Senjecas - List of Conjunctions: Difference between revisions

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==Pronunciation table==
==Pronunciation table==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1600px;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1150px;"
! colspan="6" | <center>पेमु॓को<br>peműko<br>(labial)</center>
! colspan="6" | <center>'''peműko'''<br>(labial)</center>
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! colspan="6" | रीसु॓कॊ<br>riisűko<br>(dental)
! colspan="6" | '''riisűko'''<br>(dental)
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! colspan="6" | मुइतु॓को<br>muitűko<br>(alveolar)
! colspan="6" | '''muitűko'''<br>(alveolar)
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! colspan="6-" | भइनु॓को<br>vainűko<br>(palatal)
! colspan="6-" | '''vainűko'''<br>(palatal)
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! colspan="6" | च्युस्वे॓नोस् <br>ṡ̨uuše̋nos<br>(vowels with प)
! colspan="6" | '''ṡ̨uuše̋nos'''<br>(vowels with प)
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!colspan="3" | नि॓थो  च्युस्वे॓नोस्  <br>nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos''' <br>(weak vowels)
! colspan="3" | '''nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos'''<br>(weak vowels)
|-
|-
! <center>p</center>
! <center>p</center>
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!
! š
!
!
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! i
! i  
! e
! e
! a
! a
! ɔ
! [[Wikipedia:O|ɔ]]
! o
! o
! u
! u
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! ĭ
! ı
! ĕ
! ɛ
! ŭ
! y
|-
|-
! <center>प</center>
! <center>प</center>
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! ग
! ग
! क़
! क़
! ग़
! [[Wikipedia:Gha|ग़]]
! ह
! ह
! य
! [[Wikipedia:Yogh|]]
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! त्व
! स्व
! त्य
! स्य
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! इ ई<br><br>पि पी
! इ ई<br>पि पी
! ए एै<br><br>पे पै
! ए एै<br>पे पै
! अ आ<br><br>प पा
! अ आ<br>प पा
! ऒ ॵ<br><br>पॊ पॏ
! ऒ ॵ<br>पॊ पॏ
! ओ औ<br><br>पो पौ
! ओ औ<br>पो पौ
! उ ऊ<br><br>पु पू
! उ ऊ<br>पु पू
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! तं
! पं
! तऺ
! पऺ
! तॅ
! पॅ
|-
|-
| /p/
| /p/
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!
!
!
!
| //
| //
| //
| //
!
!
!
!
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| /ɛ/
| /ɛ/
| /ʊ/
| /ʊ/
|}
==Glossing abbreviations==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| 1s/p = 1st person singular/plural
| ABL = [[Wikipedia:Ablative case|ablative suffix]]
| COL = [[Wikipedia:Collective noun|collective]]
| F = feminine
| INT = intensive prefix
| PRV = [[Wikipedia:Privative|privative prefix]]
| SUP = [[Wikipedia:Supine|supine]]
|-
| 2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural
| ABS = absolutive<br>(an unmarked modifying adjective)
| DES = [[Wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative]]
| FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]]
| LAT = [[Wikipedia:Lative case|lative suffix]]
| PST = past
| TRZ = transitivizer
|-
| 3 = 3rd person
| ADV = adverb
| DIM = diminutive
| FUT = future
| LOC = [[Wikipedia:Locative case|locative suffix]]
| REV = [[Wikipedia:Opposite (semantics)|reversive]]
| VOC = vocative particle
|-
| A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)
| AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]]
| ELIS = [[Wikipedia:Elision|elision]]
| IMP = imperative
| M = masculine
| Q = [[Wikipedia:Interrogative word|interrogative particle]]
| YNG = young
|-
| G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)
| AP = agent (active) participle
| ELT = [[Wikipedia:Elative case|elative]]
| INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]]
| OCC = occupation suffix
| QUOT = direct quotation
|
|-
| N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)
| AUG = augmentative
| EP = [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis#As a grammatical rule|epenthesis]]
| IND = indicative
| PP = patient (past) participle
| RPR = recent perfective
|
|-
| V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)
| CAUS = [[Wikipedia:Causative|causative]]
| EQU = equative degree
| INS = instrument
| PRF = perfect
| SBJ = subjunctive
|
|}
|}


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==Coordinating conjunctions - '''párƣeðsa̋m̃o'''==
==Coordinating conjunctions - '''párƣeðsa̋m̃o'''==
*1. '''da''' connects two clauses or sentences: and.
*1. '''da''' connects two clauses or sentences: and.
::'''éȝu se̋dom áfa e-e̋e̋ga da te̋rom e-vı̋da:'''
*She got up from her chair and left the room.
:::She got up from her chair and left the room.
*'''éȝu se̋dom áfa e-e̋e̋ga. <u>da</u> te̋rom e-vı̋da:'''
:{|
!éȝ-u||se̋d-om||áfa||e=e̋e̋g-a||da||te̋r-om||e=vı̋d-a
|-
|3-N.s||chair-A.s||off_of||PST=get_up||and||room-A.s||PST=leave-IND
|}
 
 
*2. '''de''' denotes on the contrary: but (rather), whereas.
*The doctor arrived but it was too late.
*'''le̋e̋gu e-tőpa. <u>de</u> kétu xa̋lo e-e̋sa:'''
:{|
!le̋e̋g-u||e=tőp-a||de||kétu||xa̋l-o||e=e̋s-a
|-
|doctor-N.s||PST=arrive-IND||but||too||late-N.s||PST=be-IND
|}
 
 
*3. '''ésti''' denotes in spite of what preceded: but, however, yet, although, nevertheless, on the other hand
*I thought I knew you, yet I was wrong.
*'''mu mum tum że̋e̋nu e-na̋ma. <u>ésti</u> műnu e-vűűa:'''
:{|
!m-u||m-um||t-um||że̋e̋n-u||e=na̋m-a||ésti||műn-u||e=vűű-a
|-
|1s-N||1s-A||2s-A||know-SUP||PST=think-IND||yet||wrong-N.s||PST=be-IND
|}
 
 
*4. '''éti''' denotes in addition to: plus, and in addition to, as well as.
*In addition to the hat, the lady bought an umbrella.
*'''ande̋ru ṡa̋bom <u>éti</u> suumnı̋ı̋zom e-sa̋a:'''
:{|
!ande̋r-u||ṡa̋b-om||éti||suum_nı̋ı̋z-om||e=sa̋-a
|-
|lady-N.s||hat-A.s||in_addition_to||rain_shadow-A.s||PST=buy-IND
|}
 
 
*5. '''-m̃e''' denotes two alternatives, either of which could be true: or.
*Mother will bring us barley bread or wheat bread for supper.
*'''ma̋a̋ma dork̬ős tááda m̃úm do alvɛða̋a̋nom<u>m̃e</u> k̬a̋zom<u>m̃e</u> u-tőƣa:'''
:{|
!ma̋a̋m-a||dork̬-ős||tááda||m̃-úm||do||alv=ɛ_ða̋a̋n-om||m̃e||k̬a̋z-om||m̃e||u=tőƣ-a
|-
|mother-N.s||supper-G.s||for||1p-G||to||barley=EPEN_bread-A.s||or||wheat_bread-A.s||or||FUT=bring-IND
|}


*2. '''ésti''' denotes in spite of what preceded: but, however, yet, although, nevertheless, on the other hand
::'''mu mum tum że̋e̋nu e-na̋ma. ésti műnu e-vűűa:'''
:::I thought I knew you, yet I was wrong.


