Cironean

Phonology

Phonemes

Consonants

C, CH, D, F, G, H, J, L, M, N, P, Q, U, R, S, SH, T, TH, V, W, X, Y, Z

Vowels

a – Latin pater; o – Latin possum; ó – Latin laudo; u – Latin puto; e – Latin moneo; i – Latin fio; ai (archaic) – approx. to Latin caelum; oi – English point; ou – English pout

Syllabic Structure

Forbidden Singular Terminal Consonants: C, F, H, J, QU, V, W, Y, and Z

Initial Clusters: B and C - can form clusters with L and R; D, G, P, and T - can form clusters with R; S - can form clusters with C and T

Stress Rules: Stress rules in Cironean are similar to those in Redhrácic, from which hypothetical language it is supposed to descend. Words of a single syllable are unaccented, while other words stress the antepenult. Those words of six syllables or more stress the second syllable as well as the antepenult.

Grammar

Nouns

1st Declension: “Feminine” Nouns Ending in –Ó

Model: Rethró, language

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Rethró	Rethróth
Genitive	Rethroi	Rethroith
Predicative	Rethrou	Rethrouth
Prepositive	Rethroe	Rethroeth

2nd Declension: “Masculine” Nouns Ending in –E

Model: Alve, house

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Alve	Alven
Genitive	Alvei	Alvein
Predicative	Alveu	Alveun
Prepositive	Alveó	Alveón

3rd Declension: “Neuter” Nouns Ending in –U

Model: Oithu, mountain

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Oithu	Oithus
Genitive	Oithui	Oithuis
Predicative	Oithue	Oithues
Prepositive	Oithua	Oithuas

4th Declension: “Mixed” Nouns Ending in Consonants

Model: Athen, man

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Athen	Atheni
Genitive	Athena	Athenam
Predicative	Athenu	Athenum
Prepositive	Athene	Athenem

Adjectives

There are two forms of adjectives. The first form takes endings from the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Declensions, taking these endings according to the gender, number, and case of the substantive that is being modified. This holds true regardless of the declension of the noun, i.e., a type-1 adjective can modify a 4th Declension masculine noun by taking the 2nd Declension forms of the noun in question, e.g. Athen thane, a tall man. Similarly, the second type takes the endings of the 4th Declension, modifying a noun with these endings regardless of the form of the noun itself.

Comparison of Adjectives: The four degrees of comparison are the positive, comparative, α-superlative, and β-superlative. They are indicated by affixing the following particles to the adjective:

Pos: — Comp: af(a)- α-sup: ef(e)- β-sup: of(o)-

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

1st Person Pronoun

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Shó	Shol
Genitive	Shoe	Shoel
Predicative	Shou	Shoül
Prepositive	Shoi	Shoïl

2nd Person Pronoun

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	The	Thech
Genitive	Thea	Theach
Predicative	Theó	Theóch
Prepositive	Theu	Theuch

3rd Person Pronoun

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Eó, Ie, Eu	Eóth, Ien, Eus
Genitive	Eoi, Iei, Eue	Eoith, Iein, Eues
Predicative	Eou, Ieu, Eui	Eouth, Ieun, Euis
Prepositive	Eoe, Ieó, Eua	Eoeth, Ieón, Euas

Other Pronouns

• Proximate (This, These) ruó, rue, raü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun

• Distant (That, Those) eruó, erue, eraü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun

• Relative Pronouns (Who, Which) tuó, tue, taü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun

• Interrogative Pronouns (Who, What, Which [adj]) duó, due, daü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun

• Intensive Pronouns (Emphatics) cuó, cue, caü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun

• Reflexive Pronouns (-self) suó, sue, saü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun

Verbs

The 1st Conjugation: Roots Ending in –A, -O/-Ó, or –U + Consonant

Model/Imperative: Rath, See

Principal Forms: Rath (Imperative); Rathran (Verbal Noun); Rathion (Analytic)

Tense	1st S	2nd S	3rd S	1st Pl	2nd Pl	3rd Pl
Present (S)	Root + ash	Analytic + the	Analytic + eó	Root + oish	Analytic + thech	Analytic + eóth
Past (S)	Root + il + ash	Analytic + il + the	Analytic + il + eó	Root + il + oish	Analytic + il + thech	Analytic + il + eóth
Future (S)	Pres. CTQ + VN	Pres. CTQ + VN	Pres. CTQ + VN	Pres. CTQ + VN	Pres. CTQ + VN	Pres. CTQ + VN
Perfect (D)	Past CPQ + VN	Past CPQ + VN	Past CPQ + VN	Past CPQ + VN	Past CPQ + VN	Past CPQ + VN
Pluperfect	Root + ril + ash	Analytic + ril + the	Analytic + ril + eó	Root + ril + oish	Analytic + ril + thech	Analytic + ril + eóth
Future (P)	Future CPQ + VN	Future CPQ + VN	Future CPQ + VN	Future CPQ + VN	Future CPQ + VN	Future CPQ + VN

