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{{main|Proto-Alri}}
{{main|Proto-Alri}}
This page gives an extensive description of '''Proto-Alri syntactical''' features.
This page gives an extensive description of '''Proto-Alri phonological''' features.
==Main clause and word order==
==Consonants==
Proto-Alri is an almost strictly '''SOV''' (''Subject-Object-Verb'') language.
The consonant system distinguishes 20 phonemes, traditionally arranged in the following scheme:
{| class="wikitable"
'''ṫiʡek̇ə laje majrow'''
|-
  <small>the man sees the dog</small>
| colspan="2" | || colspan="3" | <center>''IPA''</center> || colspan="3" | <center>''Transcription''</center>
|-
| style="width: 120px;" rowspan="3" | <small>''plosive''</small> || style="width: 120px;"| <small>''voiceless''</small> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[p]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[k]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[t]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>'''p'''</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>'''k'''</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>'''t'''</center>
|-
| <small>''aspirated''</small> || <center>[pʰ]</center> || <center>[kʰ]</center> || <center>[tʰ]</center> || <center>'''pʰ'''</center> || <center>'''kʰ'''</center> || <center>'''tʰ'''</center>
|-
| <small>''pharyngeal''</small> || || <center>[ʡ]</center> || || || <center>'''ʡ'''</center> ||
|-
| colspan="2" | <small>''nasal''</small> || <center>[m]</center> || || <center>[n]</center> || <center>m</center> || || <center>n</center>
|-
| colspan="2" | <small>''liquid''</small> || <center>[r]</center> || || <center>[l]</center> || <center>r</center> || || <center>l</center>
|-
| rowspan="7" | <small>''fricative''</small> ||<small>''dental''</small> || || <center>[ð]</center> || || || <center>ð</center> ||
|-
| <small>''sibilant''</small> || || <center>[s]</center> || || || <center>s</center> ||
|-
| <small>''alveolar''</small> || || <center>[ʃ]</center> || || || <center>š</center> ||
|-
| <small>''glottal''</small> || || <center>[h]</center> || || || <center>h</center> ||
|-
| <small>''palatal''</small> || || <center>[ç]</center> || || || <center>ç</center> ||
|-
| <small>''bilabial''</small> || <center>[ɸ]</center> || || <center>[β]</center> || <center>ɸ</center> || || <center>β</center>
|-
| <small>''velar''</small> || <center>[x]</center> || || <center>[ɣ]</center> || <center>x</center> || || <center>ɣ</center>
|-
| colspan="2" | <small>''approximant''</small> || <center>[j]</center> || || <center>[w]</center> || <center>j</center> || || <center>w</center>
|-
| colspan="2" | <small>''affricate''</small> || || <center>[ʧ]</center> || || || <center>č</center> ||
|-
|}


The quite rich case system allows every other possible word order, but most of them prove to be very marked and infrequently used. The only word order with a clear role and a frequent usage is '''OSV''' (''Object-Subject-Verbs''), which marks the so-called ''passive construct''.
The group of the plosive consonants is essentially scarce. It distinguishes two sub-groups: ''voiceless'' and ''voiced'', and the voiced sub-group includes the phoneme [g] alone.


'''laje ṫiʡek̇ə majrow'''
The group of the nasal and of the liquid consonants is similarly scarce, but anyway quite developed. The group of the fricative is substantially richer in its amount of phonemes and points of articulation.
<small>the dog is seen by the man</small>


The other elements in the sentence are usually placed in the order “''place-manner-cause-time''”, although they are basically freer than the main elements. An object in the dative case, when conveying the indirect object, can be freely placed ''before'' or ''after'' the direct object of the sentence, with a slight tendence to be placed ''after'' it.
The phoneme [w] can have both semivocalic and consonantal value, while the phoneme [j] has always a full consonantal value and it is never regarded as a semivowel.
 
'''khjenek̇ə sowʡe lajeʈu k̇oʂu / khjenek̇ə lajeʈu sowʡe k̇oʂu'''
<small>the man gives bread to the dog / the man gives the dog bread</small>
 
A peculiar feature is the ''agreement system'' of nouns with nominal forms of verbs. The subject of a deverbal nominal form is treated as the original point of an action and it is declined in the ''ablative'' case, while the possible direct object is treated as the final point of an action and it is declined in the ''terminative'' case.
 
'''majre lajeʈu ṫiʡeʡo'''
<small>the man's sight of the dog</small>

Revision as of 03:27, 15 April 2025

Main article: Proto-Alri

This page gives an extensive description of Proto-Alri phonological features.

Consonants

The consonant system distinguishes 20 phonemes, traditionally arranged in the following scheme:

IPA
Transcription
plosive voiceless
[p]
[k]
[t]
p
k
t
aspirated
[pʰ]
[kʰ]
[tʰ]
pʰ
kʰ
tʰ
pharyngeal
[ʡ]
ʡ
nasal
[m]
[n]
m
n
liquid
[r]
[l]
r
l
fricative dental
[ð]
ð
sibilant
[s]
s
alveolar
[ʃ]
š
glottal
[h]
h
palatal
[ç]
ç
bilabial
[ɸ]
[β]
ɸ
β
velar
[x]
[ɣ]
x
ɣ
approximant
[j]
[w]
j
w
affricate
[ʧ]
č

The group of the plosive consonants is essentially scarce. It distinguishes two sub-groups: voiceless and voiced, and the voiced sub-group includes the phoneme [g] alone.

The group of the nasal and of the liquid consonants is similarly scarce, but anyway quite developed. The group of the fricative is substantially richer in its amount of phonemes and points of articulation.

The phoneme [w] can have both semivocalic and consonantal value, while the phoneme [j] has always a full consonantal value and it is never regarded as a semivowel.

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