Kala: Difference between revisions

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* sibling - '''uanata'''
* sibling - '''uanata'''
* child - '''inata'''
* child - '''inata'''
* father / uncle - '''ota'''
* father / uncle - '''ota'''
* mother / aunt - '''ona'''
* mother / aunt - '''ona'''
* man / husband - '''tla'ota'''
* husband - '''tla'ota'''
* woman / husband - '''tla'ona'''
* wife - '''tla'ona'''
* grandfather - '''otaha'''
* grandfather - '''otaha'''
* grandmother - '''onaha'''
* grandmother - '''onaha'''
Line 217: Line 216:
* boy / son - '''ota'i'''
* boy / son - '''ota'i'''
* girl / daughter - '''ona'i'''
* girl / daughter - '''ona'i'''
* man / masculine / male - '''tlaka'''
* woman / feminine / female - '''naka'''


=== colors ===
=== colors ===

Revision as of 08:41, 2 May 2009

  • Kala is meant to be a simple and euphonic personal conlang.
  • Many lexical entries are inspired and/or influenced by any number of natlangs

Phonology

consonants

  • Plosives
p - [p~b] | t - [t~d] | k - [k~g] | ' - [?]
  • Nasals
m - [m] | n - [n] | ny - [J]
  • Fricatives
s - [s~S] | ts - [ts~tS] | h - [h~h\]
  • Approximants
u - [u] | y - [j]
  • Laterals
l - [l] | tl - [tK]

vowels

  • a - /a~a:/ | e - /e~e:/ | i - /i~i:/ | o - /o~o:/ | u - /u~u:/

diphthongs

  • ua - /wa:/ | ue - /we:/

phonotactics

  • Kala allows only a single consonant at the start or end of a syllable, and up to two consonants word medially across a syllable boundary.
The la syllable is the only restricted syllable; it cannot begin a word.

syllable structure

  • (C)V(k, l, m, n, t)

syllable stress

  • Kala stress is penultimate; that is, the next-to-last syllable of the word is stressed.

Grammar

degree

  • The diminutive is formed with -l, and the augmentative with -t.
Example : ina - food, meal | inal - snack, morsel | inat - feast, banquet
Example : tsaka - house, home, dwelling | tsakal - shack, hut, cabin | tsakat - palace, mansion
  • These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
Example : yanal - light yellow, kuyat - dark green

plurals

  • To make a noun plural, add -m to the end, or -im for words ending in a consonant.
Example : kono - stone | konom - stones
Example : sukal - piglet | sukalim - piglets
  • Adjectives do not change when they are plural. However, when an adjective is used in place of a noun, it can be pluralized.
Example : nyeli - pink | nyelim - (the) pink (ones)

gender

  • In general, nouns do not indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, one can use the adjectival endings -ta and -na.
Example : nikata "a male dog", nikana "a female dog".

articles

  • There is only one article in Kala, ke. It is used primarily as a "noun marker".
  • It is ambi-definite, meaning it can be either definite or indefinite. The distinction is made through context.
Example : kama "village", ke kama "the/a village", ke kamam "the villages"
Example : inal "snack", ke inal "the/a snack", ke inalim "the snacks"

pronouns

personal pronouns

Singular Plural
1st na nam
2nd ta tam
3rd ha kam

possessive pronouns

Singular Plural
1st nayo namyo
2nd tayo tamyo
3rd hayo kamyo

reflexive pronouns

Singular Plural
1st na'i nami
2nd ta'i tami
3rd ha'i kami

Subj-Obj construction

SUBJ-OBJ construction
1st sing 2nd sing 3rd sing 1st plu 2nd plu 3rd plu
1st sing - na'eta na'eha - na'etam na'ekam
2nd sing ta'ena - ta'eha ta'enam - ta'ekam
3rd sing ha'ena ha'eta - ha'enam ha'etam ha'ekam
1st plu - nameta nameha - nametam namekam
2nd plu tamena - tameha tamenam - tamekam
3rd plu kamena kameta kameha kamenam kametam -

Lexicon

numbers

  • zero / nothing / 0 - e'o
  • one / 1 - na'o
  • two / 2 - ta'o
  • three / 3 - ha'o
  • four / 4 - ma'o
  • five / 5 - ya'o
  • six / 6 - tsa'o
  • seven / 7 - ka'o
  • eight / 8 - pa'o
  • nine / 9 - sa'o
  • ten / 10 - ue'o
  • hundred / 100 - nye'o
  • thousand / 1000 - tle'o

higher numbers

  • eleven / 11 - uena'o
  • twenty / 20 - taue'o
  • one hundred one / 107 - nyeka'o
  • three hundred twenty five / 326 - hanyetauetsa'o (long form) | hatatsa'o (short form)
  • six thousand and twenty / 6020 - tsatletaue'o

ordinals, fractions etc.

