Proto-Uralic/new

Two newly proposed vowels for PU.

• *ê produces Finnic *e/*ü, Samic *ɤ, Mordvinic *e, Permic *oo; Mansi *i, Khanty *e, Samoyedic *ê > *i elsewhere, Nganasan /ɨ/
• *ô produces Finnic *o/*i, Samic *o, Mordvinic *o;

Again, bold marks vocalic irregularities (except in Permic), red consonantal.

*ê

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoy.	Comments
*ê_i (std. *e_i ?)
"to fear"	*pel-kä-	*pɤlɤ-	peĺe-	-	*pool-	feel-	*pil-	*pel-	*pêj-
"blood"	*veri	*vɤrɤ	veŕ	*wʏr	*vir	veer	*wiɣər	*wer	-
"water"	*veci	-	veď	*wʏt	*vooð	viiz	*wit	-	*wêt	← IE?
"to go"	*mene-	*mɤnɤ-	-	*mije-	*mun(ɨ)-	mën-	*min-	*men-	*mên-	Ma. cf. Kar. mäne-
"to do"	*teke-	*tɤkɤ-	teje~tije-	-	-	tëv-	*tij-	*tej-	-	← IE
"lip"	-	*pɤŋsɤm	-	-	-	-	*piťem	*peɬem	*peptän	-ms- ?
"to take"	*vee-	*vīkɤ-	vije-	-	*vaj(ɨ)-	vi-	*wi-	*we-	*ü-	*êx > *ix in S/Mo??
"owl"	*hüüp-	*ɤpɤkē	-	-	-	-	*jipəɣ	*jepəɣ	-	Onomatopoetics in F.?
"warm"	E. eha	NS áccagas	eže-	-	-	-	*iš-	-	-
"bee"	*mehi-	-	mekš	*mükš	*mooš	meex	-	-	-	← II
"honey"	*meci	-	meď	*müj	*mooð	meez	-	-	-	← II
"skin"	*keri	*kɤrɤ	keŕ	*kʏr	*koor	keerëg	*kiir	*käär	-	ObU *kEr
"skin"	*keci	*kɤtɤ	keď	-	-	-	-	-	*kêt	Cf. prev; also *käðʲi → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
"to must"	-	*kɤlkɤ-	keĺge-	Me. küle- ~ Hi. kele-	*kool-	kell-	-	-	-	Cf. IE. Check if not *i?
"exchange"	*vero	-	veŕe-nc	*werć-	U. vur	-	-	*weer	-
"handle"	-	*nɤvtɤ	-	-	*nud	-	-	-	-	*-ŋt-. Check if not *i
"middle"	*keski	*kɤskɤ	keska	-	*koos	-	-	-	-
"throat"	*kero	*kɤrɤs	-	-	*goor	-	-	-	-
"to wash"	*pese-	*pɤsɤ-	pezo-	-	-	-	-	-	-	← IE
"to stretch"	*venü-	*vɤnɤ-	veńeme-	-	-	-	-	-	*wênä	Smy "rope"
"boat"	*veneh	*vɤnɤs	veńeš	-	-	-	-	-	-
"to be in time"	*ehti-	*ɤstɤ-	-	*əšte-	K. eštɨ-	-	-	-	-	K. ← F?
"leaf"	*lehti	*lɤstɤ	-	*ləštaš	-	-	-	-	-	← IE
"work"	*töö	-	ťev	-	-	-	-	-	-	*têwi; cf. *têki
"lime, bast"	*lehmus	-	ĺevos	-	-	-	-	-	-
"dove"	F metti- ~ E meikka-	-	meče	-	-	-	-	-	-
"pestle"	*petkel	-	peťkeĺ	-	-	-	-	-	-
"feather"	*hewhen	*sɤvsɤm	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
"to tear"	*repe-	*rɤpɤ-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"next"	*enti	*ɤvtɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*-ŋt-