*3. '''éti''' denotes in addition to: plus, and in addition to, as well as.
*6. '''m̃o''' denotes a situation in which there are only two alternatives: or, or else.
::'''ande̋ru ṡa̋bom éti suumnı̋zom e-sa̋a:'''
*Go with me or stay.
:::In addition to the hat, the lady bought an umbrella.
*'''mum sűne. <u>m̃o</u> ɠa̋le:'''
:{|
!m-um||sűn-e||m̃o||ɠa̋l-e
|-
|1s-A||go_with-IMP||or||remain-IMP
|}


*4. '''-m̃e''' denotes two alternatives, either of which could be true: or.
::'''ma̋a̋ma dork̬ős tááda m̃úm do alvĕða̋a̋nomm̃e k̬a̋zomm̃e u-tőƣa:'''
:::Mother will bring us barley bread or wheat bread for supper.


*5. '''m̃o''' denotes a situation in which there are only two alternatives: or, or else.
*7. '''ném̃o''' denotes negative alternative: or not.
::'''mum sűne m̃o ɠa̋le:'''
*You may go with me or not.
:::Go with me or stay.
*'''tu mum sune̋ȝa <u>ném̃o</u>:'''
:{|
!t-u||m-um||sun-e̋ȝa||né_m̃o
|-
|2s-N||1s-A||go_with-SBJ||not_or
|}


*6. '''ném̃o''' denotes negative alternative: or not.
::'''tu mum sune̋ȝa ném̃o:'''
:::You may go with me or not.


*7. '''ƥűvi''' denotes a consequence; so-, (such-, -that).
*8. '''ƥúvi''' denotes a consequence; so-, (such-, -that).
::'''kétu me̋e̋a a̋han e-sűűm̃a. ƥűvi pa̋ðo e-ne̋va:'''
*It rained so many days that the dam burst.
:::It rained so many days that the dam burst.
*'''kétu me̋e̋a a̋han e-sűűm̃a. <u>ƥűvi</u> pa̋ðo e-ne̋va:'''
:{|
!kétu||me̋e̋a-Ø||a̋h-an||e=sűűm̃-a||ƥűvi||pa̋ð-o||e=ne̋v-a
|-
|so||many-ABS||day-A.p||PST=rain-IND||so_that||dam-N.s||PST=burst-IND
|}




==Subordinating conjunctions - '''fásƣeðsa̋m̃o'''==
==Subordinating conjunctions - '''fásƣeðsa̋m̃o'''==
*8. '''ávi''' denotes at the moment when: as soon as.
*9. '''ávi''' denotes at the moment when: as soon as.
::'''nőmom e-vĭvı̋da. ávi ha̋m̃aþu e-ı̋la:'''
*He had left home as soon as he was called.
:::He had left home as soon as he was called.
*'''nőmom e-vıvı̋da. <u>ávi</u> ha̋m̃aþu e-ı̋la:'''
:{|
!nőm-om||e=vı~vı̋d-a||ávi||ha̋m̃.a.þ-u||e=ı̋l-a
|-
|home-A.s||PST=PRF~leave-IND||as_soon_as||call.IND.PP-N.s||PST=become-IND
|}
 
 
*10. '''ébi''' denotes possibility: in case, in the event that, if
*If it rains, we'll stay home.
*'''<u>ébi</u> suum̃e̋ȝa. toári m̃us nómþi u-ɠa̋a̋la:'''
:{|
!ébi||suum̃-e̋ȝa||toári||m̃-us||nóm=þi||u=ɠa̋a̋l-a
|-
|if||rain-SBJ||then||1p-N||home=LOC||FUT=stay-IND
|}
 
 
*11. '''épi''' denotes in the same way that: as, so, in like manner, the way; in the capacity of.
*I will do it as the commander has ordered.
*'''mu éȝom u-kı̋a. <u>épi</u> e̋e̋vlu ehe̋e̋va:'''
:{|
!m-u||éȝ-om||u=kı̋-a||épi||e̋e̋v-l-u||eh~e̋e̋v-a
|-
|1s-N||3-A.s||FUT=do-IND||as||PRF~command-AG-N.s||PRF~order-IND
|}
 
 
*12. '''fési''' denotes up to the time that: before, until, ere.
*Before (ere) it reached our valley the storm dumped a lot of rain on the mountain.
*'''ðűűo ǧa̋rom éva me̋e̋e sűűm̃em e-pa̋usa. <u>fési</u> m̃u-le̋ðom e-tőpa:'''
:{|
!ðűű-o||ǧa̋r-om||éva||me̋e̋e-Ø||sűűm̃-em||e=pa̋us-a||fési||m̃u=le̋ð-om||e=tőp-a
|-
|storm-N.s||mountain-A.s||on||much-ABS||rain-A.s||PST=dump-IND||before||our=valley-A.s||PST=arrive_at-IND
|}
 


*9. '''ébi''' denotes possibility: in case, in the event that, if
*13. '''hi''' denotes by or for the cause that: because, as, for, since, now that, given that.
::'''m̃us nómþi u-ɠa̋a̋la. ébi suum̃e̋ȝa:'''
*We must return early since (because, as, for, given that) night falls quickly.
:::If it rains, we'll stay home.
*'''m̃us bázvi na̋a̋nu ke̋la. <u>hi</u> la̋a̋ta ááþvi tőpa:'''
:{|
!m̃-us||báz=vi||na̋a̋n-u||ke̋l-a||hi||la̋a̋t-a||ááþ=vi||tőp-a
|-
|1p-N||early=ADV||return-SUP||must-IND||because||night-N.s||quick=ADV||arrive-IND
|}


*10. '''épi''' denotes in the same way that: as, so, in like manner, the way; in the capacity of.
::'''mu éȝom u-kı̋a. épi e̋e̋vlu e̋e̋va:'''
:::I will do it as the commander has ordered.


