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*'''Kala''' is meant to be a simple, euphonic personal conlang.
{{Kala 2}}


== Phonology ==
__NOTOC__


*'''Kala''' is meant to be a simple and euphonic personal conlang.


*Many lexical entries are inspired/influenced/borrowed by/from any number of natlangs


==Pronunciation==


== Grammar ==
* Where '''~''' appears, it indicates [[Wikipedia:Free_variation|free variation]] between phonemes.


===Vowels===


{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!'''Front'''
!'''Central'''
!'''Back'''
|-align=center
!'''Close'''
|{{IPA|i~i:}} '''(i)'''  || || {{IPA|u~u:}} '''(u)'''
|-align=center
!'''Mid'''
|{{IPA|e~e:}} '''(e)''' || || {{IPA|o~o:}} '''(o)'''
|-align=center
!'''Open'''
| || {{IPA|a~a:}} '''(a)''' ||
|}


== Lexicon ==
====Diphthongs====


=====falling=====


*{{IPA|[aɪ~aɪ:]}} - '''ai'''
*{{IPA|[aʊ~aʊ:]}} - '''ao'''


== Examples ==
=====rising=====
 
*{{IPA|[wa~wa:]}} - '''ua'''
*{{IPA|[waɪ~waɪ:]}} - '''uai'''
*{{IPA|[ja~ja:]}} - '''ya'''
*{{IPA|[jaʊ~jaʊ:]}} - '''yao'''
*{{IPA|[je~je:]}} - '''ye'''
*{{IPA|[jo~jo:]}} - '''yo'''
 
===Consonants===
 
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! rowspan="2"|
! rowspan="2"|Labial
! colspan="2"|Dental
! rowspan="2"|Palatal
! colspan="2"|Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-align=center
!<small>central</small>
!<small>lateral</small>
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>labial</small>
|-align=center
! Nasal
| {{IPA|m}} '''(m)''' [[File:Naua ma.png]]
| {{IPA|n}} '''(n)''' [[File:Naua na.png]]
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}} '''(ny)''' [[File:Naua nya.png]]
|
|
|
|-align=center
!Plosive
| {{IPA|p~b}} '''(p)''' [[File:Naua pa.png]]
| {{IPA|t~d}} '''(t)''' [[File:Naua ta.png]]
|
|
| {{IPA|k~g}} '''(k)''' [[File:Naua ka.png]]
| {{IPA|kʷ~gʷ}} '''(ku)''' [[File:Naua kua.png]]
| {{IPA|ʔ}} '''(')'''
|-align=center
!Fricative
|
| {{IPA|s}} '''(s)''' [[File:Naua sa2.png]]
|
| {{IPA|ʃ}} '''(s)''' [[File:Naua sa2.png]]
|
|
| {{IPA|h~ɦ}} '''(h)''' [[File:Naua ha.png]]
|-align=center
!Affricate
|
| {{IPA|ts}} '''(ts)''' [[File:Naua tsa.png]]
| {{IPA|tɬ}} '''(tl)''' [[File:Naua tla.png]]
| {{IPA|tʃ}} '''(ts)''' [[File:Naua tsa.png]]
|
|
|
|-align=center
! Approximant
|
|
| {{IPA|l~r}} '''(l)''' [[File:Naua la.png]]
| {{IPA|j}} '''(y)''' [[File:Naua ya.png]]
|
| {{IPA|w}} '''(u)''' [[File:Naua ua.png]]
|
|}
 
==== Phonotactics ====
 
* Kala phonotactics does not allow the onsets of adjacent syllables to be identical, nor both to be labialised or palatalised.
* Syllables beginning with /l/ do not occur as the first syllable of a morpheme.
 
==== Syllable Structure ====
 
* (N)(C)V
* N = prenasal /n/ or /m/
 
* The three codas are /k/, /m/, and /n/.
*/k/ only occurs as a final coda to negate verbs and nouns.
 
