in the position before the verb:

• Marce (S) sô libelô luy (O) mi (D) dedyit: Marce gave me his book

If there is an imperative form, the verb usually comes first in the sentence:

• Dimi (V) (D) sô veritadê (O): Tell me the truth

Negation and question

An entire sentence is negated by inserting nô (non before a vowel), before the conjugated verb:

• Azô mar vasyerôt: They went to the beach → Azô mar nô vasyerôt: They didn't go to the beach
• Eo ses parvowes ti êtêde: I understand your words → Eo ses parvowes ti non êtêde: I don't understand your words

There is no particular way to express a question. Words do not change their order, nor a specific particle or auxiliary verb (like English do) is added; only the pitch (usually rising towards the end of the question) can express the question, or the question mark (?) in written text:

• Sô novô awtomobilê mi vyidyerôt?: Did they see my new car? / Sô novô awtomobilê mi vyidyerôt: They saw my new car

Nominal syntax

Novelatine nouns do decline, i.e. they change themselves (in this case they change their own endings), to show their syntactic role in the sentence.

If a noun has the role of the subject (Marce ôvi pwelô am, Mark loves that girl) it will show a definite ending, different from those used for other roles (Avi pwela Marcô am, That girl loves Mark; Eo sa pwela Marcyi sô, I am the girl of Mark).

Cases

Novelatine has three cases: Nominative, Genitive and Accusative

Nominative

The nominative case has the only but very important role of representing the sentence's subject. As it plays this primary role, it is the form we always find in dictionaries.

Contrary to English, the verb eser (to be) has no direct object, but its possible object is treated like an adjective to the subject, and it is declined in the nominative case:

• Eo se nove docês vob sô: I am your new teacher

Accusative

The accusative case has the primary role of representing the sentence's direct object.

• Sô novô docêtê nô vyidyist?: Didn't you see the new teacher?

It is also used with various prepositions:

• circô: around (indicating motion)
• côtre: against
• ê: in, into (indicating motion)
• être/êfre: among, between (indicating motion)

With the preposition ad it plays two roles:

• the indirect object
• the preposition to, into (indicating motion)

• Azô novô docêtê sô libelô mi dedyi: I gave the new teacher my book/I gave my book to the new teacher.

Genitive

The genitive case has the primary role of representing possession.

• Se lewcyons sies novyi docêz facils sô: The lessons of the new teacher are easy

It is also used with many prepositions:

• circô: around (indicating state)
• cô: with
• ad: in, into (indicating state)
• ê: in, into (indicating state)
• être/êfre: among, between (indicating state)

With the preposition de it plays two roles:

• the preposition from (indicating motion)
• the preposition by (agent of the sentence)

A particular use of the genitive case is the absolute genitive. The absolute genitive is a syntactic construct which consists of a noun or pronoun and either a past participle, a present participle, an adjective, or an appositive noun, all in the genitive.

The genitive absolute indicates the time, condition, or attending circumstances of an action being described in the main sentence. It takes the place of, and translates, many phrases that would require a subordinate clause in English. However, the noun in the genitive case cannot recur in the same sentence, hence the name absolute, which means not related, not linked.

This construction is built with both present and past particles of every verb, even if the past participle of some intransitive verbs cannot be used. The present particle is used when the action is contemporary to the main clause, while the past participle is used when the action is in the past of the main clause:

• Sies sols oryêz, adiyim: We left, when the sun was rising/We left at sunrise

• Syor documêterô vyiserô, avyim decret: After we saw the documents/As we saw the documents/Having seen the documents, we made a decision

Dative

The dative case has completely disappeared from the modern language, being replaced by the construction of the preposition ad + accusative case, for its main role of representing the indirect object:

• Ad madrê mi ses cwaves dedyi: I gave the keys to my mother

Nonetheless the personal pronouns still retain independent dative forms:

• La ses cwaves mi dedyit: She gave me the keys

In some remote villages of the Eastern valley the nouns, the adjectives and the article still retain their dative forms, but these forms are gradually disappearing:

• pwela → sing. pwele, plur. pwels
• vyice → sing. vyico, plur. vyics
• pader → sing. padryi, plur. padribe
• dome → sing. domwi, plur. domwibe
• se → sing. syi, plur. syis
• ivi → sing. masc. fem. neu. yivi, plur. masc. fem. neu. yisvi
• ste → sing. masc. fem. neu. styi, plur. masc. fem. neu. styis
• bone → sing. bono, bone, bono, plur. masc. fem. neu. bons
• fewi → sing. masc. fem. neu. fewicyi, plur. masc. fem. neu. fewicibe

Gender

Novelatine nouns can belong to three genders: Masculine, Feminine and Neuter. Gender is a typical feature of Romance languages, which usually lost the neuter gender, except for Romanian which has a few neuter nouns, and some very scant traces in Italian. It is usually not a problem for speakers of German and of Slavic languages. Also Scandinavian languages still have gender. Some European languages with no gender are Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and, obviously, English.

English has lost all signs of gender for its nouns and adjectives, but it still retains a small trace in the third singular person pronouns, he usually refers to male people, she refers to female people, and it to abstract or concrete things.

Novelatine nouns can belong to each gender: Usually nouns which refer to male people are masculine (pader, vyiwter), while nouns which refer to female people are feminine (mader, vyiwtri), as they belong to their "logical" gender.

On the contrary of English, nouns of things, action, ideas, and other non-living nouns can belong to each gender rather arbitrarily. There is no real logical motivation, which explain why acwa, water, is feminine, while foce, fire, is masculine and pomô, apple, is neuter.

