Mekoshan: Difference between revisions

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| subbranch = American
| subbranch = American
| wordorder = VSO
| wordorder = VSO
| type = Agglutinative
| type = Fusional
| alignment = Accusative
| alignment = Accusative
| author = Taylor Selseth
| author = Taylor Selseth
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|| ||Labial||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar||Uvular||Pharyngeal||Glottal
|| ||Labial||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar||Uvular||Pharyngeal||Glottal
|-
|-
||Plosives, Plain||'''p'''||'''t tˤ'''|| ||'''k'''||'''q qʷ'''|| ||'''ʔ'''
||Plosives, Plain||'''p'''||'''t'''|| ||'''k'''||'''q qʷ'''|| ||
|-
|-
||Plosives, aspirated||'''pʰ'''||'''tʰ tˤʰ'''|| ||'''kʰ'''||'''qʰ qʷʰ'''|| ||
||Plosives, aspirated||'''pʰ'''||'''tʰ'''|| ||'''kʰ'''||'''qʰ qʷʰ'''|| ||
|-
|-
||Affricates, Plain|| ||'''ʦ''' '''ʦˤ'''||'''ʧ'''|| || || ||
||Affricates, Plain|| ||'''ʦ''' '''ʦˤ'''||'''ʧ'''|| || || ||
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||Affricates, aspirated|| ||'''ʦʰ''' '''ʦˤʰ'''||'''ʧʰ'''|| || || ||
||Affricates, aspirated|| ||'''ʦʰ''' '''ʦˤʰ'''||'''ʧʰ'''|| || || ||
|-
|-
||Nasals||'''m m̥'''||'''n n̥'''||'''ɲ ɲ̥'''|| || || ||
||Nasals||'''m m̥'''||'''n n̥'''|| || || || ||
|-
|-
||Fricatives, unvoiced||'''f'''||'''s ɬ'''||'''ʃ'''||'''x'''||'''χʷ'''||'''ħ'''||'''h'''
||Fricatives, unvoiced||'''f'''||'''s ɬ'''||'''ʃ'''||'''x'''||'''χ χʷ'''||'''ħ'''||'''h'''
|-
|-
||Fricatives, voiced||'''v'''||'''z'''||'''ʒ'''|| || ||'''ʕ'''||
||Fricatives, voiced||'''v'''||'''z'''||'''ʒ'''||'''ɣ'''|| ||'''ʕ'''||
|-
|-
||Approximants||'''w'''||'''l'''||'''j'''|| || || ||
||Approximants||'''w'''||'''l'''||'''j'''|| || || ||
|-
||Trill|| ||'''r r̥'''|| || || || ||
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|| ||Front||Central||Back||Diphthong
|| ||Front||Central||Back||Diphthong
|-
|-
||High||'''i iː'''||'''y yː'''||'''u uː'''||
||High||'''i iː ĩ ĩː'''||'''y yː'''||'''u uː ũ ũː'''||
|-
||Mid-High||'''eː ẽː'''||'''øː'''||'''oː õː'''||
|-
||Mid||'''e̞ ẽ̞'''||'''ø̞'''||'''o̞ õ̞'''||'''ɛu œy ɔy'''
|-
|-
||Mid||'''e eː'''||'''ø øː'''||'''o oː'''||'''ɛi ɛu œy œu ɔy ɔu'''
||Mid-Low||'''ɛː'''|| ||'''ɔː'''||
|-
|-
||Low|| ||'''a aː'''|| ||'''ɑi au'''
||Low|| ||'''a aː ã ãː'''|| ||'''ai au'''
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|| ||Labial||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar||Uvular||Pharyngeal||Glottal
|| ||Labial||Alveolar||Palatal||Velar||Uvular||Pharyngeal||Glottal
|-
|-
||Plosives, Plain||'''b'''||'''d dr'''|| ||'''g'''||'''x br'''|| ||
||Plosives, Plain||'''b'''||'''d'''|| ||'''g'''||'''x br/rb'''|| ||
|-
|-
||Plosives, aspirated||'''p'''||'''t tr'''|| ||'''k'''||'''q pr'''|| ||
||Plosives, aspirated||'''p'''||'''t'''|| ||'''k'''||'''q pr'''|| ||
|-
|-
||Affricates, Plain|| ||'''dz''' '''jr'''||'''j'''|| || || ||
||Affricates, Plain|| ||'''dz''' '''jr'''||'''j'''|| || || ||
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||Affricates, aspirated|| ||'''ts''' '''cr'''||'''c'''|| || || ||
||Affricates, aspirated|| ||'''ts''' '''cr'''||'''c'''|| || || ||
|-
|-
||Nasals||'''m mh'''||'''n nh'''||'''ny nhy'''|| || || ||
||Nasals||'''m mh'''||'''n nh'''|| || || || ||
|-
|-
||Fricatives, unvoiced||'''f'''||'''s lh'''||'''sh'''||'''kh'''||'''fr'''||'''hr'''||'''h'''
||Fricatives, unvoiced||'''f'''||'''s lh'''||'''š'''||'''kh'''||'''qh fr/rf'''||'''hr'''||'''h'''
|-
|-
||Fricatives, voiced||'''v'''||'''z'''||'''zh'''|| || ||'''r'''||
||Fricatives, voiced||'''v'''||'''z'''||'''ž'''|| || ||'''r'''||
|-
|-
||Approximants||'''w'''||'''l'''||'''y'''|| || || ||
||Approximants||'''w'''||'''l'''||'''y'''|| || || ||
|-
||Trill|| ||'''dr tr'''|| || || || ||
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|| ||Front||Central||Back||Diphthong
|| ||Front||Central||Back||Diphthong
|-
|-
||High||'''i ii'''||'''ü üü'''||'''u uu'''||
||High||'''i ii į įįː'''||'''ü üü'''||'''u uu ų ųų'''||
|-
||Mid-High||'''ee ęę'''||'''öö'''||'''oo ǫǫ'''||
|-
||Mid||'''e ę'''||'''ö'''||'''o ǫ'''||'''eu öi oi'''
|-
|-
||Mid||'''e eː'''||'''ö öö'''||'''o oo'''||'''ei eu öi öu oi ou'''
||Mid-Low||'''ea'''|| ||'''oa'''||
|-
|-
||Low|| ||'''a aa'''|| ||'''ai au'''
||Low|| ||'''a aa ą ąą'''|| ||'''ai au'''
|-
|-
|}
|}
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The noun phrase has the following structure:<br>
The noun phrase has the following structure:<br>
<br>
<br>
1. Case clitic or Proposition
1. Preposition
2. Demonstrative, determiner, or numeral
2. Article
3. Adjective
3. Possessive Determiner
4. Noun
4. Demonstrative, or numeral
5. Adjective(s)
6. Noun<br>
 
