Athonite Grammar I: Difference between revisions
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which is,<br> | which is,<br> | ||
'''THE GREEK DIALECT SPOKEN IN THE SERENE MONASTIC REPUBLIC OF THE HOLY MOUNTAIN'''</center> | '''THE GREEK DIALECT SPOKEN IN THE SERENE MONASTIC REPUBLIC OF THE HOLY MOUNTAIN'''</center> | ||
==Pronunciation Table - '''Πίνακα τις Προφορά'''== | ==Pronunciation Table - '''Πίνακα τις Προφορά'''== | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;" | ||
! | ! Athonite | ||
! α | ! α | ||
! β | ! β | ||
! γ | ! γ | ||
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! δ | ! δ | ||
! ε | ! ε | ||
! ζ | ! ζ | ||
! η | |||
! θ | |||
! ι | ! ι | ||
! κ | ! κ | ||
! λ | ! λ | ||
Line 50: | Line 35: | ||
! τ | ! τ | ||
! τζ | ! τζ | ||
! φ | ! φ | ||
! χ | ! χ | ||
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| Latin | | Latin | ||
| a | | a | ||
| v | | v | ||
| gh | |||
| ng | |||
| g | | g | ||
| ngks | | ngks | ||
| nch | | nch | ||
| dh | | dh | ||
| ɛ | |||
| z | |||
| e | | e | ||
| th | |||
| i | | i | ||
| k | | k | ||
| l | | l | ||
Line 79: | Line 61: | ||
| d | | d | ||
| ks | | ks | ||
| | | o | ||
| u | | u | ||
| p | | p | ||
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| s | | s | ||
| t | | t | ||
| | | tz | ||
| f | | f | ||
| ch | | ch | ||
| ps | | ps | ||
| | | ō | ||
|- | |- | ||
|IPA | |IPA | ||
| /a/<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font> | | /a/<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font> | ||
| /v/ | | /v/ | ||
| /ɣ/<font color=red><sup> | | /ɣ/<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font> | ||
| /ŋ/ | | /ŋ/ | ||
| / | | /g/ | ||
| /ŋks/ | | /ŋks/ | ||
| /ŋç/ | | /ŋç/ | ||
| /ð/ | | /ð/ | ||
| / | | /ɛ/ | ||
| /z/ | | /z/ | ||
| / | | /e/ | ||
| /θ/ | | /θ/ | ||
| /i/ | |||
| /k/ | | /k/ | ||
| /l/ | | /l/ | ||
| /m/ | | /m/ | ||
| /b/ | | /b/ | ||
| /n/<font color=red><sup> | | /n/<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font> | ||
| /d/ | | /d/ | ||
| /ks/ | | /ks/ | ||
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| /u/ | | /u/ | ||
| /p/ | | /p/ | ||
| / | | /ɾ/ | ||
| /s/<font color=red><sup> | | /s/<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font> | ||
| /t/ | | /t/ | ||
| /ʣ/ | | /ʣ/ | ||
| /f/ | | /f/ | ||
| /ç/ | | /ç/ | ||
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|} | |} | ||
===Notes - ''' | ===Notes - '''Σιμιωςις'''=== | ||
*<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font> when accented, otherwise /ʌ/. | *<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font> when accented, otherwise /ʌ/. | ||
*<font color=red><sup>2 | *<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font> /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι. | ||
*<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font> final <ν> before <π> and <μπ> becomes /m/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν μπορώ''', <dhemboˈrṓ>, I cannot. The <π> becomes /b/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν πιραζι''', <dhembiˈrazi>, it doesn't matter. | |||
*<font color=red><sup> | :final <ν> before <κ>, <γ> and <χ> becomes /ŋ/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν κοβω''', <dheng'kovō>, I cut. | ||
*<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font> /z/ before voiced consonants, ''e.g.'', '''ος Δεβτέρ''', <oz Dhevtér>, until Monday, | |||
*<font color=red><sup> | |||
*<font color= | |||
==Introduction - '''Ιςαγώγ'''== | |||
*Although Modern Greek is the official language of the Monastic Republic and is spoken in the Greek monasteries, the citizens have their own dialect. | |||
*It developed from their contact with their Turkish conquerors and shows some Turkish influence in grammar and vocabulary. | |||
*Many internal differences have been regularized, such as simplification of the verb tenses. | |||
*A spelling reform, devised by a monk, has standardized the orthography so that it is more consistent with the pronunciation, ''e.g.'', '''αι''' > '''ε'''; '''οι''' > '''ι'''. | |||
*Double letters have been eliminated, except for '''γγ'''. | |||
*'''σ''' has been replaced by '''ς'''. | |||