====Prenasalized consonants====
 
* In Kala, almost every consonant can be [[Wikipedia:Prenasalized_consonant|prenasalized]], but primarily the plosives /p/, /t/ and /k/ can be analyzed as prenasalized,
:while most other instances could be easily analyzed as cases  of [[Wikipedia:Syllabic_consonant|syllabic]] /n/ or /m/.
 
* '''mb''' /mp~mb/
:Example: '''mpaka''' /ˈmpa.ka/ - ''n'' - boundary / border / line
* '''nt''' /nt~nd/
:Example: '''ntama''' /ˈnta.ma/ - ''n'' - calf (a young cow or bull)
* '''nk''' /ŋk~ŋɡ/
:Example: '''nkapa''' /ˈŋka.pa/ - ''n'' - alcohol / grog
 
==Writing System==
 
''See'': [[Kala writing|Moya]]
 
==Grammatical Principles==
 
* The grammar of [[Kala]] should be regarded as a guide indicating how grammatical distinctions of gender, number, tense/aspect, noun, verb and particles are made. I have adopted the Arab grammarian's division into three categories (1) Noun ['''no / ata'''] [[File:Naua no.png]] / [[File:Naua ata.png]], (2) Particle ['''peya'''] [[File:Naua peya.png]], (3) Verb ['''uati'''] [[File:Naua uati.png]]. [[Kala]] does not always follow European models. It discards all redundancies. In English we say “two boys came yesterday”; in [[Kala]] “two boy come yesterday” ['''ta’o tahi yomaye tala'''] it is clear that more than one boy is already indicated by ‘two,’ while ‘yesterday’ shows the time, or tense of the verb.
 
== Sentences ==
 
''See'': [[Kala Sentences]]
 
==Nouns==
 
''See'': [[Kala Nouns]]
 
==Verbs==
 
''See'': [[Kala Verbs]]
 
==Particles==
 
===Prepositions===
 
===Conjunctions===
 
==Questions==
 
''See'': [[Kala Questions]]
 
===Clauses===
 
==Numbers==
 
===Cardinal Numbers===
 
*'''e'o''' - zero / nothing
*'''na'o''' - one
*'''ta'o''' - two
*'''ha'o''' - three
*'''ma'o''' - four
*'''ya'o''' - five
*'''tsa'o''' - six
*'''ka'o''' - seven
*'''pa'o''' - eight
*'''sa'o''' - nine
*'''ue'o''' - ten
*'''nye'o''' - (one) hundred
*'''tle'o''' - (one) thousand
*'''mue'o''' - ten thousand
*'''kye'o''' - (one) hundred thousand
*'''nte'o''' - (one) million
 
=== Higher Numbers ===
 
* '''uena'o''' - eleven / 11
 
* '''taue'o''' - twenty / 20
 
* '''nyeka'o''' - one hundred seven / 107
 
* '''hanyetauetsa'o''' (''long form'') | '''hatatsa'o''' (''short form'') - three hundred twenty six / 326
 
* '''tsatletauema'o''' - six thousand and twenty four / 6024
 
===Ordinal Numbers===
 
* '''ki'''- - ordinal prefix
:Example : '''kisa'o''' - ninth (in a sequence)
:Example : '''kiyanyepa'o''' - 508<sup>th</sup>
 
===Fractions===
 
* '''i'''- - fractional prefix
:Example : '''isa'o''' - a ninth, 1/9
:Example : '''iha'o te pa'o''' - three eighths, 3/8 [lit: a third of eight]
 
==Word formation==
 
==Punctuation==
 
''See'': [[Kala_writing#punctuation|Moya]]
 
== Index ==
 
{{Kala index}}
 
[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Kala]]

Revision as of 16:50, 28 June 2011


  • Kala is meant to be a simple and euphonic personal conlang.
  • Many lexical entries are inspired/influenced/borrowed by/from any number of natlangs

Pronunciation

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i~i: (i) u~u: (u)
Mid e~e: (e) o~o: (o)
Open a~a: (a)