===Articles===
There are definite, indefinite, and generic article, all of which inflect for case and number. The generic article is derived from the reanalysis of prepositions, and is highly syncretic with the Indefinite. The article is simply omitted in the Generic and Indefinite Nominative<br>
<br>
In the following chart, some article forms differ depending on if the following word begins with a consonant or vowel, the vowel form follows the consonant form.<br>
 
{|
|| ||Generic||Indefinite||Definite
|-
||Nominative||Ø||Ø||de||
|-
||Accusative||da/d/'||da||dad||
|-
||Genitive||o/ov||ov||od||
|-
||Dative||ta/t'||ta||tad||
|-
||Locative||ę/ęn||ęę||ęd||
|-
|}
 
===Possessive Determiners===
Possessive determiners, also called possessive adjectives or adjectival genitive pronouns, indicate who or what possesses a noun: "my shirt", "her house"
 
{|
|| ||1st. Person||2nd. Person||3rd. Masculine||3rd. Feminine||3rd Neuter
|-
||Singular||maa||ör||šez||hra||žes
|-
||Plural||ar||yaa||der||der||der
|-
|}


===Noun===
===Noun===
Nouns inflect for number. For most nouns the plural is formed by a '''-s''' or '''-az''' suffix in voicing agreement with the preceding consonant, if any. Some nouns are formed by mutation of the final consonant with or without the normal plural suffix. 4 nouns retain the old Germanic Umlaut: '''Mei''', '''Womn''', '''Mos''', and '''Gus'''; meaning man, woman, mouse, and goose. Some nouns are considered collective or mass nouns and do not take a plural, but instead are preceded by a classifier derived from UNIT of NOUN constructions of English.<br>
Nouns inflect for number. For most nouns the plural is formed by a '''-s''', '''-z''', or '''-az''' suffix in voicing agreement with the preceding consonant, if any. Some nouns are formed by mutation of the final consonant with or without the normal plural suffix. 4 nouns retain the old Germanic Umlaut: '''Men''', '''Womn''', '''Mos''', and '''Gus'''; meaning man, woman, mouse, and goose.<br>
<br>
<br>
'''tö - tös''' = toy - toys<br>
'''tö - tös''' = toy - toys<br>
'''brekh - brek''' = brick - bricks<br>
'''brekh - brek''' = brick - bricks<br>
'''cref - crep''' = trap - traps<br>
'''cref - crep''' = trap - traps<br>
'''mei - mou''' = man - men<br>
'''men - man''' = man - men<br>
<br>
<br>
'''tri jraiks waar''' = three CLASSIFIER water".<br>


