Proto-Uralic/E

Std. PU *e_ə

Finnic *e_i, Permic *oo, Khanty *e

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoy.	Comments
*ê_ə (S. *ɤ_ɤ, Mo. *e, Ms. *i, Smy *ê → Ng. /ɨ/, *i elsewhere)										Old cases mostly open syllables
"to fear"	*pel-kä-	*pɤlɤ-	*peĺə-	-	*pool-	feel-	*pil-	*pel-	*pêj-
"blood"	*veri	*vɤrɤ	*veŕ	*wʏr	*vir	veer	*wiɣər	*wer	-
"water"	*veci	-	*veď	*wʏt	*voo	viiz	*wit	-	*wêt	← IE?
"to go"	*mene-	*mɤnɤ-	-	*mije-	*munɨ-	mën-	*min-	*men-	*mên-	Ma. cf. Kar. mäne-
"to do"	*teke-	*tɤkɤ-	teje~tije-	-	-	tëv-	*tij-	*tej-	-	← IE
"lip"	-	*pɤŋsɤm	-	-	-	-	*piťem	*peɬem	*peptän	-ms- ?
"to take"	*vee-	*vīkɤ-	*vijə-	-	*vajɨ-	vë-, vi-	*wiɣ-/*wäj-	*we-	*ü-	*êx > *ix in S/Mo?? H "take"/""carry"
"owl"	*hüüp-	*ɤpɤkē	-	-	-	-	*jipəɣ	*jepəɣ	-	Onomatopoetics in F.? Compatible with WU *je → *ji
"warm"	E. eha	NS áccagas	eže-	-	-	-	*iš-	-	-
"bee"	*mehi-	-	mekš	*mükš	*mooš	meex	-	-	-	← II
"honey"	*meci	-	meď	*müj	*moo	meez	-	-	-	← II
"skin"	*keri	*kɤrɤ	keŕ	*kʏr	*koor	keerëg	*keer	*käär	-	ObU *kEr. Cf. IE *(s)ker-
"skin"	*keci	*kɤtɤ	keď	-	-	-	-	-	*kêt	Cf. prev; also *käðʲə → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
"to must"	-	*kɤlkɤ-	keĺge-	Me. küle- ~ Hi. kele-	*kool-	kell-	-	-	-	Cf. IE. Check if not *i?
"young tree, twig"	-	-	-	*nörɣə	*ńɤr	ńiir	*ńir ~ Tv ńär	*nér	-	Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë?
"to fly"	-	-	-	-	K šɨlgɨ-	-	*tiɣl- ~ Tv täwl-	*ɬeɣəɬ-	#tiC-
"exchange"	*vero	-	veŕe-nc	*werć-	U. vur	-	-	*weer	-
"handle"	-	*nɤvtɤ	-	-	*nud	-	-	-	-	*-ŋt-. Check if not *i
"middle"	*keski	*kɤskɤ	keska	-	*koos	-	-	-	-
"throat"	*kero	*kɤrɤs	-	-	*goor	-	-	-	-
"to wash"	*pese-	*pɤsɤ-	pezo-	-	-	-	-	-	-	← IE
"to stretch"	*venü-	*vɤnɤ-	veńeme-	-	-	-	-	-	*wênä	Smy "rope"
"boat"	*veneh	*vɤnɤs	veńeš	-	-	-	-	-	-
"to be in time"	*ehti-	*ɤstɤ-	-	*əšte-	K. eštɨ-	-	-	-	-	K. ← F?
"leaf"	*lehti	*lɤstɤ	-	*ləštaš	-	-	-	-	-	← IE
"work"	*töö	-	ťev	-	-	-	-	-	-	*têwə; cf. *têkə-
"lime, bast"	*lehmus	-	ĺevos	-	-	-	-	-	-
"dove"	F metti- ~ E meikka-	-	meče	-	-	-	-	-	-
"pestle"	*petkel	-	peťkeĺ	-	-	-	-	-	-
"feather"	*hewhen	*sɤvsɤm	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
"to tear"	*repe-	*rɤpɤ-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"next"	*enti	*ɤvtɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*-ŋt-
"berry"	-	-	-	-	*mooĺɨ	mëɟɟ	-	*-məɬ́	-
*e_ə (S. *ē_ɤ, Mo. *i, Smy. *i; cf. *äx)										all old cases long or difthongal?
"to cook"	-	-	*pijə-	-	K. pu-	(föö-)	*pääj-	-	*pi-	*pexə-; cf. *pEsa- !
