Proto-Austronesian Hebrew/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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(some new clarity, some new confusion)
m (examples)
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
|+ Absolute State
|+ Absolute State
|
| case
! Singular || Dual || Plural
! Singular || Dual || Plural
| case
|-
|-
! Direct
! Direct
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| -āmi
| -āmi
| -ūma
| -ūma
! D
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -i
| -i
| rowspan="2" | -aymi
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -aymi
| rowspan="2" | -īma
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -īma
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
|-
|-
! Indirect
! Indirect
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
|+ Construct State
|+ Construct State
|
| case
! Singular || Dual || Plural
! Singular || Dual || Plural
| case
|-
|-
! Direct
! Direct
| -Ø
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -Ø
| -ā
| -ām
| -ū
| -ūm
! D
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -Ø
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -aym
| rowspan="2" | -ay
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -īm
| rowspan="2" | -ī
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
|-
|-
! Indirect
! Indirect
| -Ø
|}
|}


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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
|+ Absolute State
|+ Absolute State
|
| case
! Singular || Dual || Plural
! Singular || Dual || Plural
| case
|-
|-
! Direct
! Direct
Line 74: Line 79:
| -atōmi
| -atōmi
| -ōtu
| -ōtu
! D
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -ati
| -ati
| rowspan="2" | -ataymi
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ataymi
| rowspan="2" | -ōti
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ōti
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
|-
|-
! Indirect
! Indirect
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
|+ Construct State
|+ Construct State
|
| case
! Singular || Dual || Plural
! Singular || Dual || Plural
| case
|-
|-
! Direct
! Direct
| -at
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -at
| -atō
| -atōm
| -atū
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ōt
! D
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -at
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ataym
| rowspan="2" | -atay
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| rowspan="2" | -atī
|-
|-
! Indirect
! Indirect
| -at
|}
|}


Line 109: Line 116:
Personal pronouns are often omitted, except in verbless clauses.  There are two forms: one can exist independently and the other is a suffix attached to the construct/pronominal-state noun.
Personal pronouns are often omitted, except in verbless clauses.  There are two forms: one can exist independently and the other is a suffix attached to the construct/pronominal-state noun.


{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"
|+ First person
|+ First person
| case
| case
Line 117: Line 124:
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| rowspan="2" | アク <br /> 'aku
| rowspan="2" | アク <br /> 'aku
! rowspan="2" | sing.
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | sing.
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
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! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| rowspan="2" | アニ <br /> 'ani
| rowspan="2" | アニ <br /> 'ani
! rowspan="2" | dual
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | dual
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
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! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| アニ̅ヌ̅ <br /> 'anīnū
| アニ̅ヌ̅ <br /> 'anīnū
! rowspan="2" | pl.
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | pl.
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
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|}
|}


{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; text-align:center;"
|+ Second person
|+ Second person
| case
| case
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| rowspan="2" | ア̅ッタ̅ <br /> 'āttā
| rowspan="2" | ア̅ッタ̅ <br /> 'āttā
| rowspan="2" | ア̅ッチ <br /> 'ātti
| rowspan="2" | ア̅ッチ <br /> 'ātti
! rowspan="2" | sing
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | sing
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
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! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| colspan="2" | アッツマ̅ <br /> 'attumā
| colspan="2" | アッツマ̅ <br /> 'attumā
! rowspan="2" | dual
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | dual
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
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! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| アッツム̅ <br /> 'attumū
| アッツム̅ <br /> 'attumū
| rowspan="2" | アッチッナ̅ <br /> 'attinnā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | アッチッナ̅ <br /> 'attinnā
! rowspan="2" | plural
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| アッツミ̅ <br /> 'attumī
| アッツミ̅ <br /> 'attumī
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; text-align:center;"
|+ Third person
|+ Third person
| case
| case
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| フワ <br /> huwa
| フワ <br /> huwa
| ヒヤ <br /> hiya
| ヒヤ <br /> hiya
! rowspan="2" | sing.
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | sing.
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
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! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| colspan="2" | フマ̅ <br /> humā
| colspan="2" | フマ̅ <br /> humā
! rowspan="2" | dual
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | dual
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
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! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| フム̅ <br /> humū
| フム̅ <br /> humū
| rowspan="2" | ヒッナ̅ <br /> hinnā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ヒッナ̅ <br /> hinnā
! rowspan="2" | plural
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
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=== Personal - Suffix ===
=== Personal - Suffix ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right"
|+ align="bottom" |
|
|
! Sing. || Dual || Pl.
! Sing. || Dual || Pl.
|-
|-
! 1c
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1c
| -ī* <br /> -ya <br /> -nī
| -ī <br /> -ya <br /> -nī
| -nayā
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | -nayā
| -nū
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | -nū
|-
|-
! 2m
! 2m
| -ka
| -ka
| rowspan="2" | -kumā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -kumā
| -kum
| -kum
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! 3m
! 3m
| -ō/-hū
| -ō
| rowspan="2" | -humā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -humā
| -(hu)m
| -hum
|-
|-
! 3f
! 3f
| -ha/-ah
| -ah
| -(hi)n
| -hin
|}
|}
-ī takes the place of the nominative ending -u


