Kala: Difference between revisions
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* sibling - '''uanata''' | * sibling - '''uanata''' | ||
* child - '''inata''' | * child - '''inata''' | ||
* father / uncle - '''ota''' | * father / uncle - '''ota''' | ||
* mother / aunt - '''ona''' | * mother / aunt - '''ona''' | ||
* | * husband - '''tla'ota''' | ||
* | * wife - '''tla'ona''' | ||
* grandfather - '''otaha''' | * grandfather - '''otaha''' | ||
* grandmother - '''onaha''' | * grandmother - '''onaha''' | ||
Line 217: | Line 216: | ||
* boy / son - '''ota'i''' | * boy / son - '''ota'i''' | ||
* girl / daughter - '''ona'i''' | * girl / daughter - '''ona'i''' | ||
* man / masculine / male - '''tlaka''' | |||
* woman / feminine / female - '''naka''' | |||
=== colors === | === colors === |
Revision as of 08:41, 2 May 2009
- Kala is meant to be a simple and euphonic personal conlang.
- Many lexical entries are inspired and/or influenced by any number of natlangs
Phonology
consonants
- Plosives
- p - [p~b] | t - [t~d] | k - [k~g] | ' - [?]
- Nasals
- m - [m] | n - [n] | ny - [J]
- Fricatives
- s - [s~S] | ts - [ts~tS] | h - [h~h\]
- Approximants
- u - [u] | y - [j]
- Laterals
- l - [l] | tl - [tK]
vowels
- a - /a~a:/ | e - /e~e:/ | i - /i~i:/ | o - /o~o:/ | u - /u~u:/
diphthongs
- ua - /wa:/ | ue - /we:/
phonotactics
- Kala allows only a single consonant at the start or end of a syllable, and up to two consonants word medially across a syllable boundary.
- The la syllable is the only restricted syllable; it cannot begin a word.
syllable structure
- (C)V(k, l, m, n, t)
syllable stress
- Kala stress is penultimate; that is, the next-to-last syllable of the word is stressed.
Grammar
degree
- The diminutive is formed with -l, and the augmentative with -t.
- Example : ina - food, meal | inal - snack, morsel | inat - feast, banquet
- Example : tsaka - house, home, dwelling | tsakal - shack, hut, cabin | tsakat - palace, mansion
- These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
- Example : yanal - light yellow, kuyat - dark green
plurals
- To make a noun plural, add -m to the end, or -im for words ending in a consonant.
- Example : kono - stone | konom - stones
- Example : sukal - piglet | sukalim - piglets
- Adjectives do not change when they are plural. However, when an adjective is used in place of a noun, it can be pluralized.
- Example : nyeli - pink | nyelim - (the) pink (ones)
gender
- In general, nouns do not indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, one can use the adjectival endings -ta and -na.
- Example : nikata "a male dog", nikana "a female dog".
articles
- There is only one article in Kala, ke. It is used primarily as a "noun marker".
- It is ambi-definite, meaning it can be either definite or indefinite. The distinction is made through context.
- Example : kama "village", ke kama "the/a village", ke kamam "the villages"
- Example : inal "snack", ke inal "the/a snack", ke inalim "the snacks"
pronouns
personal pronouns
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | na | nam |
2nd | ta | tam |
3rd | ha | kam |
possessive pronouns
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | nayo | namyo |
2nd | tayo | tamyo |
3rd | hayo | kamyo |
reflexive pronouns
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | na'i | nami |
2nd | ta'i | tami |
3rd | ha'i | kami |
Subj-Obj construction
1st sing | 2nd sing | 3rd sing | 1st plu | 2nd plu | 3rd plu | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st sing | - | na'eta | na'eha | - | na'etam | na'ekam |
2nd sing | ta'ena | - | ta'eha | ta'enam | - | ta'ekam |
3rd sing | ha'ena | ha'eta | - | ha'enam | ha'etam | ha'ekam |
1st plu | - | nameta | nameha | - | nametam | namekam |
2nd plu | tamena | - | tameha | tamenam | - | tamekam |
3rd plu | kamena | kameta | kameha | kamenam | kametam | - |
Lexicon
numbers
- zero / nothing / 0 - e'o
- one / 1 - na'o
- two / 2 - ta'o
- three / 3 - ha'o
- four / 4 - ma'o
- five / 5 - ya'o
- six / 6 - tsa'o
- seven / 7 - ka'o
- eight / 8 - pa'o
- nine / 9 - sa'o
- ten / 10 - ue'o
- hundred / 100 - nye'o
- thousand / 1000 - tle'o
higher numbers
- eleven / 11 - uena'o
- twenty / 20 - taue'o
- one hundred one / 107 - nyeka'o
- three hundred twenty five / 326 - hanyetauetsa'o (long form) | hatatsa'o (short form)
- six thousand and twenty / 6020 - tsatletaue'o
ordinals, fractions etc.