"matter"	-	*sējɤ	sij	*šü	*śiś	eev	*säj	*ɬöj	*tiəj	*se(x)jə
"to sell"	*möö-	*mēkɤ-	*mijə-	-	*med	-	*miɣ-	*me-	*mi-	*mexə. P. "loan"
"to hit"	*löö-	-	-	*lüje-	K. lɨj-	löv-	*li-	-	*jöw-	*lexə/*lewə?
"to boil"	*kee-, *kei-	*kí-	-	*küa-	-	köve-	-	-	-
"7"	*sejcem	*čēčɤm	*śiśəm	*səm	*śiźɨm	-	-	-	-	← IE?
"meat"	-	-	*sivəĺ	*šəl	*sil	-	-	-	-	*sewə-lɜ?
"round"	*kehkerä	-	*kičkərə	*kəškär	-	-	-	-
"to drink"	*seemV-	-	*śimə-	-	-	-	-	-	-	(check if a loan)
"brother"	*velji	*vēljɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Short! ← IE?
"clear"	*selke-	*čēlkɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid."
""
*E_ə (as per *e_ə but Ms *ee, Kh *ii)										generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri
"mushroom"	*seeni	*čānā	-	*šeen	U. śeńki	-	*šeenəɣ	*säänəɣ	-	*śE(x)nə ?
"to cut"	*vejci	-	-	-	K. vɤź-	vees-	-	*wäänť-	-	Better *ä? F. "knife"
"girl"	*nejti	*nējtɤ	E. ńi	-	*nɨl	-	*nee	*nii₂ŋ	*nê	Wrt. S (& Mo?) cf. difthong
"to eat"	*söö-	-	*śevə-	-	*śooj	ëv-	*tee-, *tääj-	*ɬii₂-	*ti-mä	Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch!
"(to) swear"	-	-	-	-	*joor--	-	*jeer-	-	-
"soul, breath, steam"	*lewlü	*lēvlɤ	-	-	*lool	leelek	#li/el	*ɬii₁ɬ	-	Wrt. S, cf. difthong
"soul"	*iccek	*jēčɤ	*eś	*əške	K aćim	iis	*jis	*ii₁s	-	*jEćə, WU *je → *i? Kh *je → *ii??
"night"	-	-	-	*jʏt	-	-	*jeet	*äät, *ii₂tən	-	S #(ń)ütə
"front"	*eti	-	-	-	-	elöö	*eel	*ii₂ɬ	*ê/ir-	Smy. "row"
"rope"	-	-	*piks	-	-	fiu	-	*püüɣəɬ	-	EKh *ii₁ɣ → üüɣ?
"edge"	-	-	-	-	-	seel	*seel	*sii₁ɬ	-

Std. PU *e_a

Finnic *e_ä, Samic *ea_ē, Mordvinic *i_ɜ, Permic *oo, Samoyedic *ê (not **i!)

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoy.	Comments
*e_a → Ms *ä, Kh *e/*öɣ
"to liv"	*elä-	*ealē-	-	*ɪle-	*ool-	eel-	*jäl-	*jeɬ-	*êlä-	Is ObU *j- original? Mo. *era-?
"to beg"	*kerjät-	-	-	-	*koor-	keer-	-	-	-	~ F. *kerät- "to collect"
"skillful"	*seppä	*čeappē	-	-	-	seep	-	-	-
"ear"	-	*pealjē	*piĺɜ	*pələš	*peĺ	fül	*päĺ	*peɬ	-
"big, uncle"	*enä	*eanē	*ińɜ	-	*uuna	-	*jänə	*enə	*ênä
"to shake"	-	-	-	*rʏze-	-	rësk	*räsɣ-	*reńť-	-
"blade"	*terä	*tearē	-	*tʏr	-	töör	-	-	-
"dog"	*penVj	*peanɤk	*pińɜ	*pij ~ *pʊni	*poon(ɨ)	(fene)	-	-	-	Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong
"pine"	*petäkä	*peacē	*pičɜ	*pʏnće	*poožɨm	-	-	-	-
"uncle"	*setä	*čeacē	Er. čiče	*čʏčö	*čoož	-	*šäša	-	*čêčä	Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož
"uncle"	-	*eakē	-				*äkii	*ii₁kii	Ne. ńeekka?
"to love"	-	*eaccē	-	-	-	-	-	*ješəɣ	-	Weak.
"ring"	E. kets	-	-	-	-	-	-	*kösə	-	Cf. *kesrä
"back"	*selkä ~ *sälkä	*čēlkē	-	*šɪle	-	-	-	-	-	…*säälkä ??
"to get free"	-	*meanō-	mäńe-		K. mɨn-	ment-	-	-	Ne. mina-	Cf. *mêni-
"summer"	*kesä	*keasē	*kizɜ	-	-	-	-	-	-	← IE *h₁es-en/r-?
