Middle Anaureth

Pronunciation

Anaureth has a large vowel system. Long vowels are indicated by the accute accent whereas the umlaut diacritic indicates the fronting of the back vowels /a/ and /u/. In addition to the basic pronunciation of vowels Anaureth also has a rather large selection of dipthong vowels, which play an important role in both noun and verbal declensions. Luckily the pronunciation for both vowels and consonants is always regular, which means that the pronunciation always remains the same. Anaureth has 12 vowels and 21 consonants, with a total of 33 letters in the alphabet.

    Vowels:       Pronunication:     

    a (short)     as in marry
    á (long)      as in father  
    ä             as in ran 
    e (short)     as in merry 
    é (long)      as in bear
    i (short)     as in pit
    í (long)      as in happy 
    o (short)     as in moral 
    ó (long)      as in for 
    u (short)     as in good   
    ú (long)      as in food  
    ü             as in perfume   

Vowels
	Front		Near-front		Central		Near-back		Back
High	i, í, ü									u, ú
High-mid			e, é							o, ó
mid
Low-mid
Low	ä				a, á

    Dipthong:     Pronunciation:
    
    ae            as in the "ay" sound in pay
    ai            as in ae
    au            as in restaurant
    ei            as in the “y” sound in shy
    eu            as in the "eau" sound in beautiful
    ie            as in ei
    oi            as in coin
    ou            as in the "oo" sound in food
    ue            as in ou
    ui            as in ou
    uo            as in ou
    

    Consonant:     Pronunciation:

    b              as in be
    c              as in cat 
    d              as in den
    f              as in four
    g              as in get
    h              as in hat
    j              as in jam 
    k              as in Kite
    l              as in lemon 
    m              as in man
    n              as in man
    p              as in pen
    q              as in quater
    r              as in ran
    s              as in sun
    t              as in toast
    v              as in van
    w              as in water
    y              as in why
    z              as in zoo
    

Consonant clusters and trigraphs:

Consonant clusters occures when two consonants are placed together. Consonant clusters tend to occure at the end of Anaureth words, although they may sometimes occure at the beginning or in the middle of various words. In Anaureth the consonant clusters include: ch, ds, dy, jh, lh, ly, nh, ny, ph, rh, rr, rs, sh, th, tr, ts, ty, wh, and zh. Anaureth also has select group of triconsonants, which occure when three consonants are placed together. Triconsonants include: dys, lys, nys, rrs, thy, try, tys, vys, and zhy. Triconsonants exclusivly occure at the end of a word.

Consonants
	Bilabial		Labio-dental		Labio-velar		Dental		Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Uvelar		Glottal
Nasal	m								n							ŋ
Plosive	p, b								t, d				c			k, g		q
Fricative			f, v				θð		z, s		tʃ, Ʒ					x				h
Affricate											ʤ
Approximants						w			ɹ				j
Lateral Approximant									l

Vowel change

Vowel mutation is the phonomenon in which a vowel in a word is changed according to it's morphological and/ or stynatic evironment. In Anaureth vowel mutation is triggered by the occurance of inflictions. This can sometimes be confusing because the genral rule requires that only the final vowel in the un-inflicted word may be mutated upon recieving the infliction ignoring any vowel vowel among the infliction itself. For example the final vowel in the word "verinef" (plant) "i" becomes "y" in the dual form "verynéf" (plants). This rule is ignored however if the rule breaks vowel harmony. The vowel mutations include the following:

• a becomes "ai" as in paint.

• e becomes "i" as in think.

• i becomes "i" as in "y" in the word why.

Consonant mutation

Consonant Mutation is the phenomenon in which a consonant in a word is changed according to it's morphological and/or stynatic environment. In Anaureth consonant mutation occures among the following consonants: /b/, /c/, /d/, /g/, /p/, and /t/. Anaureth has two forms of consonant mutation: soft mutation and an aspirate mutation. Soft mutation turns the plosives /c/, /p/ and /t/, into the voiced consonants /g/, /b/ and /t/, whereas the voiced consonants /b/ and /d/ become soft, changing into the consonants /f/ and /dd/. Various rules apply when it comes to consonant mutation.

