Proto-Austronesian Hebrew/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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== Nouns ==
== Nouns ==
Like everything in PAH, nouns are generally derived from tri-consonantal roots.  There are some one-letter-root words.  They are all masculine.
* グ/gu - noise
* ヅ/du - this
* ス/su - who
* プ/pu - mouth
* ス゚/cu - ship
* ク゚/ŋu - mouse-deer
In the singular-construct state, they are monoptotic and the vowel changes to -ey.
<!--
There is no b, because of bi-
There is no h, because of ha-
There is no w, because of wi-
There is no k, because of ki-
There is no t, because of ta-
y???
There is no l, because of li-
There is no m
There is no n
q???
r???
//-->
=== Masculine ===
=== Masculine ===


Line 95: Line 116:
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| rowspan="2" | 'aku
| rowspan="2" | アク <br /> 'aku
! rowspan="2" | sing.
! rowspan="2" | sing.
|-
|-
Line 101: Line 122:
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| rowspan="2" | 'ani
| rowspan="2" | アニ <br /> 'ani
! rowspan="2" | dual
! rowspan="2" | dual
|-
|-
Line 107: Line 128:
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| 'anīnū
| アニ̅ヌ̅ <br /> 'anīnū
! rowspan="2" | pl.
! rowspan="2" | pl.
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| 'anīnī
| アニ̅ニ̅ <br /> 'anīnī
|}
|}


Line 122: Line 143:
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| rowspan="2" | 'āttā
| rowspan="2" | ア̅ッタ̅ <br /> 'āttā
| rowspan="2" | 'ātti
| rowspan="2" | ア̅ッチ <br /> 'ātti
! rowspan="2" | sing
! rowspan="2" | sing
|-
|-
Line 129: Line 150:
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| colspan="2" | 'attumā
| colspan="2" | アッツマ̅ <br /> 'attumā
! rowspan="2" | dual
! rowspan="2" | dual
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| colspan="2" | 'attumay
| colspan="2" | アッツマィ <br/> 'attumay
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| 'attumū
| アッツム̅ <br /> 'attumū
| rowspan="2" | 'attinnā
| rowspan="2" | アッチッナ̅ <br /> 'attinnā
! rowspan="2" | plural
! rowspan="2" | plural
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| 'attumī
| アッツミ̅ <br /> 'attumī
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
Line 151: Line 172:
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| huwa
| フワ <br /> huwa
| hiya
| ヒヤ <br /> hiya
! rowspan="2" | sing.
! rowspan="2" | sing.
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| huwati
| フワチ <br /> huwati
| hiyati
| ヒヤチ <br /> hiyati
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| colspan="2" | humā
| colspan="2" | フマ̅ <br /> humā
! rowspan="2" | dual
! rowspan="2" | dual
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| colspan="2" | humay
| colspan="2" | フマィ <br /> humay
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| humū
| フム̅ <br /> humū
| rowspan="2" | hinnā
| rowspan="2" | ヒッナ̅ <br /> hinnā
! rowspan="2" | plural
! rowspan="2" | plural
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| humī
| フミ̅ <br /> humī
|}
|}
<br clear="both" />
<br clear="both" />
Line 207: Line 228:


=== Relative ===
=== Relative ===
The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Akkadian/Ugaritic pronoun *ðu-.  The progress of the consonant seems to have been *ð > *z > *s.
The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Akkadian/Ugaritic pronoun *ðu-.  The progress of the consonant seems to have been *ð > *z > *s.  For single-word relative clauses, the relative pronoun acts as a proclitic particle.  Otherwise, it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect).
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
| case
| case
Line 215: Line 236:
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| ス̅<br />sū
| ス<br />su
| サ̅ツ<br />sātu
| サ̅ツ<br />sātu
! rowspan="3" | sing.
! rowspan="3" | sing.
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | G
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | G
| シ̅<br />sī
| シ<br />si
| サ̅チ<br />sāti
| サ̅チ<br />sāti
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | I
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | I
| サ̅<br />sā
| サ<br />sa
| サ̅タ<br />sāta
| サ̅タ<br />sāta
|-
|-
Line 238: Line 259:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
| case
| case
! M
! Masc.
! F
! Fem.
| #
| #
|-
|-
! -
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| hō
| ヅ <br />du
| hōt
| ド̅ツ <br />dōtu
! sing.
! rowspan="3" | sing.
|-
|-
! -
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | G
| colspan="2" | hōni
| ヂ <br />di
! dual
| ド̅チ <br />dōti
|-
|-
! -
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | I
| colspan="2" | 'illey
| ダ <br />da
! plural
| ド̅タ <br />dōta
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| colspan="2" | イル̅゜ <br />'illū
! rowspan="2"  style="vertical-align:middle;"| dual <br /> / <br /> plural
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| colspan="2" | イリ̅゜ <br />'illī
|}
|}
==== Far ====
==== Far ====
Line 259: Line 287:


=== Interrogative and Indefinite ===
=== Interrogative and Indefinite ===
Unlike all the other pronouns, these inflect for personal vs. impersonal, not gender
Unlike all the other pronouns, these inflect for personal vs. impersonal, not gender.  Note, the dual and plural forms are sometimes used for emphasis against a single referent.


