Dwekoenish

Dwekoenish (/dʷəˈkʰeɪnɪʃ/, native: Dvekönešč /dʷɛˈkʰœnɛʃʧ/) is a fictional diachronic language created by Marko Stanković, aka Stelvojoj. The following article details characteristics of High Dwekoenish, the dialect most closely observed in public media and governmental affairs.

Dwekoenish Двекӧнешч
Spoken in:	Dwekoenia (Dveköneyya)
Conworld:	Alternate Earth
Total speakers:	Unknown
Genealogical classification:	Arvaši Hovalic Northwestern Hovalic Dwekoenish
Basic word order:	VSO
Morphological type:	Fusional
Morphosyntactic alignment:	nominative-accusative
Writing system:
Created by:
Stelvojoj	2008 CE-present

Phonology

The phonology of Dwekoennish largely mirrors the articulatory contrasts of most Indo-European languages, i.e., voiced vs. voiceless consonants, a vowel inventory which elaborates that of e.g. Latin, and the absence of such contrasts as pharyngealization, vocalic nasalization, and retroflexion. It is not without a few oddities (when compared to other IE languages). Of special note are the abundance of coronal fricatives, affricates, and the presence of two fully open front vowels, /a/ and /ɶ/.

Consonants

Consonants
	Bilabial		Labiod.		Dental		Alveolar		Post-alv.		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Plosive	p	b					t	d					k	g
Nasal		m						n						(ŋ)
Tap, Flap								ɾ
Fricative			f	v	θ	ð	s	z	ʃ	ʒ			x		h
Affricate							ts	dz	tʃ	dʒ
Approximant								(ɹ)				j
Lateral Approximant								l						ɫ

Vowels

Vowels
	Front		Near-front		Central		Near-back		Back
High	i y									u
Near-high					ɨ
High-mid		(e) (ø)								ɤ (o)
Mid
Low-mid			ɛ œ
Near-low									ɒ
Low				a ɶ

Orthography

Dwekoenish is written with variants of both the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets. Historically, the Cyrillic orthography has been in use since before the Latin, and is typically the more common of the two, except among a few smaller municipalities (and the later generations of many emigrant families). A few centuries ago, the Latin orthography underwent a major revision which was eventually reflected in the Cyrillic (e.g., as in the written representation of /j/). These changes were never intended to be applied to the Cyrillic, and while it remains uncertain whether the origins of this reapplication have been fully determined, it is often attributed to a particular journalist in one of the popular kingdom periodicals of the time. (It is worth noting that the letter <yy> is often referred to colloquially as "idiot's y" in Dwekoenish.)

In the table that follows, when more than one phoneme is present in a letter's description, the latter indicates a context-dependent allophone. (NOTE: To be elaborated later.)

	Roman	Cyrillic	IPA
	A a	А а	/a/
	B b	Б б	/b/
	C c	Џ ц	/ʦ/
	Č č	Ч ч	/ʧ/
	D d	Д д	/d/
	Ð ð	ДЬ дь	/ð/
	E e	Е е	/ɛ, e/
	F f	Ф ф	/f/
	G g	Г г	/g/
	H h	Х х	/h/
	Ħ ħ	Ӿ ӿ	/x/
	I i	І і	/i/
	K k	К к	/k, kʰ/
	L l	Л л	/l, ɫ/
	M m	М м	/m/
	N n	Н н	/n, ŋ/
	O o	О о	/ɒ, o/
	Õ õ	Ӯ ӯ	/ɤ/
	P p	П п	/p, pʰ/
	R r	Р р	/ɾ, ɹ/
	S s	С с	/s/
	Š š	Ш ш	/ʃ/
	T t	Т т	/t, tʰ/
	Þ þ	ТЬ ть	/θ/
	U u	У у	/u/
	V v	В в	/v/
	Y y	И и	/ɨ/
	Yy yy	Ии ии	/j/
	Z z	З з	/z/
	Ž ž	Ж ж	/ʒ/
	Ö ö	Ӧ ӧ	/œ/
	Öa öa	Ӧа ӧа	/ɶ/
	Ü ü	Ӱ ӱ	/y/

In the Latin orthography, the letter <öa> is sometimes alternatively written <ȍ> (<o> with double grave); this is acceptable, but no longer considered standard, and it is never seen in current government or journalistic publications.

Grammar

Nouns

Dwekoenish is a highly inflected fusional language with agglutinative characteristics. Nouns and adjectives are declined for three numbers and sixteen cases. Patterns of declension are grouped into three genders.

The first declension pattern applies to masculine nouns whose nominative forms end in -è or any non-sibilant consonant.

Könè, king

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	könè	köneas	kȍnás
Genitive	könu	köne	könem
Dative	kön	könedast	kȍnadast
Benefactive	köné	könea	könia
Accusative	könu	köneai	köniaš
Locative	könest	könist	kȍnast
Illative	könesten	könisten	kȍnasten
Inessive	könestí	könistí	kȍnastí
Elative	könestom	könistom	kȍnastom
Allative	könesté	könisté	kȍnasté
Adessive	könestje	könistje	kȍnastje
Ablative	könestod	könistoðy	kȍnastoða
Terminative	könestá	könistá	kȍnastá
Prolative	könestav	könistav	kȍnastav
Abessive	könedz	könidz	kȍnadz
Comitative	kȍnat	köneat	köniat

Note that the letter -ö- is assimilated to -ȍ- when it is proceeded by -a- or -à- (but not -ia-) in the following syllable.