*Some initial consonant clusters have been simplified, ''e.g.'', '''κτ''' > '''τ'''; '''πτ''' > '''τ'''; '''γν''' > '''ν'''. | |||
*The accent regularly occurs on the [[Wikipedia:Penult|penultimate]] syllable. | |||
*An acute accent is placed over an accented vowel when the accent is not on the penultima. | |||
*Words of Turkish origin are indicated in <font color=blue>blue</font>. | |||
==Grammar - '''Γραματίκ'''== | ==Grammar - '''Γραματίκ'''== | ||
===The Definite Article - '''Το | ===The Definite Article - '''Το Οριςτίκ Αρθ'''=== | ||
*001. The Modern Greek definite article has been reduced to one single form for each gender: '''ο''' for masculine nouns, ''' | *001. The Modern Greek definite article has been reduced to one single form for each gender: '''ο''' for masculine nouns, '''ι''' for feminine nouns, and '''το''' for neuter nouns. | ||
====Uses of the definite article - '''Χριςι | ====Uses of the definite article - '''Χριςι από το Οριςτίκ Αρθ'''==== | ||
# Before proper names, ''e.g.'', '''Ο Γιοργ ινε καλ | # Before proper names, ''e.g.'', '''Ο Γιοργ ινε καλ αγόρ'''; George is a good boy. | ||
# Before the names of places, ''e.g.'', ''' | # Before the names of places, ''e.g.'', '''Ι Αθίν ινε ι πρoτεβους απ' ι Elάδ'''; Athens is the capital of Greece. | ||
# Before the names of streets, ''e.g.'', '''Mενo ςε | # Before the names of streets, ''e.g.'', '''Mενo ςε ι οδ ςταδί'''; I live on Stadium Street. | ||
# Before titles of names of professions followed by a person's name, ''e.g.'', '''Ο | # Before titles of names of professions followed by a person's name, ''e.g.'', '''Ο γατρ Eβγενιδες ινε πolύ πloυςι'''; Dr. Eugenides is very rich. | ||
# Before nouns used in an abstract or general sense, ''e.g.'', ''' | # Before nouns used in an abstract or general sense, ''e.g.'', '''Ι ιλικρινι ινε ι πιo μεγάλ αρέτ'''; Sincerity is the greatest virtue. | ||
# Before nouns designating parts of the body or personal articles of clothing, ''e.g.'', '''To μαλιά | # Before nouns designating parts of the body or personal articles of clothing, ''e.g.'', '''To μαλιά απ ι Mαρία ινε χανθ'''; Mary's hair is blond. | ||
# Before nouns modified by a possessive adjective which follows the noun, ''e.g.'', '''Ο αδέλφ μου ο Γιαν εχι καλ δoυλί'''; My brother John has a good job. | # Before nouns modified by a possessive adjective which follows the noun, ''e.g.'', '''Ο αδέλφ μου ο Γιαν εχι καλ δoυλί'''; My brother John has a good job. | ||
# Before nouns modified by a demonstrative, ''e.g.'', ''' | # Before nouns modified by a demonstrative, ''e.g.'', '''Αφτ ι κορίτς ινε πολί ωρέ'''; This girl is very beautiful. | ||
# Before a noun indicating a class of objects or persons, ''e.g.'', '''Ο <font color=blue>πoλιςι</font> ινε αφςτίρ'''; Policemen are strict. | # Before a noun indicating a class of objects or persons, ''e.g.'', '''Ο <font color=blue>πoλιςι</font> ινε αφςτίρ'''; Policemen are strict. | ||
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===Nouns - '''Ουςιαςτικί'''=== | ===Nouns - '''Ουςιαςτικί'''=== | ||
*003. Nouns are divided into three classes known as masculine, feminine, and neuter. | *003. Nouns are divided into three classes known as masculine, feminine, and neuter. | ||
*004. Masculine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''ο''', ''e.g.'', '''ο | *004. Masculine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''ο''', ''e.g.'', '''ο ανθρωπ''', the man; '''ο πατέρ''', the father. | ||
*005. Feminine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article ''' | *005. Feminine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''ι''', ''e.g.'', '''ι πορτ''', the door; '''ι γινέκ''', the woman. | ||
*006. Neuter nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''το''', ''e.g.'', '''το πεδ''', the child; '''το γραφί''', the office. | *006. Neuter nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article '''το''', ''e.g.'', '''το πεδ''', the child; '''το γραφί''', the office. | ||
====The Plural - '''Ο Πλιθυντικό'''==== | ====The Plural - '''Ο Πλιθυντικό'''==== | ||
*007. Nouns form their plurals by adding a suffix to the word. Note whether the accent shifts or remains. | *007. Nouns form their plurals by adding a suffix to the word. Note whether the accent shifts or remains. | ||
