Athonite Grammar I: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
m (Correction.)
m (Revisions.)
 
Line 4: Line 4:
which is,<br>
which is,<br>
'''THE GREEK DIALECT SPOKEN IN THE SERENE MONASTIC REPUBLIC OF THE HOLY MOUNTAIN'''</center>
'''THE GREEK DIALECT SPOKEN IN THE SERENE MONASTIC REPUBLIC OF THE HOLY MOUNTAIN'''</center>
==Introduction - '''Ειςαγώγ'''==
*Although Modern Greek is the official language of the Monastic Republic and is spoken in the Greek monasteries, the citizens have their own dialect.
*It developed from their contact with their Turkish conquerors and shows some Turkish influence in grammar and vocabulary.
*Many internal differences have been regularized, such as simplification of the verb tenses.
*A spelling reform, devised by a monk, has standardized the orthography so that it is more consistent with the pronunciation, ''e.g.'', '''αι''' > '''ε'''; '''οι''' > '''ι'''; '''η''' > '''ι'''.
*Double letters have been eliminated, except for '''γγ'''.
*'''σ''' has been replaced by '''ς'''.
*Some initial consonant clusters have been simplified, ''e.g.'', '''κτ''' > '''τ'''; '''πτ''' > '''τ'''; '''φτ''' > '''τ'''; '''γν''' > '''ν'''.
*The accent regularly occurs on the  [[Wikipedia:Penult|penultimate]] syllable.
*An acute accent is placed over an accented vowel when the accent is not on the penultima.
*Words of Turkish origin are indicated in <font color=blue>blue</font>.


==Pronunciation Table - '''Πίνακα τις Προφορά'''==
==Pronunciation Table - '''Πίνακα τις Προφορά'''==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
! Greek
! Athonite
! α
! α
! αυ
! β
! β
! γ
! γ
Line 31: Line 17:
! δ
! δ
! ε
! ε
! ει
! ευ
! ζ
! ζ
! η
! θ
! ι
! ι
! θ
! κ
! κ
! λ
! λ
Line 50: Line 35:
! τ
! τ
! τζ
! τζ
! υ
! φ
! φ
! χ
! χ
Line 58: Line 42:
| Latin
| Latin
| a
| a
| af/v
| v
| v
| gh
| ng
| g
| g
| ng
| nk
| ngks
| ngks
| nch
| nch
| dh
| dh
| ɛ
| z
| e
| e
| th
| i
| i
| ef/v
| z
| i
| th
| k
| k
| l
| l
Line 79: Line 61:
| d
| d
| ks
| ks
| ǫ
| o
| u
| u
| p
| p
Line 85: Line 67:
| s
| s
| t
| t
| z
| tz
| y
| f
| f
| ch
| ch
| ps
| ps
| o
| ō
|-
|-
|IPA
|IPA
| /a/<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font>
| /a/<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font>
| /af/<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font>
| /v/
| /v/
| /ɣ/<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font>
| /ɣ/<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font>
| /ŋ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋg/
| /g/
| /ŋks/
| /ŋks/
| /ŋç/
| /ŋç/
| /ð/
| /ð/
| /ε/
| /ɛ/
| /i/
| /εf/<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font>
| /z/
| /z/
| /i/<font color=red><sup>5</sup></font>
| /e/
| /θ/
| /θ/
| /i/
| /k/
| /k/
| /l/
| /l/
| /m/
| /m/
| /b/
| /b/
| /n/<font color=red><sup>6</sup></font>
| /n/<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font>
| /d/
| /d/
| /ks/
| /ks/
Line 118: Line 97:
| /u/
| /u/
| /p/
| /p/
| /r/
| /ɾ/
| /s/<font color=red><sup>7</sup></font>
| /s/<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font>
| /t/
| /t/
| /ʣ/
| /ʣ/
| /y/
| /f/
| /f/
| /ç/
| /ç/
Line 129: Line 107:
|}
|}


===Notes - '''Σιμείωςι'''===
===Notes - '''Σιμιωςις'''===
*<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font> when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
*<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font> when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
*<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font> '''αφ''' before voiceless consonants, '''αβ''' before voiced consonants or vowels.
*<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font> /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
*<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font> /ɣ/ before α, ο, ου, and ω; /j/ before ε, ι, υ.
*<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font> final <ν> before <π> and <μπ>  becomes /m/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν μπορώ''', <dhemboˈrṓ>, I cannot. The <π> becomes /b/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν πιραζι''', <dhembiˈrazi>, it doesn't matter.
*<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font> '''εφ''' before voiceless consonants, '''εβ''' before voiced consonants.
:final <ν> before <κ>, <γ> and <χ> becomes /ŋ/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν κοβω''', <dheng'kovō>, I cut.
*<font color=red><sup>5</sup></font> /j/ between vowels.
*<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font> /z/ before voiced consonants, ''e.g.'', '''ος Δεβτέρ''', <oz Dhevtér>, until Monday,
*<font color=red><sup>6</sup></font> final <n> before a voiceless stop becomes /m/ and the stop is voiced, ''e.g.'', δεν πιραζι, /ðembiˈrazi/, it doesn't matter.
 
*<font color=red><sup>7</sup></font> /z/ before voiced consonants.
 