*11. '''fési''' denotes up to the time that: before, until, ere.
*14. '''k̨ára''' denotes in the circumstance(s) that: if, provided that, on the condition that, whether, as long as [''with sbj.''].
::'''ðűűo ǧa̋rom éva me̋e̋e sűűm̃em e-pa̋usa. fési m̃u-le̋ðom e-tőpa:'''
*It would be better if (provided that, as long as) you went with me.
:::Before (ere) it reached our valley the storm dumped a lot of rain on the mountain.
*'''vıva̋do ese̋ȝa. <u>k̨ára</u> mum e-sune̋ȝa:'''
:{|
!vı~va̋d-o||es-e̋ȝa||k̨ára||m-um||e=sun-e̋ȝa
|-
|ELT~good-N.s.||be-SBJ||if||1s-A||PST=go_with-SBJ
|}


*12. '''hi''' denotes by or for the cause that: because, as, for, since, now that, given that.
::'''m̃us bázvi na̋a̋nu ke̋la. hi la̋a̋ta ááþvi tőpa:'''
:::We must return early since (because, as, for, given that) night falls quickly.


*13. '''k̨ára''' denotes in the circumstance(s) that: if, provided that, on the condition that, whether, as long as [''with sbj.''].
*15. '''láṡ̬i''' denotes in a manner suggesting: as if, as though, like [''with sbj.''].
::'''vĭva̋dos ese̋ȝa. k̨ára mum e-sune̋ȝa:'''
*The miller acts as if he were about to sneeze.
:::It would be better if (provided that, as long as) you went with me.
*'''mől̤u kı̋a. <u>láṡ̬i</u> tűmu sííra vuue̋ȝa:'''
:{|
!mől-l-u||kı̋-a||láṡ̬i||tűm-u||sííra|vuu-e̋ȝa
|-
|mill-AG-N.s||act-IND||as_if||sneeze-SUP||about_to||be-SBJ
|}


*14. '''láṡ̬i''' denotes in a manner suggesting: as if, as though, like [''with sbj.''].
::'''mől̤u kı̋a. láṡ̬i túmave̋ȝa:'''
:::The miller acts as if he were about to sneeze.


*15. '''méi''' denotes varying through time in the same proportion that: as.
*16. '''méi''' denotes varying through time in the same proportion that: as.
::'''mu ziþa̋sa. méi ðűűo e-ȝőba:'''
*I began to worry as the storm approached.
:::I began to worry as the storm approached.
*'''mu ziþa̋sa. <u>méi</u> ðűűo e-ȝőba:'''
:{|
!m-u||ziþ-a̋s-a||méi||ðűű-o||e=ȝőb-a
|-
|1s-N||worry-INC-IND||as||storm-N.s||PST=approach-IND
|}


*16. '''metáádi''' denotes for fear that: lest, so that...not [''with sbj.''].
::'''éȝu sa̋mpam bu a̋tu ke̋la. metáádi nőbon vane̋ȝa:'''
:::He should go outside for a moment lest (so that) he (not) damage his lungs.


*17. '''méti''' denotes at such time as: when, at the same time-, -that, -as, at the time that, at the time(s) at which, whenever, while, during the time at which, as, as-, -long-, -soon-, -as.
*17. '''méti''' denotes at such time as: when, at the same time-, -that, -as, at the time that, at the time(s) at which, whenever, while, during the time at which, as, as-, -long-, -soon-, -as.
::'''m̃us étu tőnom e-ve̋na. méti num tűmu e-ve̋na:'''
*When we heard him sneeze, we also heard the thunder.
:::When we heard him sneeze, we also heard the thunder.
*'''<u>méti</u> m̃us éȝum tűmu e-ve̋na. étu tőnom e-ve̋na:'''
:{|
!méti||m̃-us||éȝ-um||tűm-u||e=ve̋n-a||étu||tőn-om||e=ve̋n-a
|-
|when||1p-N||3-A.s||sneeze-SUP||PST=hear-IND||also||thunder-A.s||PST=hear-IND
|}
 


*18. '''móódi''' denotes in such or which way: how
*18. '''móódi''' denotes in such or which way: how
::'''mu sa̋a̋ra. móódi dőþom de̋xu ma̋ƣa:'''
*I know how I can get some money.
:::I know how I can get some money.
*'''mu sa̋a̋ra. <u>móódi</u> pı̋ı̋nom de̋xu ma̋ƣa:'''
:{|
!m-u||sa̋a̋r-a||móódi||pı̋ı̋n-om||de̋x-u||ma̋ƣ-a
|-
|1s-N||know-IND||how||money-A.s||get-SUP||be.able-IND
|}
 


*19. '''nóóli''' denotes to such an extent: insofar as, inasmuch as, in that.
*19. '''nóóli''' denotes to such an extent: insofar as, inasmuch as, in that.
::'''m̃ı̋ru m̃un e-þőna. nóóli kőuku e-e̋sa:'''
*Inasmuch as he was able, the cripple helped us.
:::Inasmuch as the man was a cripple, he helped us.
*'''<u>nóóli</u> éȝu e-ma̋ƣa. kőuku m̃un e-þőna:'''
:{|
!nóóli||éȝ-u||e=ma̋ƣ-a||kőuk-u||m̃-un||e=þőn-a
|-
|inasmuch_as||3-N.s||PST=be.able-IND||cripple-N.s||1p-A||PST=help-IND
|}
 


*20. '''ópi''' introduces an indirect question: whether
*20. '''ópi''' introduces an indirect question: whether
::'''mu sa̋a̋ra ne. ópi atı̋ı̋ha:'''
*I do not know whether I want to go.
:::I do not know whether I want to go.
*'''mu sa̋a̋ra ne. <u>ópi</u> atı̋ı̋ha:'''
:{|
!m-u||sa̋a̋r-a||ne||ópi||at-ı̋ı̋h-a
|-
|1s-N||know-IND||not||whether||go-DES-IND
|}
 


*21. '''pósi''' denotes that an action takes place after another action: after.
*21. '''pósi''' denotes that an action takes place after another action: after.
::'''tu le̋idu vide̋ȝa. pósi sűűm̃e u-de̋usa:'''
*You may go out to play after the rain stops.
:::You may go out to play after the rain stops.
*'''tu le̋idu vide̋ȝa. <u>pósi</u> sűűm̃e u-de̋usa:'''
:{|
!t-u||le̋id-u||vid-e̋ȝa||pósi||sűűm̃-e||u=de̋us-a
|-
|2s-N||play-SUP||go_out-SBJ||after||rain-N.s||FUT=stop-IND
|}
 