The customary noun in Hebrew grammars to show the enclitic personal pronouns is סוּס/sūs, which means 'horse'.  Horses were unknown in Southeast Asai in the first millenium B.C., and so that meaning of the word became mythical.  The ordinary meaning of スス, however was 'canoe', the meaning we will use here.
{| class="wikitable"
! kana
! roman.
! gloss
|-
! スシ̅ <br /> スㇲヤ <br /> スㇲニ̅
| susī <br /> susya <br /> susnī
| my canoe <br /> of my canoe <br /> my canoe
|-
! スㇲカ
| suska
| your (m) canoe
|-
! スㇲキ
| suski
| your (f) canoe
|-
! スソ̅
| susō
| his canoe
|-
! スサㇷ
| susah
| her canoe
|-
! スㇲナヤ̅
| susnayā
| our² canoe
|-
! スㇲクマ̅
| suskumā
| y'all's² canoe
|-
! スㇲフマ̅
| sushumā
| their² canoe
|-
! スㇲヌ̅
| susnū
| our canoe
|-
! スㇲクㇺ
| suskum
| y'all's (m) canoe
|-
! スㇲクㇴ
| suskun
| y'all's (f) canoe
|-
! スㇲフㇺ
| sushum
| their (m) canoe
|-
! スㇲヒㇴ
| sushin
| their (f) canoe
|}
=== Relative ===
=== Relative ===
The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Akkadian/Ugaritic pronoun *ðu-.  The progress of the consonant seems to have been *ð > *z > *s.  For single-word relative clauses, the relative pronoun acts as a proclitic particle.  Otherwise, it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect).
The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Akkadian/Ugaritic pronoun *ðu-.  The progress of the consonant seems to have been *ð > *z > *s.  For single-word relative clauses, the relative pronoun acts as a proclitic particle.  Otherwise, it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect).
Line 416: Line 481:
; bāda : behind
; bāda : behind
; taqetay : under
; taqetay : under
== Verbs ==
: ''See the main page on verbs for a more complete listing.''

Revision as of 22:30, 20 January 2013

Nouns

Like everything in PAH, nouns are generally derived from tri-consonantal roots. There are some one-letter-root words. They are all masculine.

  • グ/gu - noise
  • ヅ/du - this
  • ス/su - who
  • プ/pu - mouth
  • ス゚/cu - ship
  • ク゚/ŋu - mouse-deer

In the singular-construct state, they are monoptotic and the vowel changes to -ey.

Masculine

Absolute State
case Singular Dual Plural case
Direct -u -āmi -ūma D
Genitive -i -aymi -īma O
Indirect -a
Construct State
case Singular Dual Plural case
Direct -Ø -ām -ūm D
Genitive -aym -īm O
Indirect


Feminine

Absolute State
case Singular Dual Plural case
Direct -atu -atōmi -ōtu D
Genitive -ati -ataymi -ōti O
Indirect -ata
Construct State
case Singular Dual Plural case
Direct -at -atōm -ōt D
Genitive -ataym O
Indirect


Pronouns

Personal - Independent

Personal pronouns are often omitted, except in verbless clauses. There are two forms: one can exist independently and the other is a suffix attached to the construct/pronominal-state noun.

First person
case Common #
D アク
'aku 		sing.
O
D アニ
'ani 		dual
O
D アニ̅ヌ̅
'anīnū 		pl.
O アニ̅ニ̅
'anīnī
Second person
case Masc. Fem. #
D ア̅ッタ̅
'āttā 		ア̅ッチ
'ātti 		sing
O
D アッツマ̅
'attumā 		dual
O アッツマィ
'attumay
D アッツム̅
'attumū 		アッチッナ̅
'attinnā 		plural
O アッツミ̅
'attumī
Third person
case Masc. Fem. #
D フワ
huwa 		ヒヤ
hiya 		sing.
O フワチ
huwati 		ヒヤチ
hiyati
D フマ̅
humā 		dual
O フマィ
humay
D フム̅
humū 		ヒッナ̅
hinnā 		plural
O フミ̅
humī


Personal - Suffix

Sing. Dual Pl.
1c -ī
-ya
-nī 		-nayā -nū
2m -ka -kumā -kum
2f -ki -kun
3m -ō -humā -hum
3f -ah -hin