To form Subjunctive: Interpose -dó- after Root and before any other phonemes

The 2nd Conjugation: Roots Ending in –E, -I, -OI, -OU + Consonant

Model/Imperative: Urgin, do

Principal Forms: Urigin (Imperative); Urginach (Verbal Noun); Urginait (Analytic)

Tense	1st S	2nd S	3rd S	1st Pl	2nd Pl	3rd Pl
Present (S)	Root + esh	Analytic + the	Analytic + eó	Root + eshol	Analytic + thech	Analytic + eóth
Past (S)	Root + oi + esh	Analytic + oi + the	Analytic + oi + eó	Root + oi + eshol	Analytic + oi + thech	Analytic + oi + eóth
Future (S)	Pres. CTQ + VN	Pres. CTQ + VN	Pres. CTQ + VN	Pres. CTQ + VN	Pres. CTQ + VN	Pres. CTQ + VN
Perfect (D)	Past CPQ + VN	Past CPQ + VN	Past CPQ + VN	Past CPQ + VN	Past CPQ + VN	Past CPQ + VN
Pluperfect	Root + coi + esh	Analytic + coi + the	Analytic + coi + eó	Root + coi + eshol	Analytic + coi + thech	Analytic + coi + eóth
Future (P)	Future CPQ + VN	Future CPQ + VN	Future CPQ + VN	Future CPQ + VN	Future CPQ + VN	Future CPQ + VN

To form Subjunctive: Interpose -fi- after the Root and before any other phonemes

The 3rd Conjugation: Roots Ending in Any Vowel

Model: Vevu, go Principal Forms: Vevu (Imperative); Vevuchou (Verbal Noun); Vevun (Analytic)

Tense: 1st S 2nd S 3rd S 1st Pl 2nd Pl 3rd Pl Present (S) Root + nosh Analytic + the Analytic + eó Root + noshol Analytic + thech Analytic + eóth Past (S) Root + nin + osh Analytic + nin + the Analytic + nin + eó Root + nin + oshol Analytic + nin + thech Analytic + nin + eóth Future (S) Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN Pres. CTQ + VN Perfect (D) Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN Past CPQ + VN Pluperfect Root + rin + osh Analytic + rin + the Analytic + rin + eó Root + rin + oshol Analytic + rin + thech Analytic + rin + eóth Future (P) Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN Future CPQ + VN

To form Subjunctive: Interpose -na- after the Root and before any other phonemes

Adverbs

Adverbs precede and modify verbs in a way similar to that adjectives use to modify substantives. There is no gender, number, or case to match, and the tense, person, mood, and voice are not mimicked. Comparison of adverbs utilizes the same prefixes as the comparison of adjectives.

Appendix I: Numerals

Numeral Cironean 0 Nachen 1 inó 2 wothó 3 cetó 4 nouró 5 linó 6 thequó 7 síbó 8 foió 9 ató 10 quenó 11 inquenó 12 woquenó 13 cequenó 14 nouquenó 15 linquenó 16 thequenó 17 shiquenó 18 foiquenó 19 atquenó 20 quewodó 21 inquewodó 30 quecetó 40 quenouró 50 quelinó 60 quethequó 70 queshibó 80 quefoió 90 queató 100 quequenó; unejó 200 wodó quequenori; wodunejó 1,000 quenó quequenori; quenó unejori; yorathó 2,000 wodó quenori quequenori; wodó quenori unejori; woyorathó

Appendix II: The Copulae

I. Nanzun: The Copula of Temporary Qualities Principal Parts: Nanzish; Nanzun; Nanzó, -ze, -zu

Passive Particle: N/A Mood Markers: Demonstrative: -z- Imperative: -za- Subjunctive: -zó-

Personal/Tense Endings: Tense: 1st S 2nd S 3rd S 1st Pl 2nd Pl 3rd Pl Present -ish -ith -i -ishol -itheg -in Past -ash -ath -a -ashol -atheg -an Future -esh -eth -e -eshol -etheg -en Present Perfect -ishu -ithu -iu -ishul -ithug -ium Past Perfect -ashu -athu -aü -ashul -athug -aüm Future Perfect -eshu -ethu -eu -eshul -ethug -eüm

II. Nonquon: The Copula of Permanent Qualities Principal Parts: Nonquish; Nonquon; Nonquó, -que, -quu

Passive Particle: N/A Mood Markers: Demonstrative: -qu- Imperative: -qua-Subjunctive: -quo-

Tense:	1st S	2nd S	3rd S	1st Pl	2nd Pl	3rd Pl
Present	-ish	-ith	-i	-ishol	-itheg	-in
Past	-ash	-ath	-a	-ashol	-atheg	-an
Future	-esh	-eth	-e	-eshol	-etheg	-en
Present Perfect	-ishu	-ithu	-iu	-ishul	-ithug	-ium
Past Perfect	-ashu	-athu	-aü	-ashul	-athug	-aüm
Future Perfect	-eshu	-ethu	-eu	-eshul	-ethug	-eum