Proto-Uralic/new

Two newly proposed vowels for PU.

• *ê produces Finnic *e/*ü, Samic *ɤ, Mordvinic *e; Mansi *i, Khanty *e, Samoyedic *ê > *i elsewhere, Nganasan /ɨ/
• *ô produces Finnic *o/*i, Samic *o, Mordvinic *o;

Again, bold marks vocalic irregularities (except in Permic), red consonantal.

• Mari *aa *ee *öö *ɤɤ = /a e ə ɤ/ in Hill Mari, /o i ü u/ in Meadow Mari
• Permic *ö *åå *oo *ɤɤ = /e o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /o a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
  • In Komi, /v/ appears initially

*ê

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoy.	Comments
*ê_i (std. *e_i ?)
"to fear"	*pel-kä-	*pɤlɤ-	peĺe-	-	*pool-	feel-	*pil-	*pel-	*pêj-
"blood"	*veri	*vɤrɤ	veŕ	*wöör	*vir	veer	*wiɣər	*wer	-
"water"	*veti	-	veď	*wööt	U. vu ~ K. va	viiz	*wit	-	*wêt	← IE? Note Komi *oot > *a
"to go"	*mene-	*mɤnɤ-	-	*mije-	U. mɯnɯ- ~ K. mun-	mën-	*min-	*men-	*mên-
"to do"	*teke-	*tɤkɤ-	teje~tije-	-	-	tëv-	*tij-	*tej-	-	← IE
"to hit"	*löö-	-	-	*lüe-	K. lɯj-	löv-	*li-	-	*jöw-	WTF. *lêxi? *lêwi?
"lip"	-	*pɤŋsɤm	-	-	-	-	*piťem	*peɬem	*peptän	-ms- ?
"to take"	*vee-	*víkɤ-	vije-	-	*vaj(ɯ)-	vi-	*wi-	*we-	-	*êx > *ix in S/Mo??
"owl"	*hüüp-	*ɤpɤké	-	-	-	-	*jipəɣ	*jepəɣ	-	Onomatopoetics in F.?
"warm"	E. eha	NS áccagas	eže-	-	-	-	*iš-	-	-
"bee"	*mehi-	-	mekš	*mükš	*mooš	meex	-	-	-	← II
"honey"	*meti	-	meď	*müj	U. mu ~ K. ma	meez	-	-	-	← II. Komi *oot > a
"2"	(*kakti)	(*kókté)	(kavta)	(kok)	*kɯk	keet	*kit	*kiit, käät	*kêtä	FV *kakta
"price"	-	-	-	-	*doon	-	*tin	*tään	-
"skin"	*keri	*kɤrɤ	keŕ	*köör	*koor	keerëg	*kiir	*käär	*kêti	ObU *kEr
"to cut; knife"	*vejce-	-	-	-	K. vɤź-	vees-	-	*wäänť-	-	*-ŋć-
"breath; heat"	*heŋki	-	-	-	U. džog	-	*sääŋk	*čeŋk, saŋk	-
"to must"	-	*kɤlkɤ-	keĺge-	Me. küle- ~ Hi. kele-	*kool-	kell-	-	-	-	Cf. IE. Check if not *i?
"handle"	-	*nɤvtɤ	-	-	U. nɯd ~ K. nud	-	-	-	-	*-ŋt-
"skin"	*keti	*kɤtɤ	keď	-	-	-	-	-	-	Cf. prev; also *käðʲi → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən
"middle"	*keski	*kɤskɤ	keska	-	*koos	-	-	-	-
"to wash"	*pese-	*pɤsɤ-	pezo-	-	-	-	-	-	-	← IE
"to stretch"	*venü-	*vɤnɤ-	veńeme-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"boat"	*veneh	*vɤnɤs	veńeš	-	-	-	-	-	-
"to be in time"	*ehti-	*ɤstɤ-	-	*əšte-	K. eštɯ-	-	-	-	-	K. ← F?
"leaf"	*lehti	*lɤstɤ	-	*ləštaš	-	-	-	-	-	← IE