Usually it is a matter of endings and declension patterns:

• Nouns ending in -a, at the nominative case, are usually feminine (except for a small number of masculine nouns like poeta and artista)
• Nouns ending in -e, at the nominative case, are usually masculine in the second and in the forth conjugation, but can be feminine or neuter in the third.
• Nouns ending in -ô in the second declension, -ê, and the few nouns in -o, at the nominative case, are neuter, while nouns ending in -ô in the third conjugation are predominantly feminine, but they can also be masculine.
• Nouns ending in other vowels or consonant, at the nominative case, can belong to any gender, and their gender should be learnt together with the word itself.

One use to be noted is that if we want to indicate a group of humans of mixed sex, we have to use the masculine plural forms:

• Ed syi viwters sôt..: And the winners are...
• Syi amicyi mi fesyi sôt: My friends are tired

These sentences could refer both to groups of only males or of mixed sex. Only the context could account for the right meaning.

The feminine plural forms can refer only to a group of only females:

• Se amice mi fese sôt: My (female) friends are tired

Gender agreement

The main feature of the gender is agreement: it means that words, which are linked with a noun, like articles, adjectives, pronouns, and verbal forms like the participles, must agree with their noun. In Novelatine these words agree with their nouns in number and case, as well as gender:

• Unô bonô côsilyô, a good advice: the noun is neuter, and so we have to use the neuter forms of the article and of the adjective.
• Syi documêtyi lewtyi fuyerôt, the documents were read: the nouns is masculine plural, and so we have to use the masculine plural forms of the article and of the past participle.

The agreements works this way obviously also when the endings are not the same, or the nouns belongs to an apparently "wrong" gender:

• Se bone artista: the good artist
• Syi poete bonyi sôt: the poets are good

Verbal syntax

Novelatine verbs do conjugate, i.e. they change themselves (in this case they change their own endings), to show their agreement with their subject in number and gender, and according to the mood and tense of the action or status they represent.

Infinitive

The infinitive form is the basic form of every verb, the form enlisted in dictionaries. It covers most of the roles of English infinitive form:

It is used with modal verbs:

• Venyir nô posô: I cannot come
• Cwo facer volyivs?: What did you want to do?

It is used in the same way with verbs of motion:

• Sô panê emer vade: I'm going to buy some bread
• Tecô studer venye: I'm coming to study with you

Indicative

Present

The present tense conveys an action which takes place in the moment during which the sentence is created. In this case it covers also the role of English present progressive:

• Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis locwôt: The boys talk with their parents/The boys are talking with their parents
• Esede: I am eating/I eat
• Fese sô: I am tired

It also conveys actions which are always present, recurring or continuous:

• Sa Tera circô sô Solê movyiter: The Earth moves around the Sun

Imperfect

The imperfect tense conveys an action which takes place before the moment during which the sentence is created, i.e. in its past; this tense refers to actions during their implementation, or status during their development. In this case it covers also the role of English past progressive:

• Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis locwivêt: The boys were talking with their parents
• Esedyivô: I was eating/I ate
• Fese erô: I was tired

It also conveys actions which are recurring in the past, covering also the role of English form used to..

• Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis onyê diê locwivêt: The boys used to talk with their parents every day
• Todes ses dies sô panê emyivô: I used to buy the bread every day

Perfect

The perfect tense conveys an action which takes place before the moment during which the sentence is created, i.e. in its past; this tense simply refers to past actions without referement to their implementation, or development (instead, it implies that the action had an end). It covers the role of English simple past:

• Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis locuyerôt: The boys talked with their parents
• Esedyi: I ate
• Fese fuyi: I was tired

Plusquamperfect

The plusquamperfect tense conveys an action which takes place before the moment during which the sentence is created, i.e. in its past; this tense simply refers to actions happened before another past action. It covers the role of English past perfect:

• Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis locuyerêt: The boys had talked with their parents
• Esedyerô: I had eaten
• Fese fuyerô: I had been tired

Future

The future tense conveys an action which takes place after the moment during which the sentence is created, i.e. in its future. It covers the role of English future and future continous:

• Syi pweryi cô syor parêtyô lyis ôt locwer: The boys will be talking with their parents
• Ao eseder: I'm going to eat
• Fese ao eser: I will be tired

Subjunctive

Primarily subjunctive mood is used in dependent clauses, as it is linked with most conjunctions. Nonetheless it can be found also in main clauses:

It is used, with present tense forms, as an exhortatory imperative, mainly in the first and third persons (it should be noted that, since the imperative mood has only the 2nd person forms, this is the only way to give a direct, informal or unkind order to somebody for these persons:

• Vadyem!: Let's go!
• Stô paginô legêt!: Let them read this page!

It is also used, with all person (except, obviously, the first singular one), to give negative orders (negative imperative forms do not exist!):

• Nô me tawtis!: Don't touch me!
• Ad domô nô vadyez!: Don't go home! (to many people)
• Stô paginô nô legêt!: Don't let them read this page!

Subordinative syntax

Comud

The conjunction comud opens a dependent clause, with the meaning of because, since, as. It is built using all tenses of the subjunctive mood:

• Comud lô nô yuvis, le a decret co.., As you don't help him, he has decided that..
• Comud lô nô nôcwô yuvarers, le decreyit co.., As you never used to help him, he decided that..
• Comud lô nô yuvayeris, le decreyit co.., As you didn't help him, he decided that..
• Comud lô nô yuvayisis, le decreyer co.., As you hadn't helped him, he had decided that..
• Comud lô non abyes yuvar, le a decret co.., As you won't help him, he has decided that..

