Myssela: Difference between revisions
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**He runs at night. | **He runs at night. | ||
=== | ===Et cetera Marker=== | ||
*This marker is used when two or more words share the same particle. | *This marker is used when two or more words share the same particle. | ||
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in the sentence. His friends and quiet and nice. | in the sentence. His friends and quiet and nice. | ||
Et cetera marker: Rĕs- | |||
===Example=== | ===Example=== |
Revision as of 05:08, 20 May 2012
Myssela is an artlang created by Jennifer C. who goes by the online alias "Jai". Myssela was created on January 24, 2012. It will be used for the creator's purposes only, but here's a grammar for the curious. :)
Introduction
Myssela is for me. My first five conlangs have been for my conworld called Kepa. This conlang is just for my own personal use. I’ve always wanted a conlang to write in but due to the nature of my conlang I could not add modern words such as “computer” or even “credit card”. Myssela is a mash-up of all my favourite grammar points as well as some new ones! Myssela will be simple enough to learn but complicated enough that it will feel ‘complete’. I hope to someday write journal entries in Myssela. Journal entries that will only be for my eyes of course. ;)
Phoneme Summary
Consonants
Consonants | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiod. | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alv. | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ||||||||||||||||
Plosive | b | d | g | |||||||||||||||
Fricative | f | s | ʃ | χ | h | |||||||||||||
Affricate | ||||||||||||||||||
Approximants | ɹ | |||||||||||||||||
Trill | ||||||||||||||||||
Lateral Approximant | l |
Also
tʃ Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
ǀ Dental Click
Transliteration
Consonants | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
c | d | dd | f | g | h | l | r | m | n | s | ss |
[ʧ] | [d] | [ǀ] | [f] | [g] | [h] | [l] | [ɹ] | [m] | [n] | [sʰ] | [ʃ] |
Vowels | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
a | ă | e | ĕ | y |
[a] | [ɐ] | [ɛ] | [ə] | [i] |
Syntax
Normal
Normal syntax order is SOV.
Adde ladd dĕc myacya assanef.
SUBJ.PART-NOM I LOC.PART here am-IMPERF.
I am here.
Focus
To put the focus on a different part of the sentence put it at the beginning of a sentence.
In the following example the location is focused.
Dĕc myacya adde ladd assanef.
LOC.PART- here SUBJ.PART-NOM I am-IMPERF.
Here I am.
Interrogation
To make a sentence a question simply put the verb at the beginning of a sentence.
Assanef adde ladd dĕc myacya.
Am-IMPERF SUBJ.PART-NOM I LOC.PART here.
Am I here?
Particles
Explaination
Particles are used to describe what function a word has in a sentence. Take for instance the
sentence “He buys food.” He is the subject of the sentence and will use the nominative case. Thus
you would write Adde cĕ or SUBJ.PART-NOM he. Food is the object and will use the accusative
case. Thus you would write it as dĕcĕss ydden or OBJ.MARK-ACC food. The verb is in the
imperfect tense so you would write it as arymnĕssanlef. If you wanted to say: “The food buys him.”
(though I don’t know why you would) you would put the SUBJ.PART-NOM in front of food and
OBJ.PART-ACC in front of him.
Subject Marker
- The agent of a sentence is marked by the subject marker.
- He runs.
Object Marker
- The patient of sentence is marked by the object marker.
- He pokes her.
Description Marker
- The adjective is marked by the description marker.
- He has yellow hair.
Time Marker
- The period of time in which the action takes place is marked by the time marker.
- He runs at night.
Et cetera Marker
- This marker is used when two or more words share the same particle.
- It is added to the second subject, object, description or time to signify it holds the same purpose
in the sentence. His friends and quiet and nice.
Et cetera marker: Rĕs-
Example
Adde cĕ dĕcĕss ydden arymnĕssanlef.
SUBJ.PART-NOM he OBJ.MARK-ACC food buy-IMPERF.
He buys food.
Adde ydden dĕcĕss cĕ arymnĕssanlef.
SUBJ.PART-NOM food OBJ.MARK-ACC he buy-IMPERF.
(The) food buys him.
Noun Cases
Nominative Case
- The topic of a sentence.
- He sees the cat.
Accusative Case
- The object of a sentence.
- He sees the cat.
Dative Case
- The indirect object of a sentence.
- He gives the cat food.