"feather"	*hewhen	*sɤvsɤm	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match
"to tear"	*repe-	*rɤpɤ-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"next"	*enti	*ɤvtɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*-ŋt-
"work"	*töö	-	ťev	-	-	-	-	-	-	Cf. *têki
"lime, bast"	*lehmus	-	ĺevos	-	-	-	-	-	-
"dove"	F metti- ~ E meikka-	-	meče	-	-	-	-	-	-
*e_i in *ê-system (all old cases long or difthongal? see also *äx, *e_a)
"to cook"	-	-	pije-	-	K. pu-	(föö-)	*pääj-	-	*pi-	*pexi-; cf. *pêsa- !
"matter"	-	*séjɤ	sij	*šü	*śiś	eev	*säj	*ɬöj	*tiəj	*sexji
"7"	*sejcem	*čéčɤm	śiśem	*səm	*śiźɯm	-	-	-	-	← IE?
"to drink"	*seemV-	-	śime-	-	-	-	-	-	-	(check if a loan)
"lichen on trees"	-	*jévjɤmé	-	-	-	-	-	*jej	*jüjə	Pre-Smy *ew → *ü ?
"dog"	*penVj	*peanɤk	pińe	*pij ~ *pɤɤni	*poon(ɯ)	(fene)	-	-	-	Short! *e_a with Finnic *-j, Samic *-ik? H. "wild" may not belong
"brother"	*velji	*véljɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Short! ← IE?
"clear"	*selke-	*čélkɤ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid."
"to boil"	*kee-, *kei-	*kí-	-	*küa-	-	köve-	-	-	-
""
*E_i (generally coda glides, but note *Eði)
"mushroom"	*seeni	*čáná	-	*šeen	U. śeńki	-	*šiinəɣ	*säänəɣ	-	*śExni ?
"girl"	*nejtVj	*néjtɤ	ni	-	*nɯl	-	*nii	*niiŋ	*nê	Wrt. S, cf. difthong
"soul, breath, steam"	*lewlü	*lévlɤ	-	-	*lool	leelek	*liil	*ɬiiɬ	-	Wrt. S, cf. difthong
"front"	*eti	-	-	-	-	elöö	*iil	*iiɬ	-
*ê_a & such (see also *ü, *e_a)
"alder"	*leppä	*leapé	ĺepä	-	-	-	-	-	-	← B.
"corn"	*jüvä	-	juv	-	U. ju ~ K. jɯki	-	-	-	-	← IE *jewa (Avestan yava etc.) Also explained as "sporadic labialization" in F.
"brother-in-law"	*kütü	-	-	-	-	-	*kil	*küɬi ?	-
"to dodge"	-	*kɤrvé-	-	-	-	kerül-	*kir-	*käärəɣ-	-
"glue"	*tümä	*ðɤmé	-	Me. lümö	*ĺem	-	-	-	*jêmä
"heart"	*sütäm	*čɤðém	śedeɲ	*šüm	U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm	siiv	*šim	*sem	*sejə
"man"	*ürkä	-	-	*erɣe	-	-ër	-	-	-
*E_a
"to cook"	-	*pɤsé-	-	-	*pɤɤž-	(föö-)	*piit-	*pääɬ-	-	ObU *pEɬ; cf. *pexi-
West *ê; East ??
"to eat"	*söö-	-	śeve-	-	U. śij ~ K. śoj	ëv-	*tää-	*ɬii-	-	Sibilant mismatch
West *e; East *ê
"to sell"	*möö-	*mékɤ-	mije-	-	*med	-	*miɣ-	*me-	*mi-	*mexi
"nest"	*pesä	*peasé	pizə	*pəžäš	*pooz	feesek	*pit	*peɬ	*pêtä
"thumb"	*peukalo	*pealké	päĺkä	-	U. pɤlɯ ~ K. pev	-	-	-	*pêj	ZERO regularity.