  • ki- - ordinal/multiple prefix
Example : kisa'o - ninth, or nine times
Example : kiyanyepa'o - 508th, or 508 times
  • i- - fractional prefix
Example : isa'o - a ninth
Example : iha'o pa'o - three eighths, ⅜

family

  • family / kin - tlika
  • parent - onata
  • grandparent - onataha
  • spouse - tlanata
  • sibling - uanata
  • child - inata
  • father / uncle - ota
  • mother / aunt - ona
  • husband - tla'ota
  • wife - tla'ona
  • grandfather - otaha
  • grandmother - onaha
  • brother / cousin - otaua
  • sister / cousin - onaua
  • boy / son - ota'i
  • girl / daughter - ona'i
  • man / masculine / male - tlaka
  • woman / feminine / female - naka

colors

  • red - ketla
  • orange - tliyo
  • yellow - yana
  • green - kuya
  • blue - tsuku
  • indigo, violet, purple - tlaku
  • white, pale - nyahi
  • black, dark - oya
  • clear - yehi

General Lexica

  • The majority of lexical units in Kala can have multiple roles.
  • Most have a primary role, such as verb, noun or adjective, but almost all can serve in at least two roles.
  • Because of this, this list is sorted alphabetically and not by part of speech or category.


p t k m n s h l a

a

  • a - to be, exist | yes
  • ahi - potato
  • ala - to be born | to birth
  • ama - time, year, season
  • ani - wish, hope | to aspire
  • aposi - outhouse, toilette
  • ato - body, anatomy | corpse
  • ato'a - torso | chest, belly
  • aya - beauty | to be beautiful

e

h

  • hani - land | a country or region
  • hika - to stop, halt | wait
  • hina - near, close, here

i

  • ila - bird, avian | to fly, glide
  • ina - food, sustenance | to eat, consume
  • itsa - love, affection | to love, care for

k

  • kala - to speak, talk, say | language, dialect
  • kama - village, town, city
  • kana - to lead, command | chief, leader
  • kata - nature, universe | essence
  • kaua - coffee
  • ketla - red | blood | to bleed
  • kipa - tooth | to bite, chew
  • kita - to greet, welcome | hello, hi
  • ko - person | agentive
  • kono - gray | stone, rock
  • ko'o - number, amount, quantity | to count
  • kulu - all, every, each
  • kuna - to expel | to excrete, shit, defecate
  • kuya - green | grass, foliage

l

m

  • ma - and, also, as well | plus | more
  • mala - bad, unfavorable, negative
  • mata - to kill, murder
  • matla - stew, casserole, goulash
  • maya - water, fluid | wet
  • metla - to whistle | sound of wind | flute
  • mo - to locate, place | locative | location [where]

n

  • naha - river, stream | lake, pond
  • naho - to regulate | rule | grammar
  • nika - dog, canine

ny

  • nyahi - white | snow | to snow
  • nyeli - pink

o

  • omo - to exchange, trade | commerce, business

p

s

t

tl

  • tlela - to wash, bathe | clean, pure

ts

u

y

  • ya'asa - wind, breeze | air
  • yaka - arm, leg | appendage
  • yama - mountain, hill | pile, mound
  • yato - finger | hand
  • yesa - be quiet, tranquil | peaceful

Examples

  • mo ta yala ka
place/locale 2sg go/walk/travel INT-part
Where are you going?
  • nam tsala inaye
1pl sauce/paste eat-PAST
We ate the sauce.
  • ko tayo onatam ka
person 2sg-POSS parent-PL INT-part
Who are your parents?

Article 1, UDHR

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.