Perud

The conjunction perud opens a dependent clause, with the meaning of in order to. It is built using only three tenses of the subjunctive mood:

With the imperfect tense, when speaking in the past:

• Lo fecyi, perud lô yuvarê, I did it, in order to help him
• Lo fecyerô, perud lô yuvarê, I had done it, in order to help him
• Lo ao fawt, perud lô yuvarê, I've just done it, in order to help him

With the present tense, when speaking in the present:

• Lo facye, perud lô yuvê, I do it, in order to help him

With the future tense, when speaking in the future:

• Lo ao facer, perud lon abyô yuvar, I'll do it, in order to help him

Conditional sentences

Conditional sentences are opened by the conjunction si, with the meaning of if. It is built, using many moods and tenses, depending on their meaning:

Conditional sentences are divided in three types: certain, possible and impossible:

Certain or implicative conditional sentences indicate that both facts are certain, or simply logical but sure deductions. These sentences are built using the indicative mood in the dependent clause and with the indicative or the imperative mood in the main clause:

• Si pluy, nô venye, If it rains, I don't come (and I'm sure it will rain)
• Si lo noscis, dic mi lo!, If you know, tell me about it!
• Si sô portô nô clawsyist, syi ladrons ê domô êgredyir posôt: If you didn't close the door, thiefs may come inside home
• Si pluy/a pluyer, syi fôgi ôt nasceri, if it rains, mushrooms will grow

Possible or predictive conditional sentences indicate that a situation is dependent of an hypothetical but possible fact. These sentences are built using the subjunctive mood in the dependent clause and with the indicative or the conditional mood in the main clause:

The present subjunctive is used for present possible conditions, the future subjunctive is used for future possible conditions, and the perfect subjunctive is used for the (rare) past possible conditions.

In the main sentences indicative tenses (mainly present and future tense) are used, but if the condition is future also the conditional present can be used, expecially if the possibility is not great.

• Si abye pluyer, non ao venyir, If it rains, I won't come (but I'm not sure if it will rain)
• Si abye pluyer, non avyi venyir, If it rains, I won't come (I'm not sure if it will rain, but I think it will do)

Impossible or counterfactual conditional sentences indicate that a situation is dependent of an hypothetical but impossible, unlikely or certainly false fact. These sentences are built using the subjunctive mood in the dependent clause and with the conditional mood in the main clause:

The imperfect subjunctive is used for future impossible conditions, the plusquamperfect subjunctive is used for past impossible conditions.

In the main sentences both 'present conditional is used for future impossible conditions, the past conditional is used for past impossible conditions.

• Si pluyer, non avyi venyir, If it rained, I wouldn't come (I think it is impossible that it will rain while I'm coming)
• Si pluyise, non avyerô venyir, If it had rained, I wouldn't have come (I think of something, that could have happened while I was coming)

Lexycon

A

• Aber, ao, avyi, avute, verb, II, to have (auxiliary)
• Acwa, -arô, noun, f., water
• Adicyô, -yonô, noun, f., departure
• Advenyir, advenye, advinyi, advête, verb, IVr, to happen
• Adyir, adye, adiyi, adite, verb, IV, to leave, to depart
• Ager, agrerô, noun, m., field
• Agiw, -ilyô, adj., II, agile, nimble
• Alcwi, alcwe, alcwo, pron., someone, somebody, something
• Amar, ame, amay, amate, verb, I, to love
• Amica, -carô, noun, f., friend (only female)
• Amice, -cerô, noun, m., friend (only male or mixed)
• Ane, anerô, noun, m., year; cwôtyi anyi ti sôt?, how old are you?
• Animaw, -alyô, noun, n., animal
• Aragnyowa, -warô, noun, f., spider
• Arber, arberô, noun, f., tree
• Arder, ardye, arsyi, arse, verb, IIr, to burn (intransitive)
• Awa, -warô, noun, f., wing
• Awbe, -a, -ô, adj., I, white
• Awr, -ryô, noun, f., ear
• Awter, -tra, -trô, adj., I, other
• Awtomobiw, -ilyô, noun, f., car
• Aycwe, -a, -ô, adj., I, equal
• Aycwita, -tadô, noun, f., equality, parity

B

• Benedicer, -dice, -dicsyi, -diwte, verb, III, to bless
• Benedicyô, -yonô, noun, f., blessing
• Biver, bive, bivyi, bivite, verb, III, to drink
• Bone, -a, -ô, adj., I, good
• Bôba, -arô, noun, f., bomb
• Brachyô, -yerô, noun, n., arm
• Brev, -vyô, adj., II, short, brief

C

• Calde, -a, -ô, adj., I, warm, hot
• Can, -nô, noun, m., dog
• Caner, cane, cecinyi, côte, verb, III, to sing
• Capo, -pitô, noun, n., head, mind
• Capyir, capye, cepyi, cawte, verb, IVr, to take, to catch
• Casye, -yerô, noun, m., cheese
• Cawefacer, -facye, -fecyi, -fawte, verb, III, to heat (up), to warm up
• Cawtive, -a, -ô, adj., I, captive, captured, caught; adject. noun., prisoner, captive
• Cayder, cayde, cecyidyi, cayse, verb, III, to cut
• Caysyô, -yonô, noun, f., cut
• Ceweber, -bryô, adj., II, famous, noted
• Cine, cinerô, noun, f., ash
• Ciwta, -tadô, noun, f., city
• Cocwer, cocwe, cocsyi, cowte, verb, III, to cook
• Cogidar, cogide, cogiday, cogidate, verb, I, to think
• Cor, cordô, noun, n., heart
• Corno, -nwô, noun, n., horn
• Cô, con (before a vowel), prep., with + GEN.
• Côcyô, -yonô, noun, f., song
• Côfin, -nyô, noun, m., border
• Côsilyar, -lye, -lyay, -lyate, verb, I, to advise, to give an advice, to suggest
• Côsilyô, -yerô, noun, n., 1. advice; 2. council
• Cras, adv, tomorrow
• Creder, crede, cridyi, credute, verb, III, to believe
• Cru, -ucô, noun, f., cross
• Curer, cure, cocuryi, curse, verb, III, to run
• Cwav, -vyô, noun, f., key
• Cwayrer, cwayre, cwaysyi, cwaysyite, verb, III, to ask (to know something), ad alchies, to ask someone, cwayreri, to wonder, cwayrer, sin.., I wonder if..
• Cwomod, adv., how
• Cwôd, adv., when
• Cwôte, -a, -ô, adj., I, how much, how many
• Cyewô, -werô, noun, n., sky