"tip"	*kasa	*keačē			-	hëɟ	-	-	-	F. "pile" may not belong
"a fish"	*keso	L. kääčuk	-	-	K. gɨć	keseg	*kääsəŋ	*kosə	-
"to serch"	-	-	-	*kə/ɪčälä-	*kooč-k/j-	-	*känš-	*kenč-	-
"to scrape"	-	*neaskē-	-	*nʏžä-	-	-	-	-	-
""
""
*ê_a & such (FSM per *ü, Ma. *ü?, Ms *i; see also *ü_a)
"heart"	*sütäm	*čɤðēm	*śeďeŋ	*šüm	U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm	siiv	*šim	*sem	*säjə
"night"	*öö	*ījɤ	*vej	-	*ooj	eej	*jiɣ	*jej	-	*(j)êjä, F. *üjä → *öö?
"brother-in-law"	*kütü	-	-	-	-	-	*kil	*küɬi ?	-
"to be born"	*süntü-	-	-	-	K. sod-	†edl-	-	-	-	← preIr *dzen- + *tä-
"to plow"	*küntä-	-	-	*künče-	-	-	-	-	-	F. could be a later derivation from *künči
"tail"	*häntä	S. câcka ~ P. ciskes	-	-	-	-	*šiš	*čenč ~ V. čönč	-
West *e; East *ê										more common than "regular" *ê_ä
"ring"	*kehä	*kēsɤ	(či)	*keče	*kɨč	keeɟ	*kiš	*köč		*keččä. S, Ma *ä? Mo. "sun" may not belong
"neck"	*sepä	*čeapē	*śivɜ	*šüj	*śil	-	*šip	*sääpəɬ	-	Ma. *-epV → *-əw → *-ü ??
"nest"	*pesä	*peasē	*pizə	*pəžäš	*pooz	feesek	*pit	*peɬ	*pêtä
"4"	*neljä	*ńealjē	*ńiĺɜ	*nəl	*ńooĺ	neeɟ	*nilə	*ńeɬää	-
"catfish, burbot"	*säkä	-	*śijɜ	*šij	-	-	*šiɣ	*seɣ	-	Ma. *-ekV → *-əɣ → *-i ??
"to hit"	*peksä-	-	*piksə-	-	*pös-	-	-	-	*pêtV-	2ndary length in F. pieksä-
"thumb"	-	*pealkē	*päĺka	-	U. pɤlɨ ~ K. pel	-	-	-	*pêj	F. *pewka- ← Gmc.
""
"light"	*kep-edä	*keappē	-	-	U. kapći	keveeš	-	-	#šEpä
""
""
""
""
"oar"	*mela	*mealē	*miĺɜ	-	K. maĺ?	-	-	-	-	Looks newer per F. -a,
""
""
*E_a (S. *ɤ, Ms. *ee, Kh. *ää)
"2"	(*kakti)	(*kōktē)	(kavta)	(kok)	*kɨkt	keet	*kit	*käät	*kêtä	Ms. *i before a cluster? Kh also *kii₁tənti "both". FV *kakta
"price"	-	-	-	-	*doon	-	*tin	*tään	-	(no evidence for a cluster)
"to dodge"	-	*kɤrvē-	-	-	-	kerül-	*kir-	*käärəɣ-	-	Ms. *i before a cluster?
"to cook"	-	*pɤsē-	-	-	*pɤɤž-	-	*peet-	*pääɬ-	-	P. delabzn!? Cf. *pexi-
"(to) thin"	-	*keancē	-	-	-	keškëń	-	*käänť-	-	Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh.
"to carve"	-	-	*inzəďə-	-	-	-	*jeen(s)-	*ii₂nɬ-	-
"weather"	*ilma	*ɤlmē	-	-	U. in ~ K. jen	-	*jeeləm	*jii₂ɬəm	-	FS *je → *(j)i?
"corn"	*jüvä	-	juv	-	U. ju ~ K. jɨki	-	-	-	-	← IE *jewa (Avestan yava etc.), FS *je → *ji?
"to miss"	-	*meantē-	-	-	-	-	-	Vj. miintəɣtə-	-	Or *men-tä-?? Cf. F. mene-ttä-
"bay, moor"	-	-	-	-	*kääl-		*keeləɣ	*kääɭəɣ ?	Sk. keeĺ, köl
"chin"	-	-	-	-	*aŋ	-	*eeŋən, Ko. iɣən	*ääŋ/ɣəɳ	*aŋå	← Turk. *ēŋ, Smy via Oghur? (Chuv: ana).
"to bind"	-	-	-	-	-	ńeek-	*neeɣ-	"Kr" neewəj-	-	Cf. Mong. *neke- "to weave"?