Genitive Case
- The noun that is possessed by the nominative.
- My mother’s cat.
Locative Case
- The cat in the house.
Instrumental Case
- The object used to complete an action.
- I ate cat food with a spoon.
Oblique Case
Any case except for the nominative. I am taller than him.
Numerals
Myssela has a base 10 system number system. There are words for 1-10.
For 11-19 all one must do is add 10 + 1-9.
- Example: 11 is 10 + 1 or yey fy.
For 20-90 all one must do is add (2-9) + 10 + (1-9).
- Example: 21 is 2 + 10 + 1 or dă yey fy.
1-10 | 11-20 | 21-30 | 31-40 | 51-91 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | fy | 11 | yey fy | 21 | dă yey fy | 31 | ged yey fy | 50 | myedd yey |
2 | dă | 12 | yey dă | 22 | dă yey dă | 32 | ged yey dă | 51 | myedd yey fy |
3 | ged | 13 | yey ged | 23 | dă yey ged | 33 | ged yey ged | 60 | hăo yey |
4 | mya | 14 | yey mya | 24 | dă yey mya | 34 | ged yey mya | 61 | hăo yey fy |
5 | myedd | 15 | yey myedd | 25 | dă yey myedd | 35 | ged yey myedd | 70 | lĕm yey |
6 | hăo | 16 | yey hăo | 26 | dă yey hăo | 36 | ged yey hăo | 71 | lĕm yey fy |
7 | lĕm | 17 | yey lĕm | 27 | dă yey lĕm | 37 | ged yey lĕm | 80 | cer yey |
8 | cer | 18 | yey cer | 28 | dă yey cer | 38 | ged yey cer | 81 | cer yey fy |
9 | ny | 19 | yey ny | 29 | dă yey ny | 39 | ged yey ny | 90 | ny yey |
10 | yey | 20 | dă yey | 30 | ged yey | 40 | mya yey | 91 | ny yey fy |
Family Names
Indefinite Pronouns
Nouns
Plural Nouns
Rules | |||
---|---|---|---|
-SS | -S | -C,-D,-F,-G,-H,-L,-M,-N,-R | -A,-Ă, -E, -Ĕ |
finger/fingers
gladys/gladyss FIVE FINGERS yss myedd gladyss DESC.PART five fingers |
book/books
cahăr/cahărs TWO BOOKS yss dă cahărs DESC.PART two fingers |
glacydĕ/glacydĕs
blackberry/blackberries TEN BLACKBERRIES yss yey glacydĕs DESC.PART ten blackberries |
Determiners etc
CLOSE TO SPEAKER | CLOSE TO LISTENER | FAR FROM SP. & LI. |
THIS | THAT | THAT OVER THERE |
myafa | myefe | amyefe |
HERE | THERE | EVERYWHERE |
myacya | myecye | amyecye |
THIS ONE | THAT ONE | THAT ONE OVER THERE |
--- | --- | --- |
Comparative & Superlative
To drescribe some thing being more ------ than something else you will use the words for
‘more’ and ‘less’ and the desc.part for the original word and the etc.part for the words ‘more
than’ and ‘less than’.
SUBJ.PART she NEG.PART DESC.PART-smart ETC.MARK-more he-DAT is-IMPERF
COMPARATIVE
taller
DESC.PART tall ETC.PART more
SUPERLATIVE
tallest
DESC.PART tall ETC.PART most
Examples
Adde ladd yss sany assanef
I DESC.PART tall is-IMPERF.
I am tall.
Ladd yss sany rĕs hĕcĕ assanef
I DESC.PART tall ETC.PART more is-IMPERF.
I am taller.
Ladd yss sany rĕs ahĕcĕ assanef.
I DESC.PART tall ETC.PART most is-IMPERF.
I am tallest.
Ladd dĕc sany rĕs hĕcĕ dĕcega yadd assanef.
I DESC.PART tall ETC.PART more OBJ.PART-OBL. you is-IMPERF.
I am taller than you.
Verbs
Tense
Myssela distinguishes between transitive and intransitive verbs by different endings.
Transitive
TRANSITIVE VERBS require a patient or object. *ie. I throw (a ball).
TRANSITIVE VERBS in BASE FORM always end in -ssan. For example:
- ĕssyssan
- ymessan
- calassan
Perfect, Imperfect & Future
Intransitive
INTRANSITIVE VERBS do not. *ie. I sleep.