- ki- - ordinal/multiple prefix
- Example : kisa'o - ninth, or nine times
- Example : kiyanyepa'o - 508th, or 508 times
- i- - fractional prefix
- Example : isa'o - a ninth
- Example : iha'o pa'o - three eighths, ⅜
family
- family / kin - tlika
- parent - onata
- grandparent - onataha
- spouse - tlanata
- sibling - uanata
- child - inata
- father / uncle - ota
- mother / aunt - ona
- husband - tla'ota
- wife - tla'ona
- grandfather - otaha
- grandmother - onaha
- brother / cousin - otaua
- sister / cousin - onaua
- boy / son - ota'i
- girl / daughter - ona'i
- man / masculine / male - tlaka
- woman / feminine / female - naka
colors
- red - ketla
- orange - tliyo
- yellow - yana
- green - kuya
- blue - tsuku
- indigo, violet, purple - tlaku
- white, pale - nyahi
- black, dark - oya
- clear - yehi
General Lexica
- The majority of lexical units in Kala can have multiple roles.
- Most have a primary role, such as verb, noun or adjective, but almost all can serve in at least two roles.
- Because of this, this list is sorted alphabetically and not by part of speech or category.
a
- a - to be, exist | yes
- ahi - potato
- ala - to be born | to birth
- ama - time, year, season
- ani - wish, hope | to aspire
- aposi - outhouse, toilette
- ato - body, anatomy | corpse
- ato'a - torso | chest, belly
- aya - beauty | to be beautiful
e
h
- hani - land | a country or region
- hika - to stop, halt | wait
- hina - near, close, here
i
- ila - bird, avian | to fly, glide
- ina - food, sustenance | to eat, consume
- itsa - love, affection | to love, care for
k
- kala - to speak, talk, say | language, dialect
- kama - village, town, city
- kana - to lead, command | chief, leader
- kata - nature, universe | essence
- kaua - coffee
- ketla - red | blood | to bleed
- kipa - tooth | to bite, chew
- kita - to greet, welcome | hello, hi
- ko - person | agentive
- kono - gray | stone, rock
- ko'o - number, amount, quantity | to count
- kulu - all, every, each
- kuna - to expel | to excrete, shit, defecate
- kuya - green | grass, foliage
l
m
- ma - and, also, as well | plus | more
- mala - bad, unfavorable, negative
- mata - to kill, murder
- matla - stew, casserole, goulash
- maya - water, fluid | wet
- metla - to whistle | sound of wind | flute
- mo - to locate, place | locative | location [where]
n
- naha - river, stream | lake, pond
- naho - to regulate | rule | grammar
- nika - dog, canine
ny
- nyahi - white | snow | to snow
- nyeli - pink
o
- omo - to exchange, trade | commerce, business
p
s
t
tl
- tlela - to wash, bathe | clean, pure
ts
u
y
- ya'asa - wind, breeze | air
- yaka - arm, leg | appendage
- yama - mountain, hill | pile, mound
- yato - finger | hand
- yesa - be quiet, tranquil | peaceful
Examples
- mo ta yala ka
- place/locale 2sg go/walk/travel INT-part
- Where are you going?
- nam tsala inaye
- 1pl sauce/paste eat-PAST
- We ate the sauce.
- ko tayo onatam ka
- person 2sg-POSS parent-PL INT-part
- Who are your parents?
Article 1, UDHR
- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.