Substrate loans? (Mari *i; note phonotax)
"wheat"	*vehnä	-	viš	*wište	-	-	-	-	-
"cow ~ horse"	*lehmä	-	*ĺišmɜ	-	-	-	-	-	-
"rope"	-	*reašmē	*riśmɜ	-	-	-	-	-	-	No plzn. in Mo? Cf. B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma)
IE loans
"alder"	*leppä	*leapē	*ĺepɜ	-	-	-	-	-	-	← B.
"times"	*kerta	*keartē	*kirda	Hi. -kerðə						← B. *kertā / II *kṛt-, later than Mo. -a → -ə?
"fox"	*repä	*rēp-	Er. ŕiveś	*rəwəž	*ruć(i)	ravas				← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately?
"side, rib"	-	*earttē	*irdɜ	*örðəž	*oord-	-	-	-	-	← II *erdʰa-
"man"	-	-	*mirďɜ	-	*moort	-	-	-	-	← II *mṛt-
"ring"	*kesträ	*kearsē	Er. *ščeŕe ~ Mk. kšťiŕ	-	-	-	-	-	-	← preII *kētstra
"ghost"	-	*šeartɤ	-	*šərt	U. šurd-	ördög	-	-	-	~ Russian čert, Iranian?
Junk
"bundle"	*kerä	-	*kiŕɜ	-	-	-	*käärək	*keer		West *e ~ East *ä?
"to prick"	-	*peaðē-	*päĺɜ-	-	-	-	*peel-	*peeɬ-	-	No regularity really. E/ä? l/ð?
"warm"	-	-	-	-	*rög	reeg, rög	*räɣ	*reɣ	-	*-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-?
"color; dawn"	-	-	-	*rʏm(b)alɣə	*romɨt	-	-	-	-
"good"	-	-	-	Hi. rəž	U. dźeć	-	-	-	-
"face"	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*weenč	Sk. wandV
"thin"	-	-	-	-	*vek-	veek-	-	-	-
"time"	-	-	-	-	K. kad	kedig	-	-	-
"spring, summer"	*kevät	-	-	*keŋəž	*goož(em)	-	-	-	-	P. metathesis or *ŋ-loss? Or ~ Kh *kaač "warm"
"moss"	-	-	-	*reɣənćə	*roojɨ	-	-	-	-
"alder"	-	-	-	*lööl	*lool	-	-	-	-
"grey"	-	-	-	-	*dźåår	sir	*šir	-	-	Cf. Mong. *sira "yellow"?!
"wet"	-	-	-	-	*uuĺ	-	*iĺ	-	-	Ma. iĺe ← U. Or Ms other (cf. StarLing)
"dust; ash"	F. pelmV-	-	-	-	U. peńm- ~ K. pɤjim	-	-	-	-	F → P? NB *ĺ
"bare; good; clean"	F. pelkkä	-	-	*pelkə	K. peĺk	-	-	-	-	Semantics bad. NB *ĺ
"to narro"	-	-	-	-	-	mere-	*mär-	*mer-	-	Check Kh, O /ä/
""
"perch"	-	-	-	-	*joo(kɨ)š	-	-	*jööɣ	Ne. ńiix-
"to dance"	-	-	-	-	U ektɨ- ~ K jɤktɨ-	-	*jeekʷ-	*jœœk-	-
"clear day"	-	*jealɤkkɤs	-	-	-	-	-	*jiiɬ	*jälä
"to come"	*jää- "to stay"	-	-	-	-	jöv-	*ji- ~ *jäj-	*jöɣ-	-	was F ← IE or?
"root"	-	-	-	-	-	ɟökeer	T jükäär ~ *jeekʷar	-	-
"limb"	-	-	-	-	-	-	iiz	*jöt	-	alt etym for H: *jäsə-
"road"	*tee	-	-	-	K tuj, Jz tʉj	-	-	-	-
"ear of grain"	*tähkä	-	*ťikšɜ	*tʏška	*too₂šk "beard"	-	-	-	-
"to err"	-	-	-	-	-	teeved-	*tip-	*tep-	-
"to feed"	-	-	*ťiŕa-	-	K. tɤrśɨ-	-	-	-	-
"edge"	-	-	-	*tʏr	*doo₁r	-	-	-	-	cf. "blade"?
"grouse"	*tetrə	-	-	-	U. tur ~ K. tar	-	-	-	-	Onomatopoetic?
"us"	*mek
"you"	*tek	#tīj	*ťiń	*tää	*ti	ti	-	-	#täŋ
"deer"	F. teva	-	-	-	-	teheen	-	-	#täə
""
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