==Introduction - '''Ιςαγώγ'''==
*Although Modern Greek is the official language of the Monastic Republic and is spoken in the Greek monasteries, the citizens have their own dialect.
*It developed from their contact with their Turkish conquerors and shows some Turkish influence in grammar and vocabulary.
*Many internal differences have been regularized, such as simplification of the verb tenses.
*A spelling reform, devised by a monk, has standardized the orthography so that it is more consistent with the pronunciation, ''e.g.'', '''αι''' > '''ε'''; '''οι''' > '''ι'''.
*Double letters have been eliminated, except for '''γγ'''.
*'''σ''' has been replaced by '''ς'''.
*Some initial consonant clusters have been simplified, ''e.g.'', '''κτ''' > '''τ'''; '''πτ''' > '''τ'''; '''γν''' > '''ν'''.
*The accent regularly occurs on the  [[Wikipedia:Penult|penultimate]] syllable.
*An acute accent is placed over an accented vowel when the accent is not on the penultima.
*Words of Turkish origin are indicated in <font color=blue>blue</font>.




==Grammar - '''Γραματίκ'''==
==Grammar - '''Γραματίκ'''==
===The Definite Article - '''Το Συγκεκριμέν Αρθ'''===
===The Definite Article - '''Το Οριςτίκ Αρθ'''===
*001. The Modern Greek definite article has been reduced to one single form for each gender: '''ο''' for masculine nouns, '''τι''' for feminine nouns, and '''το''' for neuter nouns.  
*001. The Modern Greek definite article has been reduced to one single form for each gender: '''ο''' for masculine nouns, '''ι''' for feminine nouns, and '''το''' for neuter nouns.  


====Uses of the definite article - '''Χριςι του Συγκεκριμέν Αρθ'''====
====Uses of the definite article - '''Χριςι από το Οριςτίκ Αρθ'''====
# Before proper names, ''e.g.'', '''Ο Γιοργ ινε καλ πεδ'''; George is a good boy.
# Before proper names, ''e.g.'', '''Ο Γιοργ ινε καλ αγόρ'''; George is a good boy.
# Before the names of places, ''e.g.'', '''Τι αθíν ινε ι πρoτεβους από τι Elάδ'''; Athens is the capital of Greece.  
# Before the names of places, ''e.g.'', '''Ι Αθίν ινε ι πρoτεβους απ' ι Elάδ'''; Athens is the capital of Greece.  
# Before the names of streets, ''e.g.'', '''Mενo ςε τι οδ ςταδí'''; I live on Stadium Street.  
# Before the names of streets, ''e.g.'', '''Mενo ςε ι οδ ςταδί'''; I live on Stadium Street.  
# Before titles of names of professions followed by a person's name, ''e.g.'', '''Ο γατ Eβγενιδες ινε πolύ πloυςι'''; Dr. Eugenides is very rich.
# Before titles of names of professions followed by a person's name, ''e.g.'', '''Ο γατρ Eβγενιδες ινε πolύ πloυςι'''; Dr. Eugenides is very rich.
# Before nouns used in an abstract or general sense, ''e.g.'', '''Τι ιλικρινι ινε τι πιo μεγάλ αρέτ'''; Sincerity is the greatest virtue.  
# Before nouns used in an abstract or general sense, ''e.g.'', '''Ι ιλικρινι ινε ι πιo μεγάλ αρέτ'''; Sincerity is the greatest virtue.  
# Before nouns designating parts of the body or personal articles of clothing, ''e.g.'', '''To μαλιά από τι Mαρíα ινε χανθ'''; Mary's hair is blond.  
# Before nouns designating parts of the body or personal articles of clothing, ''e.g.'', '''To μαλιά απ ι Mαρία ινε χανθ'''; Mary's hair is blond.  
# Before nouns modified by a possessive adjective which follows the noun, ''e.g.'', '''Ο αδέλφ μου ο Γιαν εχι καλ δoυλί'''; My brother John has a good job.  
# Before nouns modified by a possessive adjective which follows the noun, ''e.g.'', '''Ο αδέλφ μου ο Γιαν εχι καλ δoυλί'''; My brother John has a good job.  
# Before nouns modified by a demonstrative, ''e.g.'', '''Τι αφτ κοπέλ ινε πολύ oρέ'''; This girl is very beautiful.  
# Before nouns modified by a demonstrative, ''e.g.'', '''Αφτ ι κορίτς ινε πολί ωρέ'''; This girl is very beautiful.  
# Before a noun indicating a class of objects or persons, ''e.g.'', '''Ο <font color=blue>πoλιςι</font> ινε αφςτίρ'''; Policemen are strict.  
# Before a noun indicating a class of objects or persons, ''e.g.'', '''Ο <font color=blue>πoλιςι</font> ινε αφςτίρ'''; Policemen are strict.  