*22. '''sáámi''' denotes a concession: though, although, while, notwithstanding, even-, -if,  -though, albeit.
*22. '''sáámi''' denotes a concession: though, although, while, notwithstanding, even-, -if,  -though, albeit.
::'''kı̋lrus éstu ǧarfőőlan na̋a̋a. sáámi sűűm̃e fésvi alme̋e̋a a̋han e-de̋usa:'''
*Although the rain stopped several days ago, the [Lithan] villagers still fear landslides.
:::Although the rain stopped several days ago, the [Lithan] villagers still fear landslides.
*'''kı̋lrus éstu ǧarfőőlanɛ na̋a̋a. <u>sáámi</u> sűűm̃e fésvi alme̋e̋a a̋han e-de̋usa:'''
:{|
!kı̋lr-us||éstu||ǧar_főől-an=ɛ||na̋a̋-a||sáámi||sűűm̃-e||fés=vi||al=me̋e̋a-Ø||a̋h-an||e=de̋us-a
|-
|villager-N.p||still||mountain_fall-A.p=EP||fear-IND||although||rain-N.s||before=ADV||PRV=many-ABS||day-A.p||PST=stop-IND
|}
 
 
*23. '''sííri''' denotes up to a certain time or place: as far/much/many as, until.
*It rained and rained until the rivers overflowed.
*'''e-suum̃e̋la. <u>sííri</u> da̋a̋es e-þ̨a̋la:'''
:{|
!e=suum̃-e̋l-a||sííri||da̋a̋-es||e=þ̨a̋l-a
|-
|PST=rain-FRQ-IND||until||river-N.p||PST=overflow-IND
|}


*23. '''sííri''' denotes up to a certain time or place: as far/much/ many as, until.
::'''e-suum̃e̋la. sííri da̋a̋es e-þ̨a̋la:'''
:::It rained and rained until the rivers overflowed.


*24. '''síti''' denotes as example: as, such as, for example, by way of.
*24. '''síti''' denotes as example: as, such as, for example, by way of.
::'''m̃us ǧa̋lam ga̋uða. síti fésu nĭna̋ka neánu:'''
*We are experiencing a drought such as we’ve never seen before.
:::We are experiencing a drought such as we’ve never seen before.
*'''m̃us ǧa̋lam ga̋uða. <u>síti</u> fésu nına̋ka neánu:'''
:{|
!m̃-us||ǧa̋l-am||ga̋uð-a||síti||fésu||nı~na̋k-a||neánu
|-
|1p-N||drought-A.s||experience-IND||such_as||before||PRF~see-IND||never
|}
 


*25. '''sómi''' denotes a comparison: like; than [''when comparing sentences''].  
*25. '''sómi''' denotes a comparison: like; than [''when comparing sentences''].  
::'''mu gáámvi tum ka̋a. sómi éȝum:'''
*I like you more than (I like) her.
:::I like you more than (I like) her.
*'''mu gáámvi tum ka̋a. <u>sómi</u> ii-éȝum:'''
:{|
!m-u||gáám=vi||t-um||ka̋-a||sómi||ii=éȝ-um
|-
|1s-N||more=ADV||2s-A||like-IND||than||F=3-A.s
|}
 
 
*I like you more than she does (likes you).
*'''mu gáámvi tum ka̋a. <u>sómi</u> ii-éȝu tum ka̋a:'''
:{|
!m-u||gáám=vi||t-um||ka̋-a||sómi||ii=éȝ-u||t-um||ka̋-a
|-
|1s-N||more=ADV||2s-A||like-IND||than||F=3-N.s||2s-A||like-IND
|}


::'''mu gáámvi tum ka̋a. sómi éȝu tum ka̋a:'''
:::I like you more than she does (likes you).


*26. '''ši''' denotes an exception to a previous statement: except (that), but (that), were it not that.
*26. '''ši''' denotes an exception to a previous statement: except (that), but (that), were it not that.
::'''mu me̋xam vide̋ȝa. ši mőre nĭne̋ṡa:'''
*I would leave the country but (that) (except that, were it not that) my horse has died.
:::I would leave the country but (that) (except that, were it not that) my horse has died.
*'''mu me̋xam vide̋ȝa. <u>ši</u> mőre nıne̋ṡa:'''
:{|
!m-u||me̋x-am||vid-e̋ȝa||ši||mőr-e||nı~ne̋ṡ-a
|-
|1s-N||country-A.s||leave-SBJ||but||horse-N.s||PRF~die-IND
|}
 


*27. '''táádi''' denotes purpose: so that, in order that [''with sbj.''].
*27. '''táádi''' denotes purpose: so that, in order that [''with sbj.''].
::'''mu ánem sa' u-ke̋la. táádi ta̋ƣom tode̋ȝa:'''
*I will have to buy another so that I may start the journey.
:::I will have to buy another so that I may start the journey.
*'''mu ánem sa' u-ke̋la. <u>táádi</u> ta̋ƣom tode̋ȝa:'''
:{|
!m-u||án-em||sa='||u=ke̋l-a||táádi||ta̋ƣ-om||tod-e̋ȝa
|-
|1s-N||other-A.s||buy=ELIS||FUT=have_to-IND||so_that||journey-A.s||start-SBJ
|}


*28. '''toári''' denotes in a certain case: then [apodosis] [N.B. ''This clause is placed after the protasis, since the protasis is also a dependent clause.'']
::'''ébi mu ánem sae̋ȝa. toári taƣe̋dom sa̋' u-ke̋la:'''
:::If I buy another, (then) I will have to buy provisions.


*29. '''vái''' denotes at or in which place or situation: where.
*28. '''táádi ... ze''' denotes for fear that: lest, so that ... not [''with sbj.''].
::'''mu m̃ŭm̃űna. vái mu-ta̋a̋zlos e-ðe̋e̋a:'''
*He should go outside for a moment lest (so that) he (not) damage his lungs.
:::I have forgotten where I put my keys.
*'''éȝu sa̋mpam bu a̋tu ke̋la. <u>táádi</u> nőbon vane̋ȝa ze:'''
:{|
!éȝ-u||sa̋mp-am||bu||a̋t-u||ke̋l-a||táádi||nőb-on||van-e̋ȝa||ze
|-
|3-N.s||moment-A.s||out||go-SUP||should-IND||so_that||lung-A.p||damage-SBJ||not
|}
 