*e_i in *ê-system (all old cases long or difthongal? see also *äx, *e_a)
"to cook"	-	-	pije-	-	K. pu-	(föö-)	*pääj-	-	*pi-	*pexi-; cf. *pEsa- !
"matter"	-	*sējɤ	sij	*šü	*śiś	eev	*säj	*ɬöj	*tiəj	*sexji
"7"	*sejcem	*čēčɤm	śiśem	*səm	*śiźɨm	-	-	-	-	← IE?
"round"	*kehkerä	-	kičkere	*kə/ɤškär	-	-	-	-
"to drink"	*seemV-	-	śime-	-	-	-	-	-	-	(check if a loan)
"lichen on trees"	-	*jēvjɤmē	-	-	-	-	-	*jej	*jüjə	Pre-Smy *ew → *ü ?
"dog"	*penVj	*peanɤk	pińe	*pij ~ *pʊni	*poon(ɨ)	(fene)	-	-	-	Short! *e_a with Finnic *-j, Samic *-ik? H. "wild" may not belong
"brother"	*velji	*vēljɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Short! ← IE?
"clear"	*selke-	*čēlkɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid."
"to boil"	*kee-, *kei-	*kí-	-	*küa-	-	köve-	-	-	-
""
*E_i (generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri)
"mushroom"	*seeni	*čānā	-	*šeen	U. śeńki	-	*šiinəɣ	*säänəɣ	-	*śExni ?
"to cut"	*vejci	-	-	-	K. vɤź-	vees-	-	*wäänť-	-	K. delabzn / loss of *ŋ? F. "knife"
"girl"	*nejtVj	*nējtɤ	ni	-	*nɨl	-	*nii	*niiŋ	*nê	Wrt. S (& Mo?) cf. difthong
"to eat"	*söö-	-	śeve-	-	*śooj	ëv-	*tii-, *tääj-	*ɬii-	*ti-mä	Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch!
"soul, breath, steam"	*lewlü	*lēvlɤ	-	-	*lool	leelek	*liil	*ɬiiɬ	-	Wrt. S, cf. difthong
"front"	*eti	-	-	-	-	elöö	*iil	*iiɬ	-
*E_a
"2"	(*kakti)	(*kōktē)	(kavta)	(kok)	*kɨk	keet	*kit	*kiit, käät	*kêtä	Ms. *i before a cluster? FV *kakta
"price"	-	-	-	-	*doon	-	*tin	*tään	-	(no evidence for a cluster)
"to dodge"	-	*kɤrvē-	-	-	-	kerül-	*kir-	*käärəɣ-	-	Ms. *i before a cluster?
"to cook"	-	*pɤsē-	-	-	*pɤɤž-	-	*piit-	*pääɬ-	-	P. delabzn!? Cf. *pexi-
"(to) thin"	-	*keancē	-	-	-	keskëń	-	*käänť-	-	Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh.
Finnic *öö is confusing
"to hit"	*löö-	-	-	*lüje-	K. lɨj-	löv-	*li-	-	*jöw-	*lêxi? *lêwi?
West *e; East *ê
"to sell"	*möö-	*mēkɤ-	mije-	-	*med	-	*miɣ-	*me-	*mi-	*mexi
"nest"	*pesä	*peasē	pizə	*pəžäš	*pooz	feesek	*pit	*peɬ	*pêtä
"4"	*neljä	*ńealjē	ńiĺe	*nɪl	*ńooĺ	neeɟ	*nilə	*ńeɬää	-	U. *oo₂ → i between palatals?
"thumb"	*pewka-	*pealkē	päĺkä	-	U. pɤlɨ ~ K. pel	-	-	-	*pêj	ZERO regularity.