INTRANSITIVE VERBS in BASE FORM always end in -năd. For example:
- gaganăd
- agaganăd
- mynanăd
Perfect, Imperfect & Future
Mood
Myssela uses four moods: Subjunctive, Conditional, Imperative, Horative and Debative.
Adding mood to a sentence is very simple. All you must do is add ma- before a verb which
indicates then verb has mood. Then add the affix of the mood that is required.
See examples below:
Subjunctive
- Subjuctive - When it is unclear the action has taken place or is gathered from indirect sources.
- He might be sleeping.
Yadd mane yamnădlef.
You MOOD.ID-SBJV sleep-IMPERF.
You might be sleeping...
Cĕ ydden ĕss mane arymnĕssanya.
He food-DAT MOOD.ID-SBJV buy-PERF.
He might buy food...
Conditional
- Conditional - When reffering to a hypothetical action that has not taken place yet.
- If you sleep...
Yadd mafess yamnădlef.
You MOOD.ID-COND sleep-IMPERF.
If you were sleeping...
Adde cĕ yddenĕss mafess arymnĕssanya.
Food-DAT MOOD.ID-COND buy-PERF.
If he bought food...
Impertative
- Imperative - When expressing a commanding action.
- Sleep!
Marel yamnădlef.
MOOD.ID-IMP sleep-IMPERF.
Sleep!
Ydden ĕss marel arymnĕssanya.
Food DAT MOOD.ID-IMP buy-PERF.
Buy Food!
Hortative
- Hortative - When encouraging another party to do the action or participate in the action.
- Please sleep. / I wish you would sleep.
Mady yamnădlef.
MOOD.ID-HORT sleep-IMPERF.
Please sleep! I wish you would sleep!
Ydden ĕss mady arymnĕssanya.
Food DAT MOOD.ID-IMP buy-PERF.
Please buy food! I wish you would buy food!
Debative
- Debative - When suggesting that someone should do an action.
- I should sleep.
Mady yamnădlef.
MOOD.ID-DEB sleep-IMPERF.
I should sleep.
Ydden ĕss mady arymnĕssanya.
Food DAT MOOD.ID-DEB buy-PERF.
You should buy food.
Time Words
MONTHS | SEASONS | ||
JANUARY | măsĕfy | SPRING | sama |
FEBRUARY | ăcedă | SUMMER | dyne |
MARCH | dygaged | FALL | alam |
APRIL | rabymya | WINTER | frys |
MAY | dramyedd | ||
JUNE | serfahă | ||
JULY | hăsĕcer | ||
AUGUST | ramalĕm | ||
SEPTEMBER | măngyny | ||
OCTOBER | rĕsĕdayey | ||
NOVEMBER | dăgeyeyfy | ||
DECEMBER | ygĕyeydă |
DAYS OF THE WEEK
MONDAY | efefy |
TUESDAY | efedă |
WEDNESDAY | efeged |
THURSDAY | efemya |
FRIDAY | efemyedd |
SATURDAY | efehă |
SUNDAY | efecer |
Greetings & Phrases
Greetings
Hello (call) | Dydĕ! | Greetings! |
Hello (formal call) | Adydĕ! | Hello! |
Hello (casual) | Ey! | Hey! Hi! |
Good Night. (Normal) | Hyledĕ aymessanef. | TIME.PART-NOM-night acknowledge. |
Good Night. (Informal) | Hyledĕ. | Time.PART-NOM-night. / Night. |
Good Morning. (Normal) | Hylenya aymessanlef. | TIME.PART-NOM-morning acknowledge. / Acknowledge the morning. |
Good Morning. (Informal) | Hylenya. | TIME.PART-NOM-morning. / Morning. |
Good Afternoon. (Normal) | Hylemĕy aymessanef. | TIME.PART-NOM-afternoon acknowledge. / Acknowledge the afternoon. |
Good Afternoon. (Informal) | Hylemĕy. | TIME.PART-NOM-afternoon. / Afternoon. |
Good Day. (Normal) | Hylefe aymessanef. | TIME.PART-NOM-day acknowledge. / Acknowledge the day. |
Good Day. (Informal) | Hylefe. | Time.PART-NOM-day. / Day. |
Phrases
I am happy. | Adde ladd yss yelĕ assanef. | Subj.PART-NOM I DESC. yellow be-IMPERF. / I am yellow. |
I am (described as) Jennifer. | Ladd dĕc Genĕder assanef. | I DESC. Jennifer be-IMPERF. / I am Jennifer. |
Polarity
Polarity in the simplest form is answering if something is correct or incorrect. This is also called Negativity.