==== Interrogative ====
==== Interrogative ====
{| class="wikitable"
| case
! Who?
! What(ever)?
| #
|-
! D
| ミ̅ユ <br /> mīyu
| rowspan="3" | マ̅ <br /> mā
! rowspan="3" | sing.
|-
! G
| ミ̅マ <br/> mīya
|-
! I
| ミ̅乂 <br /> mīyi
|-
! D
| ミ̅ヨ̅ミ <br /> mīyōmi
| マ̅マ̅ <br /> māmā
! rowspan="2" | dual
|-
! O
| ミ̅マィミ <br /> mīyaymi
| マ̅マィ <br /> māmay
|-
! D
| ミ̅ユ̅マ <br />  mīyūma
| マ̅ム̅ <br />  māmū
! rowspan="2" | plural
|-
! O
| ミ̅乂̅マ <br /> mīyīma
| マ̅ミ̅ <br /> māmī
|}


==== Indefinite ====
==== Indefinite ====
These forms often take enclitic pronouns.  Again, there are personal and impersonal forms, not genders.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ "Which(ever)"
| case
! personal
! impersonal
| #
|-
! D
| マッヌ <br /> mannu
| ミ̅ヌ <br /> mīnu
! rowspan="3" | sing.
|-
! G
| マッナ <br /> manna
| ミ̅ナ <br /> mīna
|-
! I
| マッニ <br /> manni
| ミ̅ニ <br /> mīni
|-
! D
| マッヌマ̅ <br /> mannumā
| ミ̅ヌマ̅ <br /> mīnumā
! rowspan="2" | dual
|-
! O
| マッヌマィ <br /> mannumay
| ミ̅ヌマィ <br /> mīnumay
|-
! D
| マッヌム̅ <br /> mannumū
| ミ̅ヌム̅ <br /> mīnumū
! rowspan="2" | plural
|-
! O
| マッヌミ̅ <br /> mannumī
| ミ̅ヌミ̅ <br /> mīnumī
|}
The dual and plural of '''mannu''' can be used impersonally.  The construct forms are '''man-''' and '''mīn-''' in the singular and '''mannum-''' and '''mīnum-''' in the dual/plural.
== Adverbs ==
These attach to the indirect/oblique case of the singular noun.
; -(a)h : This is similar to the Old English "-ward" suffix, as in 'earthward' or 'heavenward'.  It can be used locally or temporally.  Note, this can be identical to the 3rd person feminine singular possessive suffix. 'ahdh = together
; -(a)m : This makes a noun into an adverb, like the English "-ly" suffix.
; -yda : Like the English "times", this attaches to numbers.  e.g. tinayda = twice
Independent adverbs include
; tm : there
; hlm/hlny/hnny : here
; `nt/`tn/ht : now
; 'apnk/'idk : then, thereupon
; 'axr : afterwards, after
; 'al : surely with imperfect, not with jussives
; kn : thus
; mid : very much
; 'ayka(m) : how?
; 'iyyi/'i : where?
; 'an : where?
; lima : why?  for what
; md` : why?
; lō : not
; bal : no, without
; halū/halā/hlk/hln : behold, is it not
; hinnī? : behold, there
; la/lū : O, vocative marker
; yā + word + m : vocative marker
; ying : there is/are
; ayin : there is/are not
== Particles ==
; he : question particle
; wi : common conjunction
; pē : clause conjunction
; ap : also
; 'ō : or, adversative
; hlm : when, as soon as
; hm : if, or
; koy : since, because, if, when, which
; da : until
== Prepositions ==
; bi : with, in, from, to
; le : to, on, from
; ki : as, like
; 'atr : after
; beyna : between
; bāda : behind
; taqetay : under

Revision as of 11:24, 20 January 2013

Nouns

Like everything in PAH, nouns are generally derived from tri-consonantal roots. There are some one-letter-root words. They are all masculine.

  • グ/gu - noise
  • ヅ/du - this
  • ス/su - who
  • プ/pu - mouth
  • ス゚/cu - ship
  • ク゚/ŋu - mouse-deer

In the singular-construct state, they are monoptotic and the vowel changes to -ey.

Masculine

Absolute State
Singular Dual Plural
Direct -u -āmi -ūma
Genitive -i -aymi -īma
Indirect -a
Construct State
Singular Dual Plural
Direct -Ø -ā -ū
Genitive -Ø -ay -ī
Indirect -Ø


Feminine

Absolute State
Singular Dual Plural
Direct -atu -atōmi -ōtu
Genitive -ati -ataymi -ōti
Indirect -ata
Construct State
Singular Dual Plural
Direct -at -atō -atū
Genitive -at -atay -atī
Indirect -at


Pronouns

Personal - Independent

Personal pronouns are often omitted, except in verbless clauses. There are two forms: one can exist independently and the other is a suffix attached to the construct/pronominal-state noun.