Like vowel mutation, consonant mutation occures among final consonants in the un-inflicted word upon recieving the infliction whilst ignoring any consonat among the infliction itself. Consonants tend to stay in the radical form when the consonant that would normally undergo mutation is part of a consonant cluster or when the consonant follows a short vowel. Soft mutation occures when the plosives /c/, /p/ and /t/, directly follow a long vowel, whereas the aspirate mutation tends to occure among consonants that follow a vowel dipthong. The table below demonstrates the various forms of consonant mutation.

Radical	Soft	Aspirate
b	f	-
c	g	ch
d	dd	-
p	b	ph
t	d	th

Nouns

A Noun is a person, place, or thing. In total, Anaureth has eight noun cases. The noun cases include the nominative case which indicates the subject of a finite verb, the accusative case which indicates the direct object of a verb, the dative case which indicates the indirect object of a verb, the ablative case which indicates the object of most common prepositions, the genitive case which indicates the possessor of another noun, the vocative case which indicates an adressee, the locative case which indicates a location, and the instrumental case which indicates an object used in performing an action. The infliction for noun case always occures directly after the first consonant in a word, and not at the end of the word as in most grammatical cases in Anaureth.

Nouns decline for both number (singular, dual, and plural) and gender (masculine, feminine). The declensions for number and gender are merged together. The number is detirmined through the length of the vowel. The vowel is always left unmarked in the singular number, whereas in both the dual and plural number the vowel is marked with an accute diacritic which is then followed by a consonant and the vowel /a/ in the plural number. The gender is always marked with one of two vowels. The masculine gender is marked with either of the vowels /e/ or /é/ and the femine gender is marked with either of the vowels /a/ or /á/.

Regular nouns:

The following declensions are added onto all regular nouns, that is any noun that ends with a vowel.

Strong Nouns:

	Masculine			Feminine
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	nefir	néfir	néfair	nafir	náfir	náfair
Dative	nelir	nélir	nélair	nalir	nálir	nálair
Ablative	nenir	nénir	nénair	nanir	nánir	nánair
Genitive	nesir	nésir	nésair	nasir	násir	násair
Vocative	netir	nétir	nétair	natir	nátir	nátair
Locative	nevir	névir	névair	navir	návir	návair
Instrumental	newir	néwir	néwair	nawir	náwir	náwair

Weak Nouns:

	Masculine			Feminine
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	nef	néf	néfa	naf	náf	náfa
Dative	nel	nél	néla	nal	nál	nála
Ablative	nen	nén	néna	nan	nán	nána
Genitive	nes	nés	nésa	nas	nás	nása
Vocative	net	nét	néta	nat	nát	náta
Locative	nev	név	néva	nav	náv	náva
Instrumental	new	néw	néwa	naw	náw	náwa

Irregular Nouns:

The following declensions are added onto all irregular nouns, that is any noun that ends with a consonant.

Strong Nouns:

	Masculine			Feminine
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	efir	éfir	éfair	afir	áfir	áfair
Dative	elir	élir	élair	alir	álir	álair
Ablative	enir	énir	énair	anir	ánir	ánair
Genitive	esir	ésir	ésair	asir	ásir	ásair
Vocative	etir	étir	étair	atir	átir	átair
Locative	evir	évir	évair	avir	ávir	ávair
Instrumental	ewir	éwir	éwair	awir	áwir	áwair

Weak Nouns:

	Masculine			Feminine
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ef	éf	éfa	af	áf	áfa
Dative	el	él	éla	al	ál	ála
Ablative	en	én	éna	an	án	ána
Genitive	es	és	ésa	as	ás	ása
Vocative	et	ét	éta	at	át	áta
Locative	ev	év	éva	av	áv	áva
Instrumental	ew	éw	éwa	aw	áw	áwa

Articles

An article helps to link one word to another. Anaureth has eight articles. The articles include a definate article which is used before singular, dual and plural word forms that refer to a particular member of a group, such as the word "the" in the sentence, "the cat is on the mat," and the indefinate article which is used only before singular word forms that refer to any member of a group, such as the word "a" in the sentence, "a cat is a mammal." Both the definate and indifinate article are placed before the noun or verb.