Line 159: Line 148:
===Nouns - '''Ουςιαςτικί'''===
===Nouns - '''Ουςιαςτικί'''===
*003. Nouns are divided into three classes known as masculine, feminine, and neuter.  
*003. Nouns are divided into three classes known as masculine, feminine, and neuter.  
*004. Masculine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''ο''', ''e.g.'', '''ο ανθρoπ''', the man; '''ο πατέρ''', the father.  
*004. Masculine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''ο''', ''e.g.'', '''ο ανθρωπ''', the man; '''ο πατέρ''', the father.  
*005. Feminine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''τι''', ''e.g.'', '''τι πορτ''', the door; '''τι γυνέκ''', the woman.  
*005. Feminine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''ι''', ''e.g.'', '''ι πορτ''', the door; '''ι γινέκ''', the woman.
*006. Neuter nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''το''', ''e.g.'', '''το πεδ''', the child; '''το γραφί''', the office.  
*006. Neuter nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''το''', ''e.g.'', '''το πεδ''', the child; '''το γραφί''', the office.  


====The Plural - '''Ο Πλιθυντικό'''====
====The Plural - '''Ο Πλιθυντικό'''====
*007. Nouns form their plurals by adding a suffix to the word. Note whether the accent shifts or remains.
*007. Nouns form their plurals by adding a suffix to the word. Note whether the accent shifts or remains.
*008. Masculine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add '''-ι'''.  
*008. Masculine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add '''-ι'''.
::'''ο αδέλφ''', the brother, '''ο αδελφί''', the brothers
::'''ο αδέλφ''', the brother, '''ο αδελφί''', the brothers
::'''ο ανθρoπ''', the man, '''ο άνθρoπι''', the men
::'''ο ανθρωπ''', the man, '''ο άνθρωπι''', the men
::'''ο εργάτ''', the worker, '''ο εργατι''', the workers
::'''ο εργάτ''', the worker, '''ο εργατι''', the workers
*009. Feminine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add '''-ες'''.  
*009. Feminine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add '''-ες'''.
::'''τι αδέλφ''', the sister, '''τι αδελφές ''', the sisters
::'''ι αδέλφ''', the sister, '''ι αδελφές ''', the sisters
::'''τι μερ''', the day, '''τι μερες ''', the days
::'''ι μερ''', the day, '''ι μερες ''', the days
::'''τι ναρκ''', the boat, '''τι ναρκες ''', the boats
::'''ι ναρκ''', the boat, '''ι ναρκες ''', the boats
*010. Neuter nouns which end in '''-μα'''  add '''-τα'''.  
*010. Neuter nouns which end in '''-μ(α)'''  add '''-(α)τα'''.
::'''το χρομα''', the color; '''το χρόματα''', the colors  
::'''το χρωμ''', the color; '''το χρώματα''', the colors
*011. Other neuter nouns add '''-α''' or '''-ια'''.  
*011. Other neuter nouns add '''-α''' or '''-ια'''.
::'''το τςιγάρ''', the cigarette, '''το τςιγαρα''', the cigarettes  
::'''το τςιγάρ''', the cigarette, '''το τςιγαρα''', the cigarettes
::'''το ψαρ''', the fish, '''το ψαρια''', the fishes.
::'''το ψαρ''', the fish, '''το ψάρια''', the fishes.
*012. There are a few irregular plurals:
*012. There are a few irregular plurals.
::'''το φος''', the light; '''το φοτα''', the lights  
::'''το φως''', the light; '''το φωτα''', the lights


====The Function of Cases - '''Η Λειτουργί απο Τωςι'''====
====The Function of Cases - '''Ι Λιτουργί από Τωςες '''====
*013. Possession and other types of genitive use are indicated with the preposition '''από''', contracted to '''απ'''' before an initial '''ο'''.
*013. Possession and other types of genitive use are indicated with the preposition '''από''', contracted to '''απ'''' before an initial vowel.
::'''ο <font color=blue>αμζα</font>''', the uncle > '''απ' ο <font color=blue>αμζα</font>''', of the uncle
::'''ο <font color=blue>αμζα</font>''', the uncle > '''απ' ο <font color=blue>αμζα</font>''', of the uncle
::'''τι <font color=blue>μπιμπι</font>''', the aunt > '''από τι <font color=blue>μπιμπι</font>''', of the aunt
::'''τι <font color=blue>μπιμπι</font>''', the aunt > '''από τι <font color=blue>μπιμπι</font>''', of the aunt
Line 190: Line 179:
::'''το ποδa''', the feet > '''από το ποδa''', of the feet  
::'''το ποδa''', the feet > '''από το ποδa''', of the feet  
*014. The indirect object is expressed with the preposition '''ςε''', contracted  to '''ς'''' before a vowel and prefixed to pronouns.
*014. The indirect object is expressed with the preposition '''ςε''', contracted  to '''ς'''' before a vowel and prefixed to pronouns.
::'''ο Γιαν δίνι ς' ο Μιχαήλ δωρ''' John gives Michael a cigarette.
::'''ο Γιαν δινι ς' ο Μιχαίλ τςιγάρ''' John gives Michael a cigarette.
::'''έδινα ς' ο γιοργ βιβλί''', I gave George a book.  
::'''έδινα ς' ο γιοργ βιβλί''', I gave George a book.  