 
*29. '''toári''' denotes in a certain case: then [apodosis] [N.B. ''This clause is placed after the protasis, since the protasis is also a dependent clause.'']
*If I buy another, (then) I will have to buy provisions.
*'''ébi mu ánem sae̋ȝa. <u>toári</u> taƣe̋dom sa̋' u-ke̋la:'''
:{|
!ébi||m-u||án-em||sa-e̋ȝa||toári||taƣ_e̋d-om||sa̋='||u=ke̋l-a
|-
|if||1s-N||other-A.s||buy-SBJ||then||journey_food-A.s||buy=ELIS||FUT=have_to-IND
|}
 
 
*30. '''vái''' denotes at or in which place or situation: where.
*I have forgotten where I put my keys.
*'''mu m̃ym̃űna. <u>vái</u> mu-ta̋a̋zlon e-ðe̋e̋a:'''
:{|
!m-u||m̃y~m̃űn-a||vái||mu=ta̋a̋z-l-on||e=ðe̋e̋-a
|-
|1s-N||PRF~dforget-IND||where||my=lock-INS-A.p||PST=put-IND
|}




==Correlative conjunctions - '''ȝémƣeðsa̋m̃o'''==
==Correlative conjunctions - '''ȝémƣeðsa̋m̃o'''==
*30. '''épi ...épi...''' denotes a comparison of the same way or like manner: as...so....
*31. '''épi ...épi ...''' denotes a comparison of the same way or like manner: as ... so ....
::'''épi t' u-se̋e̋a. épi t' u-me̋e̋þa:'''
*As you sow, so shall you reap.
:::As you sow, so shall you reap.
*'''<u>épi</u> t' u-se̋e̋a. <u>épi</u> t' u-me̋e̋þa:'''
:{|
!épi||t='||u=se̋e̋-a||épi||t='||u=me̋e̋þ-a
|-
|as||2s=ELIS||FUT=sow-IND||so||2s=ELIS||FUT=reap-IND
|}


*31. '''-k̬e...-k̬e''' connects two words: and.
::'''éȝu' sa̋xomk̬e ka̋komk̬e k̬a̋zomk̬e tőƣu móóda u-aðne̋ma:'''
:::They will contribute by bringing beer, chicken and bread.


*32. '''m̃o... m̃o...''' denotes a situation in which there are only two alternatives: either...or.
*32. '''-k̬e ... -k̬e''' connects two words: and.
::'''tu m̃o dőrk̬om ávi u-e̋da m̃o u-de̋e̋a:'''
*They will contribute by bringing beer, chicken and bread.
:::You will either eat your dinner right now or you will go to bed.
*'''éȝu' sa̋xom<u>k̬e</u> ka̋kom<u>k̬e</u> k̬a̋zom<u>k̬e</u> tőƣu móóda u-aðne̋ma:'''
:{|
!éȝ-u='||sa̋x-om=k̬e||ka̋k-om=k̬e||k̬a̋z-om=k̬e||tőƣ-u||móóda||u=að_ne̋m-a
|-
|3-N.p=ELIS||beer-A.s=and||chicken-A.s=and||bread-A.s=and||bring-SUP||by||FUT=with_share-IND
|}


*33. '''nék̬e...nék̬e''' denotes the negative of either; neither... nor.
::'''nék̬e se̋sos nék̬e gűno bőþam ápa sőþlum e-sűka:'''
:::Neither threats nor torture turned the soldier from his duty.


*34. '''ne sólvi... ésti étu''', not only...but also.
*33. '''m̃o ... m̃o ...''' denotes a situation in which there are only two alternatives: either ... or.
::'''ne sólvi gőbu vűűa. ésti étu ƣosa̋a̋ru vűűa:'''
*You will either eat your dinner right now or you will go to bed.
:::Not only is he handsome, (but) he is also brilliant.
*'''tu <u>m̃o</u> ávi dőrk̬om u-e̋da <u>m̃o</u> u-þe̋ga:'''
:{|
!t-u||m̃o||ávi||dőrk̬-om||u=e̋d-a||m̃o||u=þe̋g-a
|-
|2s-N||either||right_now||dinner-A.s||FUT=eat-IND||or||FUT=go_to_bed-IND
|}


*35. '''ópi...ópi...''' denotes multiple alternative possibilities; whether...or.
::''' ópi tu ɠa̋a̋la. ópi a̋ta tu-re̋ko e̋sa:'''
:::Whether you stay or go is your decision.


*36. '''sómi...sómi...''', (just) as...so.
*34. '''nek̬e ... nek̬e''' denotes the negative of either; neither ... nor.
::'''sóm' iðr̨őnus m̃ɔðga̋þon żűsa. sómi aaþ̨őnu' s̨oofga̋þon żűsa:'''
*Neither threats nor torture turned the soldier from his duty.
:::Just as Ethrans love rosehips, so Pyrans love sloe berries.
*'''<u>nek̬e</u> se̋sos <u>nek̬e</u> gűno bőþam ápa sőþlum e-sűka:'''
:{|
!nek̬e||se̋s-os||nek̬e||gűn-o||bőþ-am||ápa||sőþ-l-um||e=sűk-a
|-
|neither||threat-N.p||nor||torture-N.s||duty-A.s||from||wage_war-AG-A.s||PST=turn-IND
|}


*37. '''vóói...vóói...''' denotes including two alternatives; both...and...
 
::'''vóói sőþlus vóói kőővus me̋bom do u-ǧe̋ma:'''
*35. '''ne sólvi ... ésti étu''', not only ... but also.
:::Both the soldiers and the nobles will come to the dance.
*Not only is he handsome, (but) he is also brilliant.
*'''éȝu <u>ne</u> sóólvi gőbu vűűa. <u>ésti</u> étu ƣosa̋a̋ru vűűa:'''
:{|
!éȝ-u||ne||sóól=vi||gőb-u||vűű-a||ésti||étu||ƣo=sa̋a̋r-u||vűű-a
|-
|3-N.s||not||only=ADV||handsome-N.s||be-IND||but||also||INT=intelligent-N.s||be-IND
|}
 
 
*36. '''ópi ...ópi ...''' denotes multiple alternative possibilities; whether ... or.
*Whether you stay or go is your decision.
*'''<u>ópi</u> tu ɠa̋a̋la. <u>ópi</u> a̋ta tu-re̋ko e̋sa:'''
:{|
!ópi||t-u||ɠa̋a̋l-a||ópi||a̋t-a||tu=re̋k-o||e̋s-a
|-
|whether||2s-N||stay-IND||or||go-IND||your=decision-N.s||be-IND
|}
 