Diphthongs

falling
  • [aɪ~aɪ:] - ai
  • [aʊ~aʊ:] - ao
rising
  • [wa~wa:] - ua
  • [waɪ~waɪ:] - uai
  • [ja~ja:] - ya
  • [jaʊ~jaʊ:] - yao
  • [je~je:] - ye
  • [jo~jo:] - yo

Consonants

Labial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
central lateral plain labial
Nasal m (m) Naua ma.png n (n) Naua na.png ɲ (ny) Naua nya.png
Plosive p~b (p) Naua pa.png t~d (t) Naua ta.png k~g (k) Naua ka.png kʷ~gʷ (ku) Naua kua.png ʔ (')
Fricative s (s) Naua sa2.png ʃ (s) Naua sa2.png h~ɦ (h) Naua ha.png
Affricate ts (ts) Naua tsa.png tɬ (tl) Naua tla.png tʃ (ts) Naua tsa.png
Approximant l~r (l) Naua la.png j (y) Naua ya.png w (u) Naua ua.png

Phonotactics

  • Kala phonotactics does not allow the onsets of adjacent syllables to be identical, nor both to be labialised or palatalised.
  • Syllables beginning with /l/ do not occur as the first syllable of a morpheme.

Syllable Structure

  • (N)(C)V
  • N = prenasal /n/ or /m/
  • The three codas are /k/, /m/, and /n/.
  • /k/ only occurs as a final coda to negate verbs and nouns.

Prenasalized consonants

  • In Kala, almost every consonant can be prenasalized, but primarily the plosives /p/, /t/ and /k/ can be analyzed as prenasalized,
while most other instances could be easily analyzed as cases of syllabic /n/ or /m/.
  • mb /mp~mb/
Example: mpaka /ˈmpa.ka/ - n - boundary / border / line
  • nt /nt~nd/
Example: ntama /ˈnta.ma/ - n - calf (a young cow or bull)
  • nk /ŋk~ŋɡ/
Example: nkapa /ˈŋka.pa/ - n - alcohol / grog

Writing System

See: Moya

Grammatical Principles

  • The grammar of Kala should be regarded as a guide indicating how grammatical distinctions of gender, number, tense/aspect, noun, verb and particles are made. I have adopted the Arab grammarian's division into three categories (1) Noun [no / ata] Naua no.png / Naua ata.png, (2) Particle [peya] Naua peya.png, (3) Verb [uati] Naua uati.png. Kala does not always follow European models. It discards all redundancies. In English we say “two boys came yesterday”; in Kala “two boy come yesterday” [ta’o tahi yomaye tala] it is clear that more than one boy is already indicated by ‘two,’ while ‘yesterday’ shows the time, or tense of the verb.

Sentences

See: Kala Sentences

Nouns

See: Kala Nouns

Verbs

See: Kala Verbs

Particles

Prepositions

Conjunctions

Questions

See: Kala Questions

Clauses

Numbers

Cardinal Numbers

  • e'o - zero / nothing
  • na'o - one
  • ta'o - two
  • ha'o - three
  • ma'o - four
  • ya'o - five
  • tsa'o - six
  • ka'o - seven
  • pa'o - eight
  • sa'o - nine
  • ue'o - ten
  • nye'o - (one) hundred
  • tle'o - (one) thousand
  • mue'o - ten thousand
  • kye'o - (one) hundred thousand
  • nte'o - (one) million

Higher Numbers

  • uena'o - eleven / 11
  • taue'o - twenty / 20
  • nyeka'o - one hundred seven / 107
  • hanyetauetsa'o (long form) | hatatsa'o (short form) - three hundred twenty six / 326
  • tsatletauema'o - six thousand and twenty four / 6024

Ordinal Numbers

  • ki- - ordinal prefix
Example : kisa'o - ninth (in a sequence)
Example : kiyanyepa'o - 508th

Fractions

  • i- - fractional prefix
Example : isa'o - a ninth, 1/9
Example : iha'o te pa'o - three eighths, 3/8 [lit: a third of eight]

Word formation

Punctuation

See: Moya

Index

grammar outline | sentences | questions | lexicon | thematic lexicon | writing
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