Line 196: Line 185:
*015. Adjectives in Athonite are indeclinable.
*015. Adjectives in Athonite are indeclinable.
*016. Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
*016. Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
**'''ο καλ ανθροπ''', the good man
**'''ο καλ ανθρωπ''', the good man
**'''τι καλ γυνέκ''', the good woman
**'''τι καλ γινέκ''', the good woman
**'''το καλ πεδ''', the good child
**'''το καλ πεδ''', the good child
**'''ο μεγάλ κιπ''', the large garden
**'''ο μεγάλ ςκιλ''', the large dog
**'''τι μεγάλ πορτ''', the large door
**'''τι μεγάλ πορτ''', the large door
**'''το μεγάλ δoματι''', the large room
**'''το μεγάλ δωματι''', the large room
*017. The determiners '''αφτ''', ''this'', and '''κιν''', ''that'', precede the noun they determine and require the definite article.  
*017. The determiners '''αφτ''', ''this'', and '''κιν''', ''that'', precede the noun they determine and require the definite article.  
**'''αφτ ο ανθρoπ''', this man  
**'''αφτ ο ανθρωπ''', this man  
**'''αφτο ο κιπ''', this garden
**'''αφτ ο ςκιλ''', this dog
**'''αφτ τι γυνέκ''', this woman  
**'''αφτ τι γινέκ''', this woman  
**'''αφτ το πεδ''', this child  
**'''αφτ το πεδ''', this child  
**'''αφτ το αμαχι''', this cart  
**'''αφτ το αμαχι''', this cart  
**'''κιν ο εργάτ''', that worker  
**'''κιν ο εργάτ''', that worker  
**'''κιν τι νυχτ''', that night  
**'''κιν τι νιχτ''', that night  
**'''κιν το δωματι''', that room  
**'''κιν το δωματι''', that room  


====Comparison of Adjectives - '''ςυγκρις από Επίθετα'''====
====Comparison of Adjectives - '''Παραβόλ από Επίθετα'''====
*018. There is only one degree of comparison of the Athonite adjective. It is formed by placing the word '''πιο''', ''more'', in front them. They are then followed by '''από'''.
*018. There is only one degree of comparison of the Athonite adjective. It is formed by placing the word '''πιο''', ''more'', in front them. They are then followed by '''από'''.
::'''Ο αδέλφ μου ινε πιο δυνάτ απ' ο αδέλφ ςου''', My brother is stronger than your brother.
::'''Ο αδέλφ μου ινε πιο δινάτ απ' ο αδέλφ ςου''', My brother is stronger than your brother.
::'''Ο Γιαν ινε πιο τοχ απ' ο Kοςtας''', John is poorer than Costas.
::'''Ο Γιαν ινε πιο φτωχ απ' ο Kοςtας''', John is poorer than Costas.
::'''Aφτ το ςπιτ ινε πιο καλ από κινο''', This house is better than that one.
::'''Aφτ το ςπιτ ινε πιο καλ από κινο''', This house is better than that one.
::'''Aφτ το {{Color|blue|οτομοβιλ}} ινε πολύ πιο χιρότ απ' ο αλον''', This automobile is much worse than the other.
::'''Aφτ το {{Color|blue|οτομοβιλ}} ινε πολί πιο χιρότ απ' ο αλον''', This automobile is much worse than the other.
::'''Ο Aνδρέ ινε ο πιο καλ μαθίτ ςε τι ταξ του''', Andrew is the best pupil in his class.
::'''Ο Aνδρέ ινε ο πιο καλ μαθίτ ςε τι ταξ του''', Andrew is the best student in his class.
::'''Ο πατέρ τις ινε ο πιο πλoυsι ςε τι Aθίν''', Her father is the richest man in Athens.  
::'''Ο πατέρ τις ινε ο πιο πλoυsι ςτι Aθίν''', Her father is the richest man in Athens.  
::'''Τι Eλέν ιταν τι πιο oρέ γυνέκ ςε τι Elάδ''', Helen was the most beautiful woman in Greece.  
::'''Τι Eλέν ιταν τι πιο ωρέ γινέκ ςε τι Elάδ''', Helen was the most beautiful woman in Greece.  
*019. The comparative of '''κακ''', ''bad'', is '''χιρότ''', ''worse''.  
*019. The comparative of '''κακ''', ''bad'', is '''χιρότ''', ''worse''.  
*020. The comparison of inferiority is eχpressed with '''λιγóτ''', ''less'', plus '''από'''.  
*020. The comparison of inferiority is eχpressed with '''λιγóτ''', ''less'', plus '''από'''.  
::''' Ο Nικ ινε λιγóτ εξυπ απ' ο Kοςtας''', Nick is not as smart as Costas.
::'''Ο Nικ ινε λιγóτ εξυπ απ' ο Kοςtας''', Nick is not as smart as Costas.
*021. The comparison of equality is eχpressed by '''τoς...oς''' plus the definite article.  
*021. The comparison of equality is eχpressed by '''τoς...oς''' plus the definite article.  
::''' Ο πατέρ μου ινε τoς πλouςι oς ο πατέρ ςου''', My father is as rich as your father.  
::'''Ο πατέρ μου ινε τoς πλouςι oς ο πατέρ ςου''', My father is as rich as your father.  