*ô

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoy.	Comments
*ô_i > F & Mo. *o, Ma. *a
"3"	*kolmi	*kolmɤ	kolmo	*kʊm	#kuuiŋ	haarom	*kuurəm	*kooɬəm	-	*-rm- ? -ðm- ?? Wanderwort?!
"minor river"	*joki	*jokɤ	jov	*joɣə	*juu	joo	*jɯɯɣɯɯ	-	-
"major river"	*juka	-	-					*jooɣən	*jəka	for comparision
"dry"	*koski	*koškɤ-	kośke-	*kaškə-	*k(w)ååś	-	-	-	*kåsə-	F. meaning "rapids", → S. *kóškɤ ibid.
"birch bark vessel"	*kosja	"Ko. S" kočēk	-	-	-	-	*kus	*koťək	-	F. → NS guošši
"bow"	*jouci	*jōksɤ	joŋks	*jaŋež	-	iij	*jaɣət	*jooɣəɬ	*jïntə	*-ŋs-
"to pursue"	*nou-ta-	-	-	-	-	-	*ńåwt-	*ńååɣəɬ-	*ńo-	close to *u
"bosom"	*povi	*pōŋɤ	Er. poŋgo ~ Mk. pov	Hi. poŋgəš ~ Me. poməš	*pi	-	*puut	*poɣəɬ	-	Hang on, it's *uu ~ *o again
"snot"	*nolki	*snōlkɤ	nolga	-	-	ńaal	-	-	-	Or *o with Mo. irregular
"stick"	*ponci	-	ponda	*panðə	U. pud ~ K. bed	-	-	-	-
"to sieve"	*pohtVj-	-	ponžavto-	-	*poož-	-	-	-	-
"straw"	*olki	-	olgo	-	-	-	-	-	-
"corner; to hide"	*soppi	-	śopo-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"bear"	*okci	-	ovto	-	-	-	-	-	-	Cf. IE!
"to sink"	*lonteh	-	londado-	-	-	-	-	-	-
*ô_a type 1 (substratal?)
"wet"	*loppa	-	lopa-vto-	*lʊp	K. lap	-	-	-	-
"valley"	*lotma	-	ložmo	-	-	-	-	-	-	Phonotax non-Uralic
"shameful; lazy"	*nolo	-	nola	-	-	-	-	-	-
*ô_a type 2
"I"	*minä	*mon	mon	*məń	*mö(n)	een	*äm	*mä	*mən	Two allomorphs may exist of each: *m/tina, *m/tun.
"thou"	*cinä	*ton	ton	*tiń	*tö(n)	te	-	-	*tən
"bird"	*lintu	*lontē	-	*lʊðə	-	luud	*luuntə	*låånt	-
"sleeve"	*hija	*soajē			*sooj	ujj	*tɯɯjət	*ɬɯɯt	*tüəj
"sleeve"	*hiha	*sɤsē	oža	sokš						F. / S. *h- by contam. with the prev.
"phloem"	*nila	*ńɤlɤ	nola	Me. nolo	U. ńɤl ~ K. ńɯla	-	*ńål	*ńaɬ	-
"to curse"	*kiro-	*kɤrō-	kor-	-	-	-	*kår-	*koorəm	*kərä-	close to *u
"to wash"	*liko-	-	-	-	-	-	*låwt-	*loɣɯɯt-	-
"to thro"	*viska-	-	-	-	-	-	*wåśkə-	*wośkə-	-	close to *u
"to scrape"	*vito-	*vɤcō-	-	-	*vuušt-	vaasik-	*ašeɣ-	*wooč-	-
"skin"	*iho	*ɤsē	jožo	Hi. juž	K. ež	-	-	-	-	← II *iza- ?!
"green, yellow, poison, hate"	*viha, *viherä	-	ožo	*ʊžar	*vöž	-	-	-	-	NS vâšše ← F. Ultimately ← II
"to sharpen"	*hijo-	*sɤjē-	šova-	*šʊme-	-	-	-	-	-
"to bind"	*sito-	-	sodo-	*šüðüš	-	-	-	-	-
"yeast; foam"	*hiiva	-	*šoŋ	*šoŋ	-	-	-	-	-	F. ← B. *šiiva- "white"?
"to pluck"	*kitke/o-	*kɤckē-	kočko-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Cf. *kiske-
"to sit"	*istu-	(*i(š)tɤ-)	oza-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Unclear medial. S. ← F.
"price"	*hinta	-	čonda	-	-	-	-	-	-
"pig"	*cika	-	tuvo	-	-	-	-	-	-	Mo. raising before -v-?
"surface, body"	*pinta	-	ponda	-	U. ped	-	-	-	-	Dubious semantics, F may be ← Gmc.
"ski"	*sipakka	*sɤpēkkē	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"to stretch"	*piŋko-	*pɤŋkē-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Or *i_a.
"brest"	*rinta	*rɤntē	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"rapid"	*niva	*ńɤvē	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	If not F. ← S.
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