 
*37. '''sómi ... sómi ...''', (just) as ... so ....
*Just as Ethrans love rosehips, so Pyrans love sloe berries.
*'''<u>sóm'</u> iðr̨őnus m̃ɔðga̋þon żűsa. <u>sómi</u> aaþ̨őnu' s̨oofga̋þon żűsa:'''
:{|
!sóm'||iðr̨őn-us||m̃ɔð_ga̋þ-on||żűs-a||sómi||aaþ̨őn-u='||s̨oof_ga̋þ-on||żűs-a
|-
|just_as||Ethran-N.p||rose_berry-A.p||enjoy-IND||so||Pyran-N.p=ELIS||sloe_berry-A.p||enjoy-IND
|}
 
 
*38. '''vóói ...vóói ...''' denotes including two alternatives; both ... and ...
*Both the soldiers and the nobles will come to the dance.
*'''<u>vóói</u>  sőþlus <u>vóói</u> kőővus mevsa̋rom do u-ǧe̋ma:'''
:{|
!vóói||sőþ-l-us||vóói||kőőv-us||mev_sa̋r-om||do||u=ǧe̋m-a
|-
|both||wage_war-AG-N.p||and||noble-N.p||dance_party-A.s||to||FUT=come-IND
|}




[[Senjecas - Table of Correlatives]]
[[Senjecas - List of Postpositions]]

Latest revision as of 11:45, 2 October 2024

Pronunciation table

peműko
(labial)
riisűko
(dental)
muitűko
(alveolar)
vainűko
(palatal)
ṡ̨uuše̋nos
(vowels with प)
nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos
(weak vowels)
p
b f v m t d þ ð ɫ l ż s z r n k g x ƣ h ȝ š i e a ɔ o u ı ɛ y
म़ ल़ स़ क़ ग़ स्व स्य इ ई
पि पी
ए एै
पे पै
अ आ
प पा
ऒ ॵ
पॊ पॏ
ओ औ
पो पौ
उ ऊ
पु पू
पं पऺ पॅ
/p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /m̥/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /l̥/ /l/ /ʦ/ /ʣ/ /s/ /z/ /ɾ̥/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ç/ /ʝ/ /j̊/ /j/ /sʷ/ /sʲ/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /ɒ/ /o/ /u/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /ʊ/


Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = 1st person singular/plural ABL = ablative suffix COL = collective F = feminine INT = intensive prefix PRV = privative prefix SUP = supine
2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural ABS = absolutive
(an unmarked modifying adjective)
DES = desiderative FRQ = frequentative LAT = lative suffix PST = past TRZ = transitivizer
3 = 3rd person ADV = adverb DIM = diminutive FUT = future LOC = locative suffix REV = reversive VOC = vocative particle
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural) AG = agent ELIS = elision IMP = imperative M = masculine Q = interrogative particle YNG = young
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural) AP = agent (active) participle ELT = elative INC = inchoative OCC = occupation suffix QUOT = direct quotation
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural) AUG = augmentative EP = epenthesis IND = indicative PP = patient (past) participle RPR = recent perfective
V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural) CAUS = causative EQU = equative degree INS = instrument PRF = perfect SBJ = subjunctive


Coordinating conjunctions - párƣeðsa̋m̃o

  • 1. da connects two clauses or sentences: and.
  • She got up from her chair and left the room.
  • éȝu se̋dom áfa e-e̋e̋ga. da te̋rom e-vı̋da:
éȝ-u se̋d-om áfa e=e̋e̋g-a da te̋r-om e=vı̋d-a
3-N.s chair-A.s off_of PST=get_up and room-A.s PST=leave-IND


  • 2. de denotes on the contrary: but (rather), whereas.
  • The doctor arrived but it was too late.
  • le̋e̋gu e-tőpa. de kétu xa̋lo e-e̋sa:
le̋e̋g-u e=tőp-a de kétu xa̋l-o e=e̋s-a
doctor-N.s PST=arrive-IND but too late-N.s PST=be-IND


  • 3. ésti denotes in spite of what preceded: but, however, yet, although, nevertheless, on the other hand
  • I thought I knew you, yet I was wrong.
  • mu mum tum że̋e̋nu e-na̋ma. ésti műnu e-vűűa:
m-u m-um t-um że̋e̋n-u e=na̋m-a ésti műn-u e=vűű-a
1s-N 1s-A 2s-A know-SUP PST=think-IND yet wrong-N.s PST=be-IND


  • 4. éti denotes in addition to: plus, and in addition to, as well as.
  • In addition to the hat, the lady bought an umbrella.
  • ande̋ru ṡa̋bom éti suumnı̋ı̋zom e-sa̋a:
ande̋r-u ṡa̋b-om éti suum_nı̋ı̋z-om e=sa̋-a
lady-N.s hat-A.s in_addition_to rain_shadow-A.s PST=buy-IND


  • 5. -m̃e denotes two alternatives, either of which could be true: or.
  • Mother will bring us barley bread or wheat bread for supper.
  • ma̋a̋ma dork̬ős tááda m̃úm do alvɛða̋a̋nomm̃e k̬a̋zomm̃e u-tőƣa:
ma̋a̋m-a dork̬-ős tááda m̃-úm do alv=ɛ_ða̋a̋n-om m̃e k̬a̋z-om m̃e u=tőƣ-a
mother-N.s supper-G.s for 1p-G to barley=EPEN_bread-A.s or wheat_bread-A.s or FUT=bring-IND


  • 6. m̃o denotes a situation in which there are only two alternatives: or, or else.
  • Go with me or stay.
  • mum sűne. m̃o ɠa̋le:
m-um sűn-e m̃o ɠa̋l-e
1s-A go_with-IMP or remain-IMP


  • 7. ném̃o denotes negative alternative: or not.
  • You may go with me or not.
  • tu mum sune̋ȝa ném̃o:
t-u m-um sun-e̋ȝa né_m̃o
2s-N 1s-A go_with-SBJ not_or


  • 8. ƥúvi denotes a consequence; so-, (such-, -that).
  • It rained so many days that the dam burst.
  • kétu me̋e̋a a̋han e-sűűm̃a. ƥűvi pa̋ðo e-ne̋va:
kétu me̋e̋a-Ø a̋h-an e=sűűm̃-a ƥűvi pa̋ð-o e=ne̋v-a
so many-ABS day-A.p PST=rain-IND so_that dam-N.s PST=burst-IND


Subordinating conjunctions - fásƣeðsa̋m̃o

  • 9. ávi denotes at the moment when: as soon as.
  • He had left home as soon as he was called.
  • nőmom e-vıvı̋da. ávi ha̋m̃aþu e-ı̋la:
nőm-om e=vı~vı̋d-a ávi ha̋m̃.a.þ-u e=ı̋l-a
home-A.s PST=PRF~leave-IND as_soon_as call.IND.PP-N.s PST=become-IND