====The Possessive Adjectives - '''Το Τιτίκ Επίθετα'''====
====The Possessive Adjectives - '''Το Τιτίκ Επίθετα'''====
Line 248: Line 237:
::'''ο πατέρ ςου''', your father  
::'''ο πατέρ ςου''', your father  
::'''τι μιτέρ τις''', her mother  
::'''τι μιτέρ τις''', her mother  
::'''ο κιπ μας''', our garden
::'''ο ςκιλ μας''', our dog
::'''ο κιπι μας''', our gardens
::'''ο ςκιλι μας''', our dogs
::'''το lεπτ ςας''', your money  
::'''το νόμιςμα ςας''', your money  
*023. When the nouns are preceded by an adjective, the possessive adjective is put after the noun.  
*023. When the nouns are preceded by an adjective, the possessive adjective is put after the noun.  
::'''το αμαχι''', the cart; '''το κενύρ αμαχι''', the new cart; '''το κενύρ αμαχι μου''', my new cart  
::'''το αμαχι''', the cart; '''το νε αμαχι''', the new cart; '''το νε αμαχι μου''', my new cart  
::'''ο καλ φιλ μας''', our good friend  
::'''ο καλ φιλ μας''', our good friend  


Line 258: Line 247:
*024. A participle is an adjective derived from a verb. It modifies a noun, but may take an object like a verb.  
*024. A participle is an adjective derived from a verb. It modifies a noun, but may take an object like a verb.  


=====The Active Participle- '''Τι Ενέργ Μετόχ'''=====
=====The Active Participle- '''Τι Ενεργιτίκ Μετόχ'''=====
*025. The active participle indicates that the subject of the sentence is doing something.  
*025. The active participle indicates that the subject of the sentence is doing something.  
*026. It is formed by adding the ending '''οντ''' or '''ώντ''' to the present stem.  
*026. It is formed by adding the ending '''οντ''' or '''ώντ''' to the present stem.  
Line 269: Line 258:


=====The Passive Participle - '''Τι Παθιτίκ Μετόχ'''=====
=====The Passive Participle - '''Τι Παθιτίκ Μετόχ'''=====
*027. The passive participle is formed by adding the ending '''-ομεν''' or  '''-ίμεν''' to the present stem.
*027. The passive participle is formed by adding the ending '''-ομέν''' or  '''-ιμέν''' to the present stem.


::Class I  
::Class I  
:::'''βλεπo''' > '''βλέπομεν''', seen
:::'''βλεπω''' > '''βλεπομέν''', seen
:::'''ςχιζω''' > '''ςχιςομέν''', split


::Class II  
::Class II  
:::'''αγαπώ''' > '''αγαπίμεν''', loved
:::'''αγαπώ''' > '''αγαπιμέν ''', loved


===Pronouns - '''Προθεςις'''===
===Pronouns - '''Αντωνιμίες'''===
====The Personal Pronouns - '''Η Προςωπίκ Προθεςις'''====
====The Personal Pronouns - '''Η Προςωπίκ Αντωνιμίες'''====
*028. The personal pronouns are declined.
*028. The personal pronouns are declined.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
Line 290: Line 280:
|-
|-
!Nominative
!Nominative
|'''γo''', I
|'''γω''', I
|'''(ε)μις''', we
|'''(ε)μις''', we
|'''(ε)ςυ''', you
|'''(ε)ςι''', you
|'''(ε)ςις''', you
|'''(ε)ςις''', you
|'''αφτό''', he<br>'''αφτί''', she<br>'''αφτό''', it,
|'''αφτό''', he<br>'''αυτί''', she<br>'''αυτό''', it,
|'''αφτί''', they<br>'''αφτές''', they<br>'''αφτά''', they
|'''αφτί''', they<br>'''αυτές''', they<br>'''αυτά''', they
|-
|-
!Genitive
!Genitive
Line 321: Line 311:
::'''Σε βλεπω.''' I see you.
::'''Σε βλεπω.''' I see you.
*030. When both objects are pronouns the indirect is placed before the direct.
*030. When both objects are pronouns the indirect is placed before the direct.
::'''Στου έδινα βιβλί ''', I gave him a book.
::'''Στου το έδινα''', I gave it to him.
::'''Θα ςε ςου ςτελνω το πράματα''', I shall send you the things.  
::'''Θα ςε ςου τα ςτελνω''', I shall send them to you.  


====The Possessive Pronouns - '''Η Τιτίκ Προθεςις'''====
====The Possessive Pronouns - '''Η Τιτίκ Αντωνιμίες'''====
*031. The personal possessive pronouns are formed using the definite article with the personal pronoun in the genitive.
*031. The personal possessive pronouns are formed using the definite article with the personal pronoun in the genitive.
::'''Αφτ το βιβλί ινε το μου, κιν το βιβλί ινε το ςου.'''
::'''Αφτ το βιβλί ινε το μου, κιν το βιβλί ινε το ςου.'''
:::This book is mine, that book is yours.
:::This book is mine, that book is yours.


====The Relative Pronoun - '''Η ςχετίκ Προθες'''====
====The Relative Pronoun - '''Η ςχετίκ Αντωνιμί'''====
*032. There is only one relative pronoun. '''Πou''' stands for all the relative pronouns ''who'', ''whom'', ''which'', and ''that''.  
*032. There is only one relative pronoun. '''Πou''' stands for all the relative pronouns ''who'', ''whom'', ''which'', and ''that''.  
::'''Τι κοπέλ, πou γελά, ινε τι αδέλφ μου.'''
::'''Τι κορίτς, πoυ γελά, ινε τι αδέλφ μου.'''
:::The girl who is laughing is my sister.  
:::The girl who is laughing is my sister.  