D

• Dar, do, dedyi, date, verb, Ir, to give
• Debiter, -erô, noun, m., debtor (only male or mixed)
• Debitô, -erô, noun, n., debt
• Debitri, -ricô noun, f., debtor (only female)
• Decerner, decerne, decreyi, decrete, verb, III, to decide
• Decrecyô, -yonô, noun, f., decision
• Dester, -tra, -trô, adj., I, right (direction, side)
• Dês, dêtyô, noun, m., tooth
• Dicer, dice, dicsyi, diwte, verb, III, to say, to tell
• Docer, docye, docyi, dowte, verb, II, to teach
• Docês, -êtyô, noun, m/f., teacher
• Documête, -terô, noun, m., document
• Dome, -mwô, noun, f., house, home
• Dormyir, dormye, dormiyi, dormyite, verb, IV, to sleep
• Du, ducô, noun, m., leader
• Ducer, duce, ducsyi, duwte, verb, III, to lead, to guide

E

• Ecwesya, -yarô, noun, f., church
• Ed, part., and
• Elewcyô, -yonô, noun, f., election, choice
• Ewiger, ewige, ewecsyi, elewte, verb, III, to elect, to choose
• Emer, eme, imyi, êwte, verb, III, to buy, to purchase
• Emergêcya, -yarô, noun, f., emergency
• Eo, mey, mi, me, pron., I, Eo sô!, It's me!
• Erba, -barô, noun, f., grass
• Esarder, esardye, esarsyi, esarse, verb, IIr, to catch (on) fire
• Eseder, esede, esedyi, eseste, verb, III, to eat
• Eser, sô, fuyi, fute, verb, -, to be
• Esurer, esure, esusyi, esuste, verb, III, to burn (transitive), to burn down

Ê

• Ê, in (before a vowel), part., in + GEN. (state)/ + ACC. (motion)
• Êcêder, êcêde, êcêsyi, êcêse, verb, III, to set fire, to set ablaze, to set on fire
• Êcowa, -warô, noun, m., inhabitant
• Êdic, adv., from here
• Êgredyir, êgredye, êgresyi, êgrese, verb, IVr, to enter
• Êgrese, -wô, noun, m., entry
• Êgwê, -inô, noun, n., groin
• Êposibiw, êposibilyô, adj. II, impossible
• Êsuwa, -warô, noun, f., island
• Êtervenyir, -venye, -vinyi, -vête, verb, IVr, to intervene
• Êtervêcyô, -yô, noun, f, intervention
• Êtêder, êtêde, êtêsyi, êtêse, verb, III, to understand
• Êvenyir, êvenye, êvinyi, êvête, verb, IVr, to find, to discover
• Êvêcyô, -yonô, noun, f., 1. discover 2. invention
• Êwcyô, -yonô, noun, f., purchase

F

• Facer, facye, fecyi, fawte, verb, III, to do, to make
• Faciw, -ilyô, adj., II, easy
• Fegadô, -derô, noun, n., liver
• Fese, -a, -ô, adj., I, tired
• Few, felyô, noun, f., cat
• Fewi, -cyô, adj., II, happy
• Fewicita, -tadô, noun, f., happyness
• Fêger, fêge, fêsyi, fiwte, verb, III, to pretend, to feign, to fake
• Fin, -nô, noun, f., end, finish, ending
• Finyir, finye, finiyi, finyite, verb, IV, to end, to finish, to cease
• Foce, -cerô, noun, m., fire, flame, focô côciper, to catch (on) fire
• Formose, -a, -ô, adj., I, beautiful
• Flumê, -inô, noun, n., river
• Fryigde, -a, -ô, adj., I, cold
• Fruwte, -terô, noun, m., fruit
• Fumar, fume, fumay, fumate, verb, I, to smoke
• Fume, -merô, noun, m., smoke
• Fwave, -a, -ô, adj., I, yellow
• Fwe, fworô, noun, f., flower

G

• Galice, -cerô, noun, n., French language
• Galice, -a, -ô, adj., I, French; adject. noun, French, syi galicyi, French people
• Galya, -yarô, noun, f., 1. France, 2. Gallia (ancient name, usually with vetra, old)
• Geno, -nwô, noun, n., knee
• Germane, -nerô, noun, n. German man, syi germanyi, German people
• Germanice, -cerô, noun, m., German language
• Germanice, -a, -ô, adj., I, German;
• Germanya, -yarô, noun, f., 1. Germany
• Gês, gêtyô, noun, f., people, folk, population
• Gracya, -yarô, noun, f., grace
• Grôd, -dyô, adj., II, great, big
• Gwacyar, -cye, -cyay, -cyate, verb, I, to freeze, to ice
• Gwacyô, -yerô, noun, n., ice
• Gwera, -rarô, noun, f., war; ducer gwerô, to go at war (côtre alcwê, against someone); êdicer (sô) gwerô, to declare war