  • 10. ébi denotes possibility: in case, in the event that, if
  • If it rains, we'll stay home.
  • ébi suum̃e̋ȝa. toári m̃us nómþi u-ɠa̋a̋la:
ébi suum̃-e̋ȝa toári m̃-us nóm=þi u=ɠa̋a̋l-a
if rain-SBJ then 1p-N home=LOC FUT=stay-IND


  • 11. épi denotes in the same way that: as, so, in like manner, the way; in the capacity of.
  • I will do it as the commander has ordered.
  • mu éȝom u-kı̋a. épi e̋e̋vlu ehe̋e̋va:
m-u éȝ-om u=kı̋-a épi e̋e̋v-l-u eh~e̋e̋v-a
1s-N 3-A.s FUT=do-IND as PRF~command-AG-N.s PRF~order-IND


  • 12. fési denotes up to the time that: before, until, ere.
  • Before (ere) it reached our valley the storm dumped a lot of rain on the mountain.
  • ðűűo ǧa̋rom éva me̋e̋e sűűm̃em e-pa̋usa. fési m̃u-le̋ðom e-tőpa:
ðűű-o ǧa̋r-om éva me̋e̋e-Ø sűűm̃-em e=pa̋us-a fési m̃u=le̋ð-om e=tőp-a
storm-N.s mountain-A.s on much-ABS rain-A.s PST=dump-IND before our=valley-A.s PST=arrive_at-IND


  • 13. hi denotes by or for the cause that: because, as, for, since, now that, given that.
  • We must return early since (because, as, for, given that) night falls quickly.
  • m̃us bázvi na̋a̋nu ke̋la. hi la̋a̋ta ááþvi tőpa:
m̃-us báz=vi na̋a̋n-u ke̋l-a hi la̋a̋t-a ááþ=vi tőp-a
1p-N early=ADV return-SUP must-IND because night-N.s quick=ADV arrive-IND


  • 14. k̨ára denotes in the circumstance(s) that: if, provided that, on the condition that, whether, as long as [with sbj.].
  • It would be better if (provided that, as long as) you went with me.
  • vıva̋do ese̋ȝa. k̨ára mum e-sune̋ȝa:
vı~va̋d-o es-e̋ȝa k̨ára m-um e=sun-e̋ȝa
ELT~good-N.s. be-SBJ if 1s-A PST=go_with-SBJ


  • 15. láṡ̬i denotes in a manner suggesting: as if, as though, like [with sbj.].
  • The miller acts as if he were about to sneeze.
  • mől̤u kı̋a. láṡ̬i tűmu sííra vuue̋ȝa:
mől-l-u kı̋-a láṡ̬i tűm-u vuu-e̋ȝa
mill-AG-N.s act-IND as_if sneeze-SUP about_to be-SBJ


  • 16. méi denotes varying through time in the same proportion that: as.
  • I began to worry as the storm approached.
  • mu ziþa̋sa. méi ðűűo e-ȝőba:
m-u ziþ-a̋s-a méi ðűű-o e=ȝőb-a
1s-N worry-INC-IND as storm-N.s PST=approach-IND


  • 17. méti denotes at such time as: when, at the same time-, -that, -as, at the time that, at the time(s) at which, whenever, while, during the time at which, as, as-, -long-, -soon-, -as.
  • When we heard him sneeze, we also heard the thunder.
  • méti m̃us éȝum tűmu e-ve̋na. étu tőnom e-ve̋na:
méti m̃-us éȝ-um tűm-u e=ve̋n-a étu tőn-om e=ve̋n-a
when 1p-N 3-A.s sneeze-SUP PST=hear-IND also thunder-A.s PST=hear-IND


  • 18. móódi denotes in such or which way: how
  • I know how I can get some money.
  • mu sa̋a̋ra. móódi pı̋ı̋nom de̋xu ma̋ƣa:
m-u sa̋a̋r-a móódi pı̋ı̋n-om de̋x-u ma̋ƣ-a
1s-N know-IND how money-A.s get-SUP be.able-IND


  • 19. nóóli denotes to such an extent: insofar as, inasmuch as, in that.
  • Inasmuch as he was able, the cripple helped us.
  • nóóli éȝu e-ma̋ƣa. kőuku m̃un e-þőna:
nóóli éȝ-u e=ma̋ƣ-a kőuk-u m̃-un e=þőn-a
inasmuch_as 3-N.s PST=be.able-IND cripple-N.s 1p-A PST=help-IND


  • 20. ópi introduces an indirect question: whether
  • I do not know whether I want to go.
  • mu sa̋a̋ra ne. ópi atı̋ı̋ha:
m-u sa̋a̋r-a ne ópi at-ı̋ı̋h-a
1s-N know-IND not whether go-DES-IND


  • 21. pósi denotes that an action takes place after another action: after.
  • You may go out to play after the rain stops.
  • tu le̋idu vide̋ȝa. pósi sűűm̃e u-de̋usa:
t-u le̋id-u vid-e̋ȝa pósi sűűm̃-e u=de̋us-a
2s-N play-SUP go_out-SBJ after rain-N.s FUT=stop-IND


  • 22. sáámi denotes a concession: though, although, while, notwithstanding, even-, -if, -though, albeit.
  • Although the rain stopped several days ago, the [Lithan] villagers still fear landslides.
  • kı̋lrus éstu ǧarfőőlanɛ na̋a̋a. sáámi sűűm̃e fésvi alme̋e̋a a̋han e-de̋usa:
kı̋lr-us éstu ǧar_főől-an=ɛ na̋a̋-a sáámi sűűm̃-e fés=vi al=me̋e̋a-Ø a̋h-an e=de̋us-a
villager-N.p still mountain_fall-A.p=EP fear-IND although rain-N.s before=ADV PRV=many-ABS day-A.p PST=stop-IND


  • 23. sííri denotes up to a certain time or place: as far/much/many as, until.
  • It rained and rained until the rivers overflowed.
  • e-suum̃e̋la. sííri da̋a̋es e-þ̨a̋la:
e=suum̃-e̋l-a sííri da̋a̋-es e=þ̨a̋l-a
PST=rain-FRQ-IND until river-N.p PST=overflow-IND


  • 24. síti denotes as example: as, such as, for example, by way of.
  • We are experiencing a drought such as we’ve never seen before.
  • m̃us ǧa̋lam ga̋uða. síti fésu nına̋ka neánu:
m̃-us ǧa̋l-am ga̋uð-a síti fésu nı~na̋k-a neánu
1p-N drought-A.s experience-IND such_as before PRF~see-IND never