====The Interrogative Pronouns - '''Η Ερωτιματίκ Προθεςις'''====
====The Interrogative Pronouns - '''Η Ερωτιματίκ Αντωνιμίες'''====
*033. The Interrogative Pronoun: '''πι''', who, whose, whom
*033. The Interrogative Pronoun: '''πι''', who, whose, whom
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
Line 362: Line 352:
::'''T' ινε αφτό'''; What is this?
::'''T' ινε αφτό'''; What is this?


====The Indefinite Pronouns - '''Η Αoριστ Προθεςις'''====
====The Indefinite Pronouns - '''Η Αoριςτ Αντωνιμίες'''====
*035. Anybody, anything.
*035. Anybody, anything.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
Line 371: Line 361:
|-
|-
!Nominative
!Nominative
|'''κανενας'''
|'''o καθέν'''
|'''καμιά'''
|'''τι καθέν'''
|'''κανενα'''
|'''τα καθέν'''
|-
|-
!Genitive
!Genitive
|'''κανενός'''
|'''o καθενoύ'''
|'''καμιάς'''
|'''τι καθενίς'''
|'''κανενός'''
|'''τα καθενoύ'''
|-
|-
!Accusative
!Accusative
|'''κανεναν'''
|'''o καθέν'''
|'''καμιάν'''
|'''τι καθίν'''
|'''κανενα'''
|'''τα καθενα'''
|}
|}


====The Genitive Case with Prepositions - '''Ι Γενίκ τως με Προθεςις'''====
====The Genitive Case with Prepositions - '''Ι Γενίκ Τως με Αντωνιμίες'''====
*036. Prepositions are followed by the genitive case.
*036. Prepositions are followed by the genitive case.
::'''Παε με μου στο <font color=blue>μαγάζ, λυτφε</font>.'''
::'''Παε με μου ςτο <font color=blue>μαγάζ, λιτφε</font>.'''
:::Please go with me to the store.
:::Please go with me to the store.
*037. The genitive is also used after words denoting greeting.
*037. The genitive is also used after words denoting greeting.
::'''καλιμέρ ςας''', good morning to you; '''καλινύκτ ςας''', good night; '''για ςου''', good-bye (to one person).  
::'''καλιμέρ ςας''', good morning to you; '''καλινίκτ ςας''', good night; '''για ςου''', good-bye (to one person).  




[[Athonite Grammar II]]
[[Athonite Grammar II]]

Latest revision as of 12:33, 29 May 2021

GRAMMAR OF ATHONITE,

which is,

THE GREEK DIALECT SPOKEN IN THE SERENE MONASTIC REPUBLIC OF THE HOLY MOUNTAIN

Pronunciation Table - Πίνακα τις Προφορά

Athonite α β γ γγ γκ γξ γχ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ μπ ν ντ ξ ο ου π ρ ς τ τζ φ χ ψ ω
Latin a v gh ng g ngks nch dh ɛ z e th i k l m b n d ks o u p r s t tz f ch ps ō
IPA /a/1 /v/ /ɣ/2 /ŋ/ /g/ /ŋks/ /ŋç/ /ð/ /ɛ/ /z/ /e/ /θ/ /i/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /b/ /n/3 /d/ /ks/ /ɔ/ /u/ /p/ /ɾ/ /s/4 /t/ /ʣ/ /f/ /ç/ /ps/ /o/

Notes - Σιμιωςις

  • 1 when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
  • 2 /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
  • 3 final <ν> before <π> and <μπ> becomes /m/, e.g., δεν μπορώ, <dhemboˈrṓ>, I cannot. The <π> becomes /b/, e.g., δεν πιραζι, <dhembiˈrazi>, it doesn't matter.
final <ν> before <κ>, <γ> and <χ> becomes /ŋ/, e.g., δεν κοβω, <dheng'kovō>, I cut.
  • 4 /z/ before voiced consonants, e.g., ος Δεβτέρ, <oz Dhevtér>, until Monday,


Introduction - Ιςαγώγ

  • Although Modern Greek is the official language of the Monastic Republic and is spoken in the Greek monasteries, the citizens have their own dialect.
  • It developed from their contact with their Turkish conquerors and shows some Turkish influence in grammar and vocabulary.
  • Many internal differences have been regularized, such as simplification of the verb tenses.
  • A spelling reform, devised by a monk, has standardized the orthography so that it is more consistent with the pronunciation, e.g., αι > ε; οι > ι.
  • Double letters have been eliminated, except for γγ.
  • σ has been replaced by ς.
  • Some initial consonant clusters have been simplified, e.g., κτ > τ; πτ > τ; γν > ν.
  • The accent regularly occurs on the penultimate syllable.
  • An acute accent is placed over an accented vowel when the accent is not on the penultima.
  • Words of Turkish origin are indicated in blue.


Grammar - Γραματίκ

The Definite Article - Το Οριςτίκ Αρθ

  • 001. The Modern Greek definite article has been reduced to one single form for each gender: ο for masculine nouns, ι for feminine nouns, and το for neuter nouns.