I

• Ic, adv., here
• Ida, adv., so, this way
• Igider, adv., therefore, so
• Isvi, avi, ivi, adj., that; pron., that one
• Italya, -arô, noun, f., Italy
• Italyane, -nerô, noun, m., Italian language
• Italyane, -a, -ô, adj., I, Italian; adject. noun, Italian, syi italyanyi, Italian people

L

• La, lawtô, noun, n., milk
• Lader, -erô, noun, m., brick
• Lavacyô, -yonô, noun, f., washing, cleansing
• Lavar, lave, lavay, lavate, verb, I, to wash, to clean
• Lawdar, lawde, lawday, lawdate, verb, I, 1. to praise; 2. to boast
• Leger, lege, legsyi, lewte, verb, III, to read
• Lewcyô, -yonô, noun, f., lesson
• Lêgwa, -warô, noun, m., 1. tongue; 2. language
• Libelô, -lerô, noun, n., book
• Locwer, locwe, locuyi, locute, verb, III, to speak
• Lude, -derô, noun, m., play, toy
• Luder, lude, lusyi, luse, verb, III, to play (with a toy, football)
• Luna, -narô, noun, m., 1. the Moon; 2. moon, natural satellite
• Lupe, -perô, noun, m., wolf
• Luse, -swô, noun, m., game, (act of) play
• Lyiber, -era, -erô, adj., I, free
• Lyiberar, -re, -ray, -rate, verb, I, to set free
• Lyiberta, -tadô, noun, f., freedom

M

• Mader, -drô, noun, f., mother
• Mawe, -a, -ô, adj., I, bad, evil
• Mawedicer, -dice, -dicsyi, -diwte, verb, III, to curse
• Mawedicyô, -yonô, noun, f., curse
• Mawô, -erô, noun, n., evil
• Mane, -nwô, noun, f., hand
• Mar, -ryô, noun, n., 1. sea; 2. seaside, beach, azies mars eser, to be at seaside, azô mar vader, to go to the beach
• Maryide, -derô, noun, m., husband
• Meridyô, -yonô, noun, m., south
• Mesime, -a, -ô, adj., I, same
• Mês, mêtyô, noun, f., mind, tought, head
• Mode, -erô, noun, m., manner, mode, way
• Moner, monye, monyi, monite, verb, II, to warn, to inform
• Monicyô, -yonô, noun, f., warning
• Mor, mortô, noun, f., death
• Morder, morde, mordyi, morse, verb, III, to bite
• Morse, -swô, noun, m., bite
• Moryiri, moryer, mortwe fuyi, verb, IV pas, to die
• Mover, movye, movyi, mote, verb, II, to move (transitive); moveri, to move (intransitive)
• Môde, -erô, noun, m., world
• Môdyaw, -alyô, adj., II, worldwile, global, world; sa Secunda Gwera Môdyaw, World War II
• Môgyar, môgye, môgyay, môgyate, verb, I, to dinner, to have (a) dinner
• Môgya, -yarô, noun, f., dinner
• Mulyer, -rô, noun, f., woman
• Mus, muryô, noun, f., mouse

N

• Nase, -serô, noun, m., nose
• Nav, navyô, noun, f., ship, boat
• Natura, -rarô, noun, f., nature
• Naturaw, alyô, noun, adj., II, natural
• Nebuwa, -warô, noun, f., fog
• Nemê, nemins, pron., nobody
• Nêger, nêg, nêsyit, nête, verb, III, to snow
• Niger, -gra, -grô, adj., I, black
• Ni, nivô, noun, f., snow
• Niw, nulriy, pron., nothing
• No, nowtô, noun, f., night
• Nomê, -minô, noun, n., noun, name
• Nos, nestri, nob, nos, pron., we
• Nove, -a, -ô, adj., I, new
• Nô, part., not, no
• Nôc, adv., now, in this moment
• Nôcyar, nôcye, nôcyay, nôcyate, verb, I, to announce, to disclose
• Nôcyô, nôcyerô, noun, n., news, sa nôcya, the news
• Nub, nubyô, noun, f., cloud

O

• Ocwe, ocwerô, noun, m., eye
• Odôtoyatria, noun, f., dentistry
• Odôtoyatrice, -a, -ô, adj., I, relative to dentistry
• Omcwi, omcwe, omcwo, pron., everyone, everybody, everything
• Omuvi, adv., everywhere
• Opyinyô, -yonô, noun, f., opinion, viewpoint
• Oracyô, -yonô, noun, f., pray
• Ora, -arô, noun, f., hour
• Orar, ore, oray, orate, verb, I, to pray
• Os, oryô, noun, n., mouth
• Osô, oserô, noun, n., bone

Ô

• Ôde, adv., from where, ôde vens?, where are you from?
• Ôguste, -a, -ô, adj., I, narrow, tight
• Ôpwe, -a, -ô, adj., I, wide