Positive Statement
Adde ladd decĕs Genĕdĕr assenef.
I am Jennifer.
SUBJ.PART-NOM I OBJ.PART-ACC Jennifer am-IMPERF.
Negative Statement
To make a statement negative all you have to do is add the negative particle ‘nĕy’ before the verb.
Adde ladd decĕs Genĕdĕr nĕy assanef.
I am not Jennifer.
SUBJ.PART-NOM I OBJ.PART-ACC Jennifer NEG.PART am-IMPERF.
Asking A Question In The Negative
If there are also mood or aspect particles the negative particle appears last.
Mady nĕy yamnădlef adde yadd?
Shouldn’t you sleep?
MOOD.ID-DEB NEG.PART sleep-IMPERF SUBJ.PART-NOM you?
Answer: Fyĕ! [No!]
Examples
Amamĕy yĕ garĕn...
Today GEN goal...
Today's Goal...
Ladd dĕcĕss yadd sarassan.
I OBJ-ACC you love.
I love you.
Adydĕ. Adde ladd dĕcĕs Genĕdĕr assenef.
Hello.FOR SUBJ.PART-NOM I OBJ.PART-ACC Jennifer is-IMPERF.
Hello. I am Jennifer.
Adde mysefe ysse rĕd assanya.
SUBJ.PART-NOM that DESC.PART-NOM red see-PERF.
That was red.
Adde ladd dĕcĕs cahăr yssĕss yelĕ ymessanef.
SUBJ.PART-NOM I OBJ.PART-ACC book DESC.PART-ACC yellow see-IMPERF.
I am seeing a yellow book.
Adde Genĕdĕr dĕcĕss ydden dĕcery yadd agĕnessanya.
SUBJ.PART-NOM Jennifer OBJ.PART-ACC food OBJ.PART-DAT you give-PERF.
Jennifer gave you food.
SUBJ.PART-NOM sun shine-IMPERF.
Adde ladd yamnădlef
SUBJ.PART-NOM I sleep-PERF.
I am sleeping.
Adde ladd mane yamnădlef...
SUBJ.MARK-NOM I MOOD.ID-COND sleep-IMPERF.
If I was sleeping....
SUBJ.MARK-NOM I DESC.PART this born-PERF.
Adde ladd yss myafa gaganădya.
SUBJ.MARK happy ETC.MARK-GEN one DESC.PART one ETC.MARK only exist-IMPERF, SUBJ.MARK (to) love-IMPERF ETC.MARK be love-PERF.
One’s happiness is only one.
there is only one happiness in life, to love and to be loved
I like chicken
SUBJ.PART-NOM I OBJ.MARK-ACC chicken like-IMPERF.
Adde ladd dĕces chicken calassanef.
This blanket is soft.
SUBJ.PART-NOM blanket DESC.PART this ETC.PART soft be-IMPERF.
I gloss everything.
I OBJ.PART-ACC everything gloss-IMPERF.
I walk like a duck.
I DESC. duck-ADV walk-IMPERF.
Ladd dĕc sylĕdam rĕmssanef.
I am a duck.
I OBJ-ACC duck be-IMPERF.
Ladd dĕcĕs sylĕdam assanef.
Sleep!
MOOD.ID-IMP sleep-FUTURE.
Marel yamnădlef.
I SUBJ.PART-GEN fish OBJ-ACC this see-PERFECT. TIME.PART. Now SUBJ.PART-NOM I SUBJ.PART-GEN fish DESC.PART shark be-PERF.
My goldfish saw this, now he's a shark
Ladd addyĕ myna dĕcĕs myafa ymessanya, hyl yma ladd addyĕ myna yss fĕrsmyna assanya.
Yesterday I went into the forest to find a bunch of tiny berries.
Ladd dĕc gedly hyl agăsa sesĕ, dĕcĕss ydĕs yss myn amaryssanya.
I loc.part forest Time.part yesturday, reason-being, obj,part-acc berry-PL desc.part tiny find.