Uses of the definite article - Χριςι από το Οριςτίκ Αρθ

  1. Before proper names, e.g., Ο Γιοργ ινε καλ αγόρ; George is a good boy.
  2. Before the names of places, e.g., Ι Αθίν ινε ι πρoτεβους απ' ι Elάδ; Athens is the capital of Greece.
  3. Before the names of streets, e.g., Mενo ςε ι οδ ςταδί; I live on Stadium Street.
  4. Before titles of names of professions followed by a person's name, e.g., Ο γατρ Eβγενιδες ινε πolύ πloυςι; Dr. Eugenides is very rich.
  5. Before nouns used in an abstract or general sense, e.g., Ι ιλικρινι ινε ι πιo μεγάλ αρέτ; Sincerity is the greatest virtue.
  6. Before nouns designating parts of the body or personal articles of clothing, e.g., To μαλιά απ ι Mαρία ινε χανθ; Mary's hair is blond.
  7. Before nouns modified by a possessive adjective which follows the noun, e.g., Ο αδέλφ μου ο Γιαν εχι καλ δoυλί; My brother John has a good job.
  8. Before nouns modified by a demonstrative, e.g., Αφτ ι κορίτς ινε πολί ωρέ; This girl is very beautiful.
  9. Before a noun indicating a class of objects or persons, e.g., Ο πoλιςι ινε αφςτίρ; Policemen are strict.

The Indefinite Article - Το Αοριςτ Αρθ

  • 002. There is no indefinite article in Athonite.

Nouns - Ουςιαςτικί

  • 003. Nouns are divided into three classes known as masculine, feminine, and neuter.
  • 004. Masculine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article ο, e.g., ο ανθρωπ, the man; ο πατέρ, the father.
  • 005. Feminine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article ι, e.g., ι πορτ, the door; ι γινέκ, the woman.
  • 006. Neuter nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article το, e.g., το πεδ, the child; το γραφί, the office.

The Plural - Ο Πλιθυντικό

  • 007. Nouns form their plurals by adding a suffix to the word. Note whether the accent shifts or remains.
  • 008. Masculine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add .
ο αδέλφ, the brother, ο αδελφί, the brothers
ο ανθρωπ, the man, ο άνθρωπι, the men
ο εργάτ, the worker, ο εργατι, the workers
  • 009. Feminine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add -ες.
ι αδέλφ, the sister, ι αδελφές , the sisters
ι μερ, the day, ι μερες , the days
ι ναρκ, the boat, ι ναρκες , the boats
  • 010. Neuter nouns which end in -μ(α) add -(α)τα.
το χρωμ, the color; το χρώματα, the colors
  • 011. Other neuter nouns add or -ια.
το τςιγάρ, the cigarette, το τςιγαρα, the cigarettes
το ψαρ, the fish, το ψάρια, the fishes.
  • 012. There are a few irregular plurals.
το φως, the light; το φωτα, the lights

The Function of Cases - Ι Λιτουργί από Τωςες

  • 013. Possession and other types of genitive use are indicated with the preposition από, contracted to απ' before an initial vowel.
ο αμζα, the uncle > απ' ο αμζα, of the uncle
τι μπιμπι, the aunt > από τι μπιμπι, of the aunt
το ποδ, the foot > από το ποδ, of the foot
ο αμζι, the uncles > απ' ο αμζι, of the uncles
τι μπιμπες, the aunts > από τι μπιμπες, of the aunts
το ποδa, the feet > από το ποδa, of the feet
  • 014. The indirect object is expressed with the preposition ςε, contracted to ς' before a vowel and prefixed to pronouns.
ο Γιαν δινι ς' ο Μιχαίλ τςιγάρ John gives Michael a cigarette.
έδινα ς' ο γιοργ βιβλί, I gave George a book.

Adjectives - Επίθετα

  • 015. Adjectives in Athonite are indeclinable.
  • 016. Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
    • ο καλ ανθρωπ, the good man
    • τι καλ γινέκ, the good woman
    • το καλ πεδ, the good child
    • ο μεγάλ ςκιλ, the large dog
    • τι μεγάλ πορτ, the large door
    • το μεγάλ δωματι, the large room
  • 017. The determiners αφτ, this, and κιν, that, precede the noun they determine and require the definite article.
    • αφτ ο ανθρωπ, this man
    • αφτ ο ςκιλ, this dog
    • αφτ τι γινέκ, this woman
    • αφτ το πεδ, this child
    • αφτ το αμαχι, this cart
    • κιν ο εργάτ, that worker
    • κιν τι νιχτ, that night
    • κιν το δωματι, that room

Comparison of Adjectives - Παραβόλ από Επίθετα

  • 018. There is only one degree of comparison of the Athonite adjective. It is formed by placing the word πιο, more, in front them. They are then followed by από.
Ο αδέλφ μου ινε πιο δινάτ απ' ο αδέλφ ςου, My brother is stronger than your brother.
Ο Γιαν ινε πιο φτωχ απ' ο Kοςtας, John is poorer than Costas.
Aφτ το ςπιτ ινε πιο καλ από κινο, This house is better than that one.
Aφτ το οτομοβιλ ινε πολί πιο χιρότ απ' ο αλον, This automobile is much worse than the other.
Ο Aνδρέ ινε ο πιο καλ μαθίτ ςε τι ταξ του, Andrew is the best student in his class.
Ο πατέρ τις ινε ο πιο πλoυsι ςτι Aθίν, Her father is the richest man in Athens.
Τι Eλέν ιταν τι πιο ωρέ γινέκ ςε τι Elάδ, Helen was the most beautiful woman in Greece.
  • 019. The comparative of κακ, bad, is χιρότ, worse.
  • 020. The comparison of inferiority is eχpressed with λιγóτ, less, plus από.
Ο Nικ ινε λιγóτ εξυπ απ' ο Kοςtας, Nick is not as smart as Costas.
  • 021. The comparison of equality is eχpressed by τoς...oς plus the definite article.
Ο πατέρ μου ινε τoς πλouςι oς ο πατέρ ςου, My father is as rich as your father.