P

• Pa, pacô, noun, f., peace
• Pader, -drô, noun, m., father
• Parês, -êtyô, noun, m., parent
• Parve, -a, -ô, adj., I, little, small
• Parvowa, -warô, noun, f., word
• Pase, -swô, noun, m., step
• Pecar, peche, pecay, pecate, verb, I, to sin
• Pecator, -rô, noun, m., sinner
• Pe, pedô, noun, m., foot
• Peder, pede, pedyi, pedyite, verb, III, to ask (to get something), ad alchies alcwo, to ask someone for something
• Percuter, -cutye, -cusyi, -cuse, verb, IIr, to hit, to beat, to strike
• Perder, perde, pirdyi, perdute, verb, III, to lose
• Persona, -narô, noun, f., person, se persone, the people
• Pertawtar, -tawte, -tawtay, -tawtate, verb, I, to come to touch, to physically reach
• Pervenyir, -venye, -vinyi, -vête, verb, IVr, to arrive, to come
• Pervête, -twô, noun, m., arrival
• Pew, pelyô, noun, f., skin, leather
• Pêsar, pêse, pêsay, pêsate, verb, I, to think
• Pome, -merô, noun, m., EAST, apple
• Pomô, -merô, noun, n., apple
• Porce, -cerô, noun, m., pork, pig, swine
• Poser, posô, podiy, podute, verb, II, to can, to be able
• Posibiw, posibilyô, adj. II, possible
• Pôs, pôtyô, noun, m., bridge
• Praysidês, -dêtyô, noun, m., president
• Prayvenyir, -venye, -vinyi, -vête, verb, IVr, to avoid, to prevene
• Prayvêcyô, -yonô, noun, f., prevention
• Prelyô, -yerô, noun, n., fight
• Prosime, -a, -ô, adj., I, near, close, + ad + ACC ; adject. noun, 1. one who is close to someone, 2. neighbour, syi prosimyi mi, my neighbours
• Pulcher, -cra, -crô, adj., I, beautiful, nice
• Punya, -arô, noun, f., battle
• Punyar, punye, punyay, punyate, verb, I, to fight
• Pwela, -larô, noun, f., girl
• Pwene, -a, -ô, adj., I, full + GEN.
• Pwer, -rerô, noun, m., boy

R

• Radi, -dicô, noun, f., root
• Re, regô, noun, m., king
• Regnô, -erô, noun, n., kingdom; so Regnô Unitô Grônz Britanye ed Irlande Sewtêtryonals, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
• Remote, -a, -ô, adj., I, far, distant
• Rena, -arô, noun, f., sand
• Respewtar, -wte, -wtay, -wtate, verb, I, to respect
• Respewte, -twô, noun, m., respect
• Respyiracyô, -yonô, noun, f., breathing, respiration
• Respyirar, -ire, -iray, -irate, verb, I, to breathe
• Respyirô, -rerô, noun, n., breath
• Rosa, -sarô, noun, m., rose
• Rôper, rôpe, rupyi, ruwte, verb, III, to break
• Ruber, -a, -ô, adj., I, red
• Ruraw, ruralyô, adj. II, rural, country
• Rus, ruryô, noun, f., 1. hill, 2. countryside
• Ryider, ryidye, ryisyi, ryise, verb, IIr, to laugh, to smile

S

• Sateli, -litô, noun, m., 1. natural satellite, moon, 2. artificial satellite, sateli naturaw, natural satellite, sateli artificyaw, artificial satellite
• Saw, salyô, noun, m., salt
• Sawte, -twô, noun, m., jump
• Sawtar, sawte, sawtay, sawtate, verb, I, to jump
• Sawutacyô, -yonô, noun, f., greeting
• Sawutar, sawute, sawutay, sawutate, verb, I, to greet
• Scryiber, scryibe, scryipsyi, scryiwte, verb, III, to write
• Se, sa, sô, article, the
• Sed, part., but
• Sen, prep., without + GEN.
• Serpês, -êtyô, noun, m., snake
• Sewtêtryô, -yonô, noun, m., north
• Sêpre, adv., always
• Si, part., if
• Sin, conj., if, whether
• Sice, -a, -ô, adj., I, dry
• Sigareta, -tarô, noun, f., cigarette
• Sinister, -tra, -trô, adj., I, left (direction, side)
• Siwva, -varô, noun, f., forest, wood
• Sortyir, sortye, sortiyi, sortyite, verb, IV, to exit, to go out, to come out
• Sortyita, -arô, noun, f., exit, sortyita emergêcye, emergency exit
• Sow, solyô, noun, m., sun, the Sun
• Sôgwê, -winô, noun, m., blood
• Sôwte, -a, -ô, adj., I, saint
• Sôwtificar, -fice, -ficay, -ficate, verb, I, to hollow, to sanctify
• Spewtar, spewte, spewtay, spewtate, verb, I, to look at, to watch
• Spwêder, spwêdye, spwêdyi, spwêdite, verb, II, to shine, to sparkle
• Spiyar, spiye, spiyay, spiyate, verb, I, to spy
• Star, sto, stetyi, state, verb, Ir, to stay, to stand, to stand up, to be
• State, staterô, noun, m., state (as a political entity); syi Statyi Unyiti Americhe, the United States of America
• State, statwô, noun, m., 1. condition, state, 2. position, place
• Ste, sta, sto, adj., this; pron., this one
• Studer, studye, studyi, studite, verb, II, to study
• Subsecwês, -êtyô, adj., II, next

T

• Tawtar, tawte, tawtay, tawtate, verb, I, to touch
• Tawte, -twô, noun, m., touch
• Têpe, -perô, noun, n., 1. time; 2. tense
• Tener, tenye, tinyi, tête, verb, II, to have, to keep, to own
• Tera, -rarô, noun, f., 1. earth, ground; 2. Earth
• Timer, timye, timyi, timute, verb, II, to fear, timye ud + SUBJ., I fear that...
• Tode, -a, -ô, adj., I, all
• Tu, tuy, ti, te, pron., you (only singular)
• Tur, -ryô, noun, f., tower

U

• Ucser, ucserô, noun, f., wife
• Unyir, unye, uniyi, unite, verb, IV, to unite
• Unyô, unyonô, noun, f., union
• Utyir, utye, utiyi, use, verb, IV, to use, to make use of + GEN.
• Uvi, adv., where