	Masculine			Feminine
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Definate	ne (the)	né (the)	nés (the)	na (the)	ná (the)	nás (the)
Indifinate	el (a)	-	-	al (a)	-	-

Pre & Postpositions

A preposition is a word that introduces a prepositional phrase. For example in the sentence, "the cat sleeps on the sofa," the word "on" is a preposition, introducing the phrase, "on the sofa." In both English and Anaureth the most common prepositions are "of", "to", "in", "for", and "on." A postposition, however, uses the same words except that the word order is reversed.

Pronouns

A pronoun is a word that replaces another noun or pronoun. Pronouns, like nouns and verbs, distinguish between three numbers singular (one person), dual (two persons) and plural (two or more persons). For example there is a 3rd person dual "ada" (they) and a 3rd person plural "áda" (they). The pronouns also destinguish between inlclusive and exclusive. For example there is a 1st inclusive "de" (we) 1st person exclusive "des" (we) a 2nd person inclusive "dé" (we) and a 2nd person exclusive "dés" (we).

Anaureth speakers are also particularly concerned with familiarity and politeness in speech. For example there is 2nd person dual familiar "ara" and "ára" (you) which is used when the speaker is speaking to family and friends, and the 2nd person plural "aran" and "áran" (you) which is used when the speaker is speaking to various people outside of their group of family and friends.

In High Anaureth pronouns were far more complicated. This was mainly because the pronouns also had different endings depending on the function that they served in the sentence. For example there was a 2nd person pronoun "ar" (you) which indicated the "you" subject pronoun, and the 2nd person pronoun "ari" (you) which marked the "you" object pronoun. This feature was later dropped in both Middle and Low Anaureth so the 2nd person pronoun "ar" (you) was used for both the subject and the oject "you."

The placement of pronouns has also changed. Traditionally pronouns served as word endings that were directly added onto the noun or verb. However pronouns in both Middle and Low Anaureth are placed dirrectly before the noun or verb and therefore they are cosidered as independent words. A complete list of pronouns are shown in the three tables below.

		Subject	Object	Reflective
1st person		es (I)	den (me)	denath (myself)
2nd person	Familiar	ar (you)	ar (you)	aranath (yourself)
	Polite	ár (you)	ár (you)	-
3rd person		vir (he)	viran (him)	viranath (himself)
		dei (she)	dei (her)	deilath (herself)
		ven (it)	ven (it)	venath (itself)

Dual Pronouns:

		Subject	Object	Reflexive
1st person	Inclusive	de (we)	nos (us)	noseth (ourselves)
	Exclusive	des (we)	-	-
2nd person	Familiar	ára (you)	ára (you)	áraleth (yourselves)
	Polite	áran (you)	áran (you)	-
3rd person		ada (they)	adan (them)	adaneth (themselves)

Plural Pronouns:

		Subject	Object	Reflexive
1st person	Inclusive	dé (we)	nós (us)	nóseth (ourselves)
	Exclusive	dés (we)	-	-
2nd person	Familiar	árá (you)	árá (you)	áráleth (yourselves)
	Polite	árán (you)	árán (you)	-
3rd person		áda (they)	ádan (them)	ádaneth (themselves)

