Cadim Grammar: Difference between revisions

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*opposite -- '''aksa'''
*opposite -- '''aksa'''


==Temporal -- '''di zaman'''==
==Temporal -- '''de zaman'''==


*at, to -- '''a'''
*at, to -- '''ala'''
*before -- '''anta'''
*before -- '''anta'''
*after -- '''baad'''
*after -- '''ba'ad'''
*since -- '''mun'''
*since -- '''mun'''
*in (hence) -- '''dagu'''
*in (hence) -- '''talha'''
*during -- '''dum'''
*during -- '''dum'''
*until -- '''ala'''
*until -- '''gayet'''


==Relational -- '''de suhed'''==
==Relational -- '''de suhed'''==

Revision as of 11:28, 23 August 2008

Nouns

Nouns and adjectives

Adjectives indicating quantities precede the noun; adjectives indicating qualities follow it. But tayeb "good" and zela "bad" usually precede the noun.

  • -t/-at for most words
  • -m/-em for words ending in front vowels other than [a] or when the word ends with a coronal plosive

The plural endings do not change the original stress of the word: neko, cat... nekom cats, muj, man... mujat, men. Note that adjectives do not agree with plural nouns.

If there are other words (such as zida (much/many) or numbers) that indicate plurality, the plural ending may be omitted.

Gender is not indicated in most nouns. For animals, use muj and jena as adjectives after the noun.

  • Adjectives do not change when they are plural. But when an adjective is used in place of a noun, it can be pluralized: al tali "the following (ones)".

Articles

Cadim only has a definite article.

  • the -- al

The preposition de or man (of/from/about) is used without an article to express the partitive sense, e.g. icub de kahua... a cup of coffee, al darab de yuga... the piece of cake.

No article is used when a word is being used in a generic sense, e.g. amu kahua, yuga ilha tayeb... I like coffee, cake is good.

It is always permissible to drop articles after prepositions.

No article is necessary before names, words used as names, abstract nouns (-(e)ya), or infinitives (-ek/-mak).

Determiners

The following words precede the noun and often substitute for la or un and add a degree of precision:

  • this -- hada
    • e.g. this thing, these things -- hada ceya, hada ceyat
    • as a pronoun: this, these -- hada, hadam
  • that -- sela
    • e.g. that thing, those things -- sela ceya, sela ceyat
    • as a pronoun: that, those -- sela, selat
  • all -- kul(u)
    • e.g. all things, everything -- kul ceyat
    • as a pronoun: all, everyone -- kulu
  • each, every -- kada
    • e.g. each thing, everything -- kada ceya
    • as a pronoun: each one, every one -- kularen (persons only)
  • some -- nej
    • e.g. something, somethings -- nej ceya, nej ceyat
    • as a pronoun: someone -- nejaren (persons only)
  • no -- ne , la
    • e.g. nothing, no one -- nul, neren
    • as a pronoun: none, no one -- neren (persons only)

The following (when adjectives) require an article unless plural:

  • many -- zida
    • e.g. ceyat zida... many things
    • e.g. al zida ceyat... the many things
  • few -- cua
    • e.g. ceyat cua... few things
    • e.g. al ceyat cua... the few things
  • same -- ista
    • e.g. al ceya ista, al ceyat ista... the same thing, the same things
  • other, else -- otra
    • e.g. al ceya otra, al ceyat otra... the other things, the other thing
    • e.g. ceya otra, ceyat otra... another thing, other things.

The preceding particles are often followed by...

  • thing -- ceya
  • person -- aren
  • time -- ura (time, hour of the day)
    • ima (occasion)
  • place -- omra (area)
    • lu (location)
  • amount, quantity -- anza
  • manner, way, how -- mod
  • case, situation, circumstance -- miq

Others:

  • both -- bada
    • bada ceyat
  • enough -- bas
    • bas ceyat
  • such -- tan
    • tan ceyat
  • certain -- tok
    • tok ceya, tok ceyat
  • sole, only -- nur(a)
    • al nura ceya, nur ceya

Pronouns

  • this -- hada
    • as a pronoun: this, these -- hada, hadam
  • that -- sela
    • as a pronoun: that, those -- sela, selat

Enom.GIF

Accusative

  • te The polite/formal form.
  • il, neuter | ila, feminine | ilu, masculine.

Possessive

  • nai is more common than anai.

Nominative

  • -el is the formal form of the 3rd person singular.
  • -te The polite/formal form of 2nd person singular.

Prepositions

Spacial -- de ruma

  • at, to -- ela
  • in front of -- ama
  • behind -- ba'ad
  • from, out of -- de
  • in, into -- be
  • outside -- bara
  • above, over, on -- ala
  • below, under -- tahet
  • between, among -- bayan
  • by, beside, up to -- janiba
  • toward -- ela
  • along -- alat
  • across, through -- kebra
  • around -- hula
  • opposite -- aksa

Temporal -- de zaman

  • at, to -- ala
  • before -- anta
  • after -- ba'ad
  • since -- mun
  • in (hence) -- talha
  • during -- dum
  • until -- gayet

Relational -- de suhed

  • of -- man
  • about, concerning -- beka
  • for, in order to, benefiting, on behalf of -- heyara
  • by (actor, author) -- beya
  • with, in company of, using -- mita
  • without, except -- ona
  • opposite, against, in spite of -- aksa
  • approximately, around, close to -- hula