V

• Vader, vade, vasyi, vase, verb, III, to go
• Vêcer, vêce, vyicyi, vyiwte, verb, III, to win, to conquer
• Venenar, venene, venenay, venenate, verb, I, to poison
• Venenô, -nerô, noun, n., poison
• Venyir, venye, vinyi, vête, verb, IVr, to come
• Verbô, -berô, noun, n., verb
• Vespera, -rarô, noun, f., evening
• Vesper, -prerô, noun, m., EAST, evening
• Veter, -tra, -trô, adj., I, old
• Vidrô, -erô, noun, n., glass (substance)
• Vider, vidye, vyidyi, vyise, verb, IIr, to see
• Viri, -dyô, adj., II, green
• Vowar, vowe, voway, vowate, verb, I, to fly
• Vyice, -cerô, noun, m., village
• Vyinô, -nerô, noun, n., wine
• Vyiver, vyive, vyicsyi, vyiwte, verb, III, to live
• Vyiwter, -erô, noun, m., winner (only male or mixed)
• Vyiwtri, -ricô noun, f., winner (only female)
• Vocar, voce, vocay, vocate, verb, I, to call; cwomod vocers?, What's your name?
• Voler, volye, volyi, volute, verb, II, to want, to desire; volye ud + SUBJ., I want that...
• Voluwta, -adô, noun, f., will
• Vos, vestri, vob, vos, pron., you (only plural)

Y

• Yacer, yacye, yacyi, yacyute, verb, II, to lie, to lie along
• Yawtar, yawte, yawtay, yawtate, verb, I, to throw, to toss, to cast
• Yus, yuryô, noun, n., 1. right, law, 2. jurisprudence
• Yuvacyô, -yonô, noun, f., help
• Yuvar, yuve, yuvay, yuvate, verb, I, to help
• Yuven, -enyô, adj., II, young
• Yuvêtu, -udô, noun, f., youth

Sectorial lexycon

Everyday lexycon

• Cyao!: Hi, Hello (informal)
• Sawve: Hi, Hello (formal)
• Bonô diê! (formal full form) - Bôdiê! (informal short form): Good morning/Good day (until 14:00/2:00 pm)
• Bonô vesperô! (formal full form) - Bôvesprô! (informal short form): Good evening (from 14:00/2:00 pm until leaving)
• Bonô nowtê! (formal full form) - Bônowtê! (informal short form): Good night (only when leaving at night)
• Ad revideri! (formal full form) - Arevider! (informal short form): Good bye
• Cyao!: Bye! (informal)
• Bêvête! (sing. m.) - Bêvêta! (sing. f.): Welcome - Bêvêtyi! (plur. m. or mixed) - Bêvête! (plur. f.)
• Cwomod ti e?: How are you? (informal)
• Cwomod vob e?: How are you? (formal)
  • Bê!: Fine
• Ti/Vob gracyage!: Thank you, Thanks (1st person of verb gracyager, to thank)
• Muwtô ti/vob gracyage!: Thank you very much
  • Ore: You're welcome (1st person of verb orar, to pray, fixed form)
• Cwomod vocers?: What's your name? (informal)
• Cwomod vocemnyi?: What's your name? (formal)
  • .... vocer!: My name is ....
• Cwôtyi anyi ti sôt?: How old are you?

This fixed expression are used in both dialects, but in the Eastern dialect only some forms are used. For example only the informal forms Bôdiê, Bôvesprô, Bônowtê, Arevider are used in greetings, while the usual form for thanking someone is Gracyage/Muwtô gracyage! without the pronouns.

In the Western dialect it's common to ask Cwomod (ti) vad?, for How are you?, while in the Eastern dialect an usual question is Cwomod es/ez?.

The days of the week - Syi dies sies sewtimane

English	Novelatine
Monday	W: Lunedie E: Lundie
Tuesday	Mardie
Wednesday	Mercurdie
Thursday	Yowdie
Friday	Venerdie
Saturday	Sabadô
Sunday	Dominca

The months of the year - Syi mêses sies anyi

English	Novelatine	English	Novelatine
January	Yanwarye	July	Yulye
February	Fevrwarye	August	Awguste
March	Marcye	September	Sewtêber
April	Apriw	October	Owtober
May	Maye	November	Novêber
Juny	Yunye	December	Decêber

The seasons of the year - Se stagyons sies anyi

English	Novelatine
Spring	primver
Summer	aysta
Autumn Fall	awtumne
Winter	yem

Texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Article 1

Todyi omins lyiberyi ed aycwi per dyignitadê ed yurya nascôter. Lyi praydityi cô sies racyons ed sies côscyêcye sôt ed sa fradernita de unyi azon awtrô de lyis avêda e.

Lord's prayer

• Pader nob, cwi ê sies cyelyi es,
• sô nomê ti sôwtificeter
• sô regnô ti venye
• sa voluwta ti faceter
• ida ê sies cyelyi, ida ê se tere
• danob sô panê cotyidyanô nob
• ed ad nob dyimiti sa debita nob
• ida nos ad debiteres nob dyimitim
• ed nos ê têtacyonê non êduces
• sed lyiberanos de sies malyi.
• amê.