  • 25. sómi denotes a comparison: like; than [when comparing sentences].
  • I like you more than (I like) her.
  • mu gáámvi tum ka̋a. sómi ii-éȝum:
m-u gáám=vi t-um ka̋-a sómi ii=éȝ-um
1s-N more=ADV 2s-A like-IND than F=3-A.s


  • I like you more than she does (likes you).
  • mu gáámvi tum ka̋a. sómi ii-éȝu tum ka̋a:
m-u gáám=vi t-um ka̋-a sómi ii=éȝ-u t-um ka̋-a
1s-N more=ADV 2s-A like-IND than F=3-N.s 2s-A like-IND


  • 26. ši denotes an exception to a previous statement: except (that), but (that), were it not that.
  • I would leave the country but (that) (except that, were it not that) my horse has died.
  • mu me̋xam vide̋ȝa. ši mőre nıne̋ṡa:
m-u me̋x-am vid-e̋ȝa ši mőr-e nı~ne̋ṡ-a
1s-N country-A.s leave-SBJ but horse-N.s PRF~die-IND


  • 27. táádi denotes purpose: so that, in order that [with sbj.].
  • I will have to buy another so that I may start the journey.
  • mu ánem sa' u-ke̋la. táádi ta̋ƣom tode̋ȝa:
m-u án-em sa=' u=ke̋l-a táádi ta̋ƣ-om tod-e̋ȝa
1s-N other-A.s buy=ELIS FUT=have_to-IND so_that journey-A.s start-SBJ


  • 28. táádi ... ze denotes for fear that: lest, so that ... not [with sbj.].
  • He should go outside for a moment lest (so that) he (not) damage his lungs.
  • éȝu sa̋mpam bu a̋tu ke̋la. táádi nőbon vane̋ȝa ze:
éȝ-u sa̋mp-am bu a̋t-u ke̋l-a táádi nőb-on van-e̋ȝa ze
3-N.s moment-A.s out go-SUP should-IND so_that lung-A.p damage-SBJ not


  • 29. toári denotes in a certain case: then [apodosis] [N.B. This clause is placed after the protasis, since the protasis is also a dependent clause.]
  • If I buy another, (then) I will have to buy provisions.
  • ébi mu ánem sae̋ȝa. toári taƣe̋dom sa̋' u-ke̋la:
ébi m-u án-em sa-e̋ȝa toári taƣ_e̋d-om sa̋=' u=ke̋l-a
if 1s-N other-A.s buy-SBJ then journey_food-A.s buy=ELIS FUT=have_to-IND


  • 30. vái denotes at or in which place or situation: where.
  • I have forgotten where I put my keys.
  • mu m̃ym̃űna. vái mu-ta̋a̋zlon e-ðe̋e̋a:
m-u m̃y~m̃űn-a vái mu=ta̋a̋z-l-on e=ðe̋e̋-a
1s-N PRF~dforget-IND where my=lock-INS-A.p PST=put-IND


Correlative conjunctions - ȝémƣeðsa̋m̃o

  • 31. épi ...épi ... denotes a comparison of the same way or like manner: as ... so ....
  • As you sow, so shall you reap.
  • épi t' u-se̋e̋a. épi t' u-me̋e̋þa:
épi t=' u=se̋e̋-a épi t=' u=me̋e̋þ-a
as 2s=ELIS FUT=sow-IND so 2s=ELIS FUT=reap-IND


  • 32. -k̬e ... -k̬e connects two words: and.
  • They will contribute by bringing beer, chicken and bread.
  • éȝu' sa̋xomk̬e ka̋komk̬e k̬a̋zomk̬e tőƣu móóda u-aðne̋ma:
éȝ-u=' sa̋x-om=k̬e ka̋k-om=k̬e k̬a̋z-om=k̬e tőƣ-u móóda u=að_ne̋m-a
3-N.p=ELIS beer-A.s=and chicken-A.s=and bread-A.s=and bring-SUP by FUT=with_share-IND


  • 33. m̃o ... m̃o ... denotes a situation in which there are only two alternatives: either ... or.
  • You will either eat your dinner right now or you will go to bed.
  • tu m̃o ávi dőrk̬om u-e̋da m̃o u-þe̋ga:
t-u m̃o ávi dőrk̬-om u=e̋d-a m̃o u=þe̋g-a
2s-N either right_now dinner-A.s FUT=eat-IND or FUT=go_to_bed-IND


  • 34. nek̬e ... nek̬e denotes the negative of either; neither ... nor.
  • Neither threats nor torture turned the soldier from his duty.
  • nek̬e se̋sos nek̬e gűno bőþam ápa sőþlum e-sűka:
nek̬e se̋s-os nek̬e gűn-o bőþ-am ápa sőþ-l-um e=sűk-a
neither threat-N.p nor torture-N.s duty-A.s from wage_war-AG-A.s PST=turn-IND


  • 35. ne sólvi ... ésti étu, not only ... but also.
  • Not only is he handsome, (but) he is also brilliant.
  • éȝu ne sóólvi gőbu vűűa. ésti étu ƣosa̋a̋ru vűűa:
éȝ-u ne sóól=vi gőb-u vűű-a ésti étu ƣo=sa̋a̋r-u vűű-a
3-N.s not only=ADV handsome-N.s be-IND but also INT=intelligent-N.s be-IND


  • 36. ópi ...ópi ... denotes multiple alternative possibilities; whether ... or.
  • Whether you stay or go is your decision.
  • ópi tu ɠa̋a̋la. ópi a̋ta tu-re̋ko e̋sa:
ópi t-u ɠa̋a̋l-a ópi a̋t-a tu=re̋k-o e̋s-a
whether 2s-N stay-IND or go-IND your=decision-N.s be-IND


  • 37. sómi ... sómi ..., (just) as ... so ....
  • Just as Ethrans love rosehips, so Pyrans love sloe berries.
  • sóm' iðr̨őnus m̃ɔðga̋þon żűsa. sómi aaþ̨őnu' s̨oofga̋þon żűsa:
sóm' iðr̨őn-us m̃ɔð_ga̋þ-on żűs-a sómi aaþ̨őn-u=' s̨oof_ga̋þ-on żűs-a
just_as Ethran-N.p rose_berry-A.p enjoy-IND so Pyran-N.p=ELIS sloe_berry-A.p enjoy-IND


  • 38. vóói ...vóói ... denotes including two alternatives; both ... and ...
  • Both the soldiers and the nobles will come to the dance.
  • vóói sőþlus vóói kőővus mevsa̋rom do u-ǧe̋ma:
vóói sőþ-l-us vóói kőőv-us mev_sa̋r-om do u=ǧe̋m-a
both wage_war-AG-N.p and noble-N.p dance_party-A.s to FUT=come-IND


Senjecas - List of Postpositions