Verbs

Verbs are words that descibe actions. For instance in the sentence, "the dog ran across the road," the word "ran" is a example of a verb. Anaureth verbs are a complex area in Anaureth grammar with a conjugation scheme that allows for X tenses, X moods, X aspect and X voice. Verbs are conjugated by isolating the stem of the verb and adding the ending. The ending depends on the tense, aspect, mood and the voice of the verb. Verbs may also be categorized into three distinct groups depending on the un-inflicted ending of a verb. The un-inflicted ending determines the possible inflictions that the verb may inflict for. The three groups include:

	Strong		Weak
	Regular	Irregular	Regular	Irregular
Group 1	uv	tu	tuv	tus
Group 2	av	ta	tav	tas
	ev	te	tev	tes
	iv	ti	tiv	tiv
Group 3	aiv	tai	taiv	tais
	eiv	tei	teiv	teis
	oiv	toi	toiv	tois

Tense:

The tense is used to express the time when an action occured. Anaureth has five tenses. The tenses include the past tense, which indicate actions that occured in the past; the present-tense, which indicates actions that occured in the present; the aorist tense, which is used as an alternative present tense; the near-future tense, which indicates actions that will occure within the next few weeks, months, and years; and the future-tense, which indicates actions that will occure in some years time. The following inflictions are added at the end of a verb, as a suffix.

Regular verbs:

	Masculine			Feminine
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Past	adye	adyé	adyés	adya	adyá	adyás
Present	alye	alyé	alyés	alya	alyá	alyás
Aorist	anye	anyé	anyés	anya	anyá	anyás
Near Future	atye	atyé	atyés	atya	atyá	atyás
Future	avye	avyé	avyes	avya	avyá	avyás

Irregular verbs:

	Masculine			Feminine
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Past	dye	dyé	dyés	dya	dyá	dyás
Present	lye	lyé	lyés	lya	lyá	lyás
Aorist	nye	nyé	nyés	nya	nyá	nyás
Near Future	tye	tyé	tyés	tya	tyá	tyás
Future	vye	vyé	vyes	vya	vyá	vyás

Aspect:

The aspect is similar to tense in that it helps to describe the time when the action occured. The Aspect is divided into past and present active. The past active includes subjects such as the past simple, which indicates an action that took place in the past (I ate); the past progressive, which indicates an action took place in the past (I was eating); the past perfict, which indicates an action that was completed in the past with respect to the past (I had eaten); and the past perfict progressive, which indicates an action that was completed recently with resepct to the past (I had been eating).

The present active includes subjects such as the present simple, which indicates an action that occured in the past and continues to the present (I eat); the present progressive, which indicates an incomplete action that is currently occuring (I was eating); the present perfict, which indicates a completed action with resepect to the present (I had eaten); and the present perfict progressive, which indicates an action that was completed recently in resepect to the present (I had been eating).

Mood:

The Mood includes subjects such as the indicative, which indicates statements (Australia is divided into six states) and questions (Why is Australia considered to be an isolated country?); the conditional, which indicates that the action expressed by the verb may not actually happen (Australia may experiance a second great depression); the imperitive, which indicates commands (Don't go wondering around Melbourne by yourself); the operative, which indicates hopes or wishes (The Prime Minister hopes to improve the Australian economy); the potential, which indicates that the action expressed by the verb is likely to happen although it's not certain (The drought seasons in Australia might become longer because of the increasing global warming); and the eventive, which is a combination of the potential and the conditional (Australia may be next country to have a female Prime Minister).

Voice:

The voice indicates the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by it's arguments (subject, object etc.) In Anauran their are two types of voice. The active voice, indicates the agent of the verb; and the passive voice, indicates the subject is the target of the verb.

Adverbs

Adverbs describe how, when, and where an action took place. For example in the sentence, "Jane drives slowly," the word "slowly" is an adverb. Adverbs are formed from basic verbal roots which are then given the infliction /ra/.

Adjectives

An adjectove is a word that modifies another noun or pronoun. For example in the sentence, "that is a tall building," the word "tall" is an adjective.