Hail Mary

• Ave Maria, gracye pwena,
• se Domine tecô e
• tu êter mulyerô benediciter
• ed se fruwte sies vêtris ti benediciter, Jesus
• Sôwta Maria, mader Dyi
• ora per nob, pecatorô
• nôc ed ê sies ore sies morz nob
• amê

Babel text

• Er ê tode sies Tere una sowa lêgwa ed se mesime parvowe
• Domud de sied oryêz provenyirêt, unô pwanô ê sies tere Senaar êvinyerôt ed ic êcowayerôt
• ed omcwi azô prosimô si dicsyit: "Venyid, facyem laderes ed cocwem les cô sies focyi ed utyem syor laderô pro syar pedrarô ed sies bitumins pro sies cemêtyi"
• ed dicsyerôt: "Venyid, facyem nob unô ciwtadê ed unô turê sô chies cuwmê sô cyelô pertawti ed cewebrim sô nomê nob, andecud ê todô sô terô abyem dyivideri"
• ed se Domine descendyit perud vider sô ciwtadê ed sô turê, cwô syi filyi Adamyi aydificavêt.
• Ed se Domine dicsyit "Ecô, lyi une sowe vuwge sôt ed une sowe lêgwe utyôt, ida lo facere êcipyerôt ed de syor proyewterô si non ôt desister, donecud son operô si abyôt finyir"
• "venyid, igider, descendem ed côfôdem sô lêgwô lyis, perud sô você sies prosimyi si non abyôt êtêder".
• Ida se Domine de iesvi locyi ê todô sô terô les dyivisyit, ed lyi sô ciwtadê aydificar desistyerôt
• et sa ciwta Babel vocata fuyit, comud ic se Domine sô lêgwô tode sies tere côfusyer ed êdic se Domine ê todô sô terô les dyivisyit.

States of the world

States of Europe

English	Novelatine	Adjective	Inhabitant
Albania	Awbania	awbanês
Andorra	Andora	andorane
Armenia	Armenya	armene
Austria	Awstrya	awstriace
Azerbaijan	Azerbaygyan	azere
Belarus	Rusya Awba	awboruse
Belgium	Bewgyô	bewgice	bewge
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bosnya ed Erzegovina	bosniace
Bulgaria	Buwgaria	buwgare
Croatia	Croacya	croate
Cyprus	Cipre	ciprice
Czech Republic	Cechya Respublica Ceca	ceche
Denmark	Danya	danês
Estonia	Estonya	estonês
Finland	Finya	finice
France	Galya	galice
Georgia	Georgya	georgyane
Germany	Germanya	germanice	germane
Greece	Graycya	grayce
Hungary	Ungarya	ungarês	ungare
Iceland	Islandya	islandês
Ireland	Ibernya	ibernês
Italy	Italya	italyane
Kazakhstan	Kazakistania	kazake
Latvia	Letonya	letonês
Liechtenstein	Liechtenstein	liechtensteinês
Lithuania	Litwanya	litwane
Luxembourg	Luxemburg	luxemburghês
Republic of Macedonia	Respublica Macedonya	macedon
Malta	Mawta	maltês
Moldova	Moldova	moldovês
Monaco	Monace	monachês
Montenegro	Môs Niger	nigromôtês
Netherlands	Nederlandya	nederlandês	olôdês
Norway	Norvegya	norvegês
Poland	Polonya	polace
Portugal	Portugaw	lusitane
Romania	Romania	romene
Russia	Rusya Federacyô Rusa	ruse
San Marino	Sôwte Marine	sôwtomarinês
Serbia	Serbya	serbe
Slovakia	Swovachya	swovace
Slovenia	Swovenya	swovenice	swovene
Spain	Ispanya	ispanice	ispane
Sweden	Svecya	svedês
Switzerland	Ewvecya	ewvetice	ewvete
Turkey	Turchia	turce
Ukraine	Ucrayna	ucraynês
United Kingdom	Regnô Unyitô	ôglice
Vatican City	Vaticano	vaticanês

Other State Names

Other names (other continents, common institions, former countries and unrecognized countries):

English	Novelatine	Adjective	Inhabitant
Common institutions
European Union	Unyô Ewropayca	ewropayce
Former countries
Czechoslovachia	Cecoswovachya	cecoswovace
Federal Republic of Germany West Germany	Respublica Federaw Germanica (RFG) Germanya Ocidêtaw	ocidêtawgermanice
German Democratic Republic East Germany	Respublica Democratica Germanica (RDG) Germanya Oryêtaw	oryêtawgermanice
Jugoslavia	Yugoswavya	yugoswave
Soviet Union Union of Socialist Sovietic Republics	Unyô Sovyetica Unyô syar Socyalisticarô Sovyeticarô Respublicarô	sovyetice
Unrecognized countries
Abkhazia	Abcasya	abcase
Kosovo	Kosovya	kosovice
Southern Ossetia	Osecya Meridyonaw	meridionalosetice
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	Respublica Turca Cipryi Sewtêtryonals	sewtêtryonawciprice
Countries in other continents
United State of America	Statyi Unyiti Americhe	americane statounyitês
China People's Republic of China	Syina Respublica Vuwgar Syinês	syinês
Japan	Yaponya	yaponês
India	Êdya	êdyane

Sound changes from Latin

These are the main sound changes that affected the Late Latin spoken in this area, which later became Novelatine. These sound change laws are usually respected, but sometimes there are other results, mainly because of analogy (for example the uniform masculine/feminine accusative plural ending -es, the actual derived endings should have been very different in each declension, but it spread in every noun class).

Legend: C, any consonant; N, a nasal consonat (n, m); V, any vowel; the sign [:], a long vowel or consonant.

• i: → yi [ji] (lupī → lupyi)
• ct → wt
• pt → wt
• VlV → VwV but → VlV if another w is present. (incola → êcowa - voluptas → voluwta)
• ClV → CwV but → ClV if V = u (clavis → cwav - flumen → flumê)
• C: → C (terra → tera)
• tiV → cyV [ʧj] (liberatio → lyiberacyô)
• CiV → CyV [j], but not if [i] is stressed.
• eNC, iNC → ê [e◌̃]
• aNC, oNC, uNC → ô [o◌̃]
• eN_#, iN_# → ê [e◌̃]
• aN_#, oN_#, uN_# → ô [o◌̃]
• ae_# → e
• ae (stressed or in a syllable before the stressed one) → ay
• us_# → e