[[Category: conlangs]]
[[Category: conlangs]]
[[Category: a posteriori conlangs]]
[[Category: a posteriori conlangs]]

Revision as of 18:26, 4 October 2011

Mekoshan
Meexoŝ
Spoken in: USA
Conworld: Future
Total speakers: 50 Million
Genealogical classification: Germanic
Anglo-Frisian
American
Mekoshan
Basic word order: VSO
Morphological type: Fusional
Morphosyntactic alignment: Accusative
Writing system:
Created by:
Taylor Selseth 2011 C.E.

Mekoshan ('Mheqqoŝ) is a descendant of English spoken in the American Midwest. It is notable among the Anglic languages for it's pharyngealization of consonants.

Phonology

Mekoshan has a very large consonant inventory and a very complex syllable structure. Most notable are the Uvular, Pharyngeal, and Pharyngealized consonants that developed from clusters with the historical English /ɹ/. Most voiceless nasals come from /s/+nasal clusters. most /ɬ/ come from English /sl/.

IPA

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosives, Plain p t k q qʷ
Plosives, aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ qʷʰ
Affricates, Plain ʦ ʦˤ ʧ
Affricates, aspirated ʦʰ ʦˤʰ ʧʰ
Nasals m m̥ n n̥
Fricatives, unvoiced f s ɬ ʃ x χ χʷ ħ h
Fricatives, voiced v z ʒ ɣ ʕ
Approximants w l j
Trill r r̥
Front Central Back Diphthong
High i iː ĩ ĩː y yː u uː ũ ũː
Mid-High eː ẽː øː oː õː
Mid e̞ ẽ̞ ø̞ o̞ õ̞ ɛu œy ɔy
Mid-Low ɛː ɔː
Low a aː ã ãː ai au

Orthography

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosives, Plain b d g x br/rb
Plosives, aspirated p t k q pr
Affricates, Plain dz jr j
Affricates, aspirated ts cr c
Nasals m mh n nh
Fricatives, unvoiced f s lh š kh qh fr/rf hr h
Fricatives, voiced v z ž r
Approximants w l y
Trill dr tr
Front Central Back Diphthong
High i ii į įįː ü üü u uu ų ųų
Mid-High ee ęę öö oo ǫǫ
Mid e ę ö o ǫ eu öi oi
Mid-Low ea oa
Low a aa ą ąą ai au

Grammar

Like many Anglic languages, Mekoshan is a moderately synthetic, agglutinative laguage with a bias towards prefixes in it's verbs.

The Noun Phrase

The noun phrase has the following structure:

1. Preposition 2. Article 3. Possessive Determiner 4. Demonstrative, or numeral 5. Adjective(s) 6. Noun

Articles

There are definite, indefinite, and generic article, all of which inflect for case and number. The generic article is derived from the reanalysis of prepositions, and is highly syncretic with the Indefinite. The article is simply omitted in the Generic and Indefinite Nominative

In the following chart, some article forms differ depending on if the following word begins with a consonant or vowel, the vowel form follows the consonant form.

Generic Indefinite Definite
Nominative Ø Ø de
Accusative da/d/' da dad
Genitive o/ov ov od
Dative ta/t' ta tad
Locative ę/ęn ęę ęd

Possessive Determiners

Possessive determiners, also called possessive adjectives or adjectival genitive pronouns, indicate who or what possesses a noun: "my shirt", "her house"

1st. Person 2nd. Person 3rd. Masculine 3rd. Feminine 3rd Neuter
Singular maa ör šez hra žes
Plural ar yaa der der der

Noun

Nouns inflect for number. For most nouns the plural is formed by a -s, -z, or -az suffix in voicing agreement with the preceding consonant, if any. Some nouns are formed by mutation of the final consonant with or without the normal plural suffix. 4 nouns retain the old Germanic Umlaut: Men, Womn, Mos, and Gus; meaning man, woman, mouse, and goose.

tö - tös = toy - toys
brekh - brek = brick - bricks
cref - crep = trap - traps
men - man = man - men

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