The Possessive Adjectives - Το Τιτίκ Επίθετα

Singular Plural
μου, my μας, our
ςου, your ςας, your
του, his
τις, her
του, its
τους, their
  • 022. These adjectives are placed after the nouns they modify. The nouns are preceded by the definite article.
το ςπιτ, the house; το ςπιτ μου, my house
ο φιλ, the friend; ο φιλ μου, my friend
το χιρ μου, my hand
ο πατέρ ςου, your father
τι μιτέρ τις, her mother
ο ςκιλ μας, our dog
ο ςκιλι μας, our dogs
το νόμιςμα ςας, your money
  • 023. When the nouns are preceded by an adjective, the possessive adjective is put after the noun.
το αμαχι, the cart; το νε αμαχι, the new cart; το νε αμαχι μου, my new cart
ο καλ φιλ μας, our good friend

The Participles - Τι Μετοχές

  • 024. A participle is an adjective derived from a verb. It modifies a noun, but may take an object like a verb.
The Active Participle- Τι Ενεργιτίκ Μετόχ
  • 025. The active participle indicates that the subject of the sentence is doing something.
  • 026. It is formed by adding the ending οντ or ώντ to the present stem.
Class I
βλεπω > βλεποντ, seeing
Class II
αγαπώ > αγαπώντ, loving
The Passive Participle - Τι Παθιτίκ Μετόχ
  • 027. The passive participle is formed by adding the ending -ομέν or -ιμέν to the present stem.
Class I
βλεπω > βλεπομέν, seen
ςχιζω > ςχιςομέν, split
Class II
αγαπώ > αγαπιμέν , loved

Pronouns - Αντωνιμίες

The Personal Pronouns - Η Προςωπίκ Αντωνιμίες

  • 028. The personal pronouns are declined.
First singular First plural Second singular Second plural Third singular Third plural
Nominative γω, I (ε)μις, we (ε)ςι, you (ε)ςις, you αφτό, he
αυτί, she
αυτό, it,
αφτί, they
αυτές, they
αυτά, they
Genitive μου, my μας, our ςου, your ςας, your του, his
τις, her
του, its
τους, their
Accusative με(να), me (ε)μας, us ςε(να), you (ε)ςας, you τον, him
τιν, her
το, it
τους, them
τις, them
τα, them
  • 029. The object pronouns are placed before the verb except in the imperative when they follow the verb.
Σε μου το έφερε, He brought it to me.
Δινε ςμου το βιβλί, Give me the book.
Δινε ςτις μπαζ νερ, Give her some water.
Δινε ςτις το, Give it to her.
Σε βλεπω. I see you.
  • 030. When both objects are pronouns the indirect is placed before the direct.
Στου το έδινα, I gave it to him.
Θα ςε ςου τα ςτελνω, I shall send them to you.

The Possessive Pronouns - Η Τιτίκ Αντωνιμίες

  • 031. The personal possessive pronouns are formed using the definite article with the personal pronoun in the genitive.
Αφτ το βιβλί ινε το μου, κιν το βιβλί ινε το ςου.
This book is mine, that book is yours.

The Relative Pronoun - Η ςχετίκ Αντωνιμί

  • 032. There is only one relative pronoun. Πou stands for all the relative pronouns who, whom, which, and that.
Τι κορίτς, πoυ γελά, ινε τι αδέλφ μου.
The girl who is laughing is my sister.

The Interrogative Pronouns - Η Ερωτιματίκ Αντωνιμίες

  • 033. The Interrogative Pronoun: πι, who, whose, whom
Singular Plural
Nominative πι πιές
Genitive πιoύ πιóν
Accusative πιόν πιoύς
Π' ινε αφτό; Who is this?
Πιoύ καπέλ ινε κινο; Whose hat is that?
Πιoύs ζιτάτε; For whom are you looking?
  • 034. The Interrogative Pronoun: τι, what
Ti κάνετε; What are you doing?
T' ινε αφτό; What is this?

The Indefinite Pronouns - Η Αoριςτ Αντωνιμίες

  • 035. Anybody, anything.
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative o καθέν τι καθέν τα καθέν
Genitive o καθενoύ τι καθενίς τα καθενoύ
Accusative o καθέν τι καθίν τα καθενα

The Genitive Case with Prepositions - Ι Γενίκ Τως με Αντωνιμίες

  • 036. Prepositions are followed by the genitive case.
Παε με μου ςτο μαγάζ, λιτφε.
Please go with me to the store.
  • 037. The genitive is also used after words denoting greeting.
καλιμέρ ςας, good morning to you; καλινίκτ ςας, good night; για ςου, good-bye (to one person).


Athonite Grammar II