*ô

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoy.	Comments
*ô_i
"3"	*kolme	*kolmɤ	kolmo	*kɤɤm	U. kwiń ~ K. kujim	haarom	*kuurəm	*kooləm	-
"minor river"	*joki	*jokɤ	jov	*joɣə	*ju	joo	*jɯɯɣɯɯ	-	-
"major river"	*juka	-	-					*jooɣən	*jəka	for comparision
"dry"	*koski	*koškɤ-	kośke-	*kaškə-	*k(w)ååś	-	-	-	*kåsə-	F. meaning "rapids", → S. *kóškɤ ibid.
"birch bark vessel"	*kosja	"Ko. S" kočék	-	-	-	-	*kus	*koťək	-	F. → NS guošši
"bow"	*jouci	*jóksɤ	joŋks	*jaaŋež	-	iij	*jaɣət	*jooɣəɬ	*jïntə	*-ŋs-
"bosom"	*povi	póŋɤ	Er. poŋgo ~ Mk. pov	Hi. poŋgəš ~ Me. poməš	*pi	-	*puut	*poɣəl	-
"snot"	*nolki	*snólkɤ	nolga	-	-	ńaal	-	-	-	Or *o with Mo. irregular
"wet"	*loppa	-	lopa-vto-	*lɤɤp	K. lap	-	-	-	-
"stick"	*ponti	-	ponda	*paanðə	U. pud ~ K. bed	-	-	-	-
"to sieve"	*pohti-	-	ponžavto-	-	*poož-	-	-	-	-
"straw"	*olki	-	olgo	-	-	-	-	-	-
"valley"	*lotma	-	ložmo	-	-	-	-	-	-	Phonotax non-Uralic
"to sink"	*lonteh	-	londado-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"shameful; lazy"	*nolo	-	nola	-	-	-	-	-	-
*ô_a
"I"	*minä	*mon	mon	*məń	*mö(n)	een	*äm	*mä	*mən	Two allomorphs may exist of each: *m/tina, *m/tun.
"thou"	*tinä	*ton	ton	*tiń	*tö(n)	te	-	-	*tən
"bird"	*lintu	*lonté	-	*lɤɤðə	-	luud	*luuntə	*låånt	-
"sleeve"	*hija	*soajé			*sooj	ujj	*tɯɯjət	*ɬɯɯt	*tüəj
"sleeve"	*hiha	*sɤsé	oža	sokš						F. / S. *h- by contam. with the prev.
"phloem"	*nila	*ńɤlɤ	nola	Me. nolo	U. ńɤl ~ K. ńɯla	-	*ńol	*ńal	-
"to wash"	*liko-	-	-	-	-	-	*låwt-	*loɣɯɯt-	-
"to curse"	*kiro-	*kɤro-	kor-	-	-	-	*kår-	*koorəm	*kərä-
"to scrape"	*vito-	*vɤco-	-	-	*vušt-	vaasik-	*ašeɣ-	*wooč-	-
"skin"	*iho	*ɤsé	jožo	Hi. juž	K. ež	-	-	-	-
"green, yellow, poison, hate"	*viha, *viherä	-	ožo	*ɤɤžar	*vöž	-	-	-	-	NS vâšše ← F. Ultimately ← II
"to sharpen"	*hijo-	*sɤjé-	šova-	*šɤɤme-	-	-	-	-	-
"to bind"	*sito-	-	sodo-	*šüðüš	-	-	-	-	-
"to pluck"	*kitko-	*kɤské-	kočko-	-	-	-	-	-	-
"to sit"	*istu-	(*i(š)tɤ-)	oza-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Unclear medial. S. ← F.
"price"	*hinta	-	čonda	-	-	-	-	-	-
"pig"	*sika	-	tuvo	-	-	-	-	-	-	Mo. raising before -v-?
"surface, body"	*pinta	-	ponda	-	U. ped	-	-	-	-	Dubious semantics, F may be ← Gmc.
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