The customary noun in Hebrew grammars to show the enclitic personal pronouns is סוּס/sūs, which means 'horse'. Horses were unknown in Southeast Asai in the first millenium B.C., and so that meaning of the word became mythical. The ordinary meaning of スス, however was 'canoe', the meaning we will use here.

kana roman. gloss
スシ̅
スㇲヤ
スㇲニ̅ 		susī
susya
susnī 		my canoe
of my canoe
my canoe
スㇲカ suska your (m) canoe
スㇲキ suski your (f) canoe
スソ̅ susō his canoe
スサㇷ susah her canoe
スㇲナヤ̅ susnayā our² canoe
スㇲクマ̅ suskumā y'all's² canoe
スㇲフマ̅ sushumā their² canoe
スㇲヌ̅ susnū our canoe
スㇲクㇺ suskum y'all's (m) canoe
スㇲクㇴ suskun y'all's (f) canoe
スㇲフㇺ sushum their (m) canoe
スㇲヒㇴ sushin their (f) canoe

Relative

The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Akkadian/Ugaritic pronoun *ðu-. The progress of the consonant seems to have been *ð > *z > *s. For single-word relative clauses, the relative pronoun acts as a proclitic particle. Otherwise, it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect).

case Masc. Fem. #
D ス
su 		サ̅ツ
sātu 		sing.
G シ
si 		サ̅チ
sāti
I サ
sa 		サ̅タ
sāta
D ス̅ツ̅
sūtū 		dual
/
plural
O ス̅チ̅
sūtī

Demonstrative

Near

case Masc. Fem. #
D ヅ
du 		ド̅ツ
dōtu 		sing.
G ヂ
di 		ド̅チ
dōti
I ダ
da 		ド̅タ
dōta
D イル̅゜
'illū 		dual
/
plural
O イリ̅゜
'illī

Far

The 3rd person personal pronoun is used as if it were a far-deitic pronoun/adjective.

Interrogative and Indefinite

Unlike all the other pronouns, these inflect for personal vs. impersonal, not gender. Note, the dual and plural forms are sometimes used for emphasis against a single referent.

Interrogative

case Who? What(ever)? #
D ミ̅ユ
mīyu 		マ̅
mā 		sing.
G ミ̅マ
mīya
I ミ̅乂
mīyi
D ミ̅ヨ̅ミ
mīyōmi 		マ̅マ̅
māmā 		dual
O ミ̅マィミ
mīyaymi 		マ̅マィ
māmay
D ミ̅ユ̅マ
mīyūma 		マ̅ム̅
māmū 		plural
O ミ̅乂̅マ
mīyīma 		マ̅ミ̅
māmī

Indefinite

These forms often take enclitic pronouns. Again, there are personal and impersonal forms, not genders.

"Which(ever)"
case personal impersonal #
D マッヌ
mannu 		ミ̅ヌ
mīnu 		sing.
G マッナ
manna 		ミ̅ナ
mīna
I マッニ
manni 		ミ̅ニ
mīni
D マッヌマ̅
mannumā 		ミ̅ヌマ̅
mīnumā 		dual
O マッヌマィ
mannumay 		ミ̅ヌマィ
mīnumay
D マッヌム̅
mannumū 		ミ̅ヌム̅
mīnumū 		plural
O マッヌミ̅
mannumī 		ミ̅ヌミ̅
mīnumī

The dual and plural of mannu can be used impersonally. The construct forms are man- and mīn- in the singular and mannum- and mīnum- in the dual/plural.

Adverbs

These attach to the indirect/oblique case of the singular noun.

-(a)h
This is similar to the Old English "-ward" suffix, as in 'earthward' or 'heavenward'. It can be used locally or temporally. Note, this can be identical to the 3rd person feminine singular possessive suffix. 'ahdh = together
-(a)m
This makes a noun into an adverb, like the English "-ly" suffix.
-yda
Like the English "times", this attaches to numbers. e.g. tinayda = twice

Independent adverbs include

tm
there
hlm/hlny/hnny
here
`nt/`tn/ht
now
'apnk/'idk
then, thereupon
'axr
afterwards, after
'al
surely with imperfect, not with jussives
kn
thus
mid
very much
'ayka(m)
how?
'iyyi/'i
where?
'an
where?
lima
why? for what
md`
why?
lō
not
bal
no, without
halū/halā/hlk/hln
behold, is it not
hinnī?
behold, there
la/lū
O, vocative marker
yā + word + m
vocative marker
ying
there is/are
ayin
there is/are not

Particles

he
question particle
wi
common conjunction
pē
clause conjunction
ap
also
'ō
or, adversative
hlm
when, as soon as
hm
if, or
koy
since, because, if, when, which
da
until

Prepositions

bi
with, in, from, to
le
to, on, from
ki
as, like
'atr
after
beyna
between
bāda
behind
taqetay
under

Verbs

See the main page on verbs for a more complete listing.
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