First person
case Common #
D アク
'aku 		sing.
O
D アニ
'ani 		dual
O
D アニ̅ヌ̅
'anīnū 		pl.
O アニ̅ニ̅
'anīnī
Second person
case Masc. Fem. #
D ア̅ッタ̅
'āttā 		ア̅ッチ
'ātti 		sing
O
D アッツマ̅
'attumā 		dual
O アッツマィ
'attumay
D アッツム̅
'attumū 		アッチッナ̅
'attinnā 		plural
O アッツミ̅
'attumī
Third person
case Masc. Fem. #
D フワ
huwa 		ヒヤ
hiya 		sing.
O フワチ
huwati 		ヒヤチ
hiyati
D フマ̅
humā 		dual
O フマィ
humay
D フム̅
humū 		ヒッナ̅
hinnā 		plural
O フミ̅
humī


Personal - Suffix

Sing. Dual Pl.
1c -ī*
-ya
-nī 		-nayā -nū
2m -ka -kumā -kum
2f -ki -kun
3m -ō/-hū -humā -(hu)m
3f -ha/-ah -(hi)n

-ī takes the place of the nominative ending -u

Relative

The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Akkadian/Ugaritic pronoun *ðu-. The progress of the consonant seems to have been *ð > *z > *s. For single-word relative clauses, the relative pronoun acts as a proclitic particle. Otherwise, it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect).

case Masc. Fem. #
D ス
su 		サ̅ツ
sātu 		sing.
G シ
si 		サ̅チ
sāti
I サ
sa 		サ̅タ
sāta
D ス̅ツ̅
sūtū 		dual
/
plural
O ス̅チ̅
sūtī

Demonstrative

Near

case Masc. Fem. #
D ヅ
du 		ド̅ツ
dōtu 		sing.
G ヂ
di 		ド̅チ
dōti
I ダ
da 		ド̅タ
dōta
D イル̅゜
'illū 		dual
/
plural
O イリ̅゜
'illī

Far

The 3rd person personal pronoun is used as if it were a far-deitic pronoun/adjective.

Interrogative and Indefinite

Unlike all the other pronouns, these inflect for personal vs. impersonal, not gender. Note, the dual and plural forms are sometimes used for emphasis against a single referent.

Interrogative

case Who? What(ever)? #
D ミ̅ユ
mīyu 		マ̅
mā 		sing.
G ミ̅マ
mīya
I ミ̅乂
mīyi
D ミ̅ヨ̅ミ
mīyōmi 		マ̅マ̅
māmā 		dual
O ミ̅マィミ
mīyaymi 		マ̅マィ
māmay
D ミ̅ユ̅マ
mīyūma 		マ̅ム̅
māmū 		plural
O ミ̅乂̅マ
mīyīma 		マ̅ミ̅
māmī

Indefinite

These forms often take enclitic pronouns. Again, there are personal and impersonal forms, not genders.

"Which(ever)"
case personal impersonal #
D マッヌ
mannu 		ミ̅ヌ
mīnu 		sing.
G マッナ
manna 		ミ̅ナ
mīna
I マッニ
manni 		ミ̅ニ
mīni
D マッヌマ̅
mannumā 		ミ̅ヌマ̅
mīnumā 		dual
O マッヌマィ
mannumay 		ミ̅ヌマィ
mīnumay
D マッヌム̅
mannumū 		ミ̅ヌム̅
mīnumū 		plural
O マッヌミ̅
mannumī 		ミ̅ヌミ̅
mīnumī

The dual and plural of mannu can be used impersonally. The construct forms are man- and mīn- in the singular and mannum- and mīnum- in the dual/plural.

Adverbs

These attach to the indirect/oblique case of the singular noun.

-(a)h
This is similar to the Old English "-ward" suffix, as in 'earthward' or 'heavenward'. It can be used locally or temporally. Note, this can be identical to the 3rd person feminine singular possessive suffix. 'ahdh = together
-(a)m
This makes a noun into an adverb, like the English "-ly" suffix.
-yda
Like the English "times", this attaches to numbers. e.g. tinayda = twice

Independent adverbs include

tm
there
hlm/hlny/hnny
here
`nt/`tn/ht
now
'apnk/'idk
then, thereupon
'axr
afterwards, after
'al
surely with imperfect, not with jussives
kn
thus
mid
very much
'ayka(m)
how?
'iyyi/'i
where?
'an
where?
lima
why? for what
md`
why?
lō
not
bal
no, without
halū/halā/hlk/hln
behold, is it not
hinnī?
behold, there
la/lū
O, vocative marker
yā + word + m
vocative marker
ying
there is/are
ayin
there is/are not

Particles

he
question particle
wi
common conjunction
pē
clause conjunction
ap
also
'ō
or, adversative
hlm
when, as soon as
hm
if, or
koy
since, because, if, when, which
da
until

Prepositions

bi
with, in, from, to
le
to, on, from
ki
as, like
'atr
after
beyna
between
bāda
behind
taqetay
under
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