*008. Masculine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add '''-ι'''. | *008. Masculine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add '''-ι'''. | ||
::'''ο αδέλφ''', the brother, '''ο αδελφί''', the brothers | ::'''ο αδέλφ''', the brother, '''ο αδελφί''', the brothers | ||
::'''ο | ::'''ο ανθρωπ''', the man, '''ο άνθρωπι''', the men | ||
::'''ο εργάτ''', the worker, '''ο εργατι''', the workers | ::'''ο εργάτ''', the worker, '''ο εργατι''', the workers | ||
*009. Feminine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add '''-ες'''. | *009. Feminine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add '''-ες'''. | ||
::''' | ::'''ι αδέλφ''', the sister, '''ι αδελφές ''', the sisters | ||
::''' | ::'''ι μερ''', the day, '''ι μερες ''', the days | ||
::''' | ::'''ι ναρκ''', the boat, '''ι ναρκες ''', the boats | ||
*010. Neuter nouns which end in '''- | *010. Neuter nouns which end in '''-μ(α)''' add '''-(α)τα'''. | ||
::'''το | ::'''το χρωμ''', the color; '''το χρώματα''', the colors | ||
*011. Other neuter nouns add '''-α''' or '''-ια'''. | *011. Other neuter nouns add '''-α''' or '''-ια'''. | ||
::'''το τςιγάρ''', the cigarette, '''το τςιγαρα''', the cigarettes | ::'''το τςιγάρ''', the cigarette, '''το τςιγαρα''', the cigarettes | ||
::'''το ψαρ''', the fish, '''το | ::'''το ψαρ''', the fish, '''το ψάρια''', the fishes. | ||
*012. There are a few irregular plurals | *012. There are a few irregular plurals. | ||
::'''το | ::'''το φως''', the light; '''το φωτα''', the lights | ||
====The Function of Cases - ''' | ====The Function of Cases - '''Ι Λιτουργί από Τωςες '''==== | ||
*013. Possession and other types of genitive use are indicated with the preposition '''από''', contracted to '''απ'''' before an initial | *013. Possession and other types of genitive use are indicated with the preposition '''από''', contracted to '''απ'''' before an initial vowel. | ||
::'''ο <font color=blue>αμζα</font>''', the uncle > '''απ' ο <font color=blue>αμζα</font>''', of the uncle | ::'''ο <font color=blue>αμζα</font>''', the uncle > '''απ' ο <font color=blue>αμζα</font>''', of the uncle | ||
::'''τι <font color=blue>μπιμπι</font>''', the aunt > '''από τι <font color=blue>μπιμπι</font>''', of the aunt | ::'''τι <font color=blue>μπιμπι</font>''', the aunt > '''από τι <font color=blue>μπιμπι</font>''', of the aunt | ||
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::'''το ποδa''', the feet > '''από το ποδa''', of the feet | ::'''το ποδa''', the feet > '''από το ποδa''', of the feet | ||
*014. The indirect object is expressed with the preposition '''ςε''', contracted to '''ς'''' before a vowel and prefixed to pronouns. | *014. The indirect object is expressed with the preposition '''ςε''', contracted to '''ς'''' before a vowel and prefixed to pronouns. | ||
::'''ο Γιαν | ::'''ο Γιαν δινι ς' ο Μιχαίλ τςιγάρ''' John gives Michael a cigarette. | ||
::'''έδινα ς' ο γιοργ βιβλί''', I gave George a book. | ::'''έδινα ς' ο γιοργ βιβλί''', I gave George a book. | ||
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*015. Adjectives in Athonite are indeclinable. | *015. Adjectives in Athonite are indeclinable. | ||
*016. Adjectives precede the noun they modify. | *016. Adjectives precede the noun they modify. | ||
**'''ο καλ | **'''ο καλ ανθρωπ''', the good man | ||
**'''τι καλ | **'''τι καλ γινέκ''', the good woman | ||
**'''το καλ πεδ''', the good child | **'''το καλ πεδ''', the good child | ||
**'''ο μεγάλ | **'''ο μεγάλ ςκιλ''', the large dog | ||
**'''τι μεγάλ πορτ''', the large door | **'''τι μεγάλ πορτ''', the large door | ||
**'''το μεγάλ | **'''το μεγάλ δωματι''', the large room | ||
*017. The determiners '''αφτ''', ''this'', and '''κιν''', ''that'', precede the noun they determine and require the definite article. | *017. The determiners '''αφτ''', ''this'', and '''κιν''', ''that'', precede the noun they determine and require the definite article. | ||
**'''αφτ ο | **'''αφτ ο ανθρωπ''', this man | ||
**''' | **'''αφτ ο ςκιλ''', this dog | ||
**'''αφτ τι | **'''αφτ τι γινέκ''', this woman | ||
**'''αφτ το πεδ''', this child | **'''αφτ το πεδ''', this child | ||
**'''αφτ το αμαχι''', this cart | **'''αφτ το αμαχι''', this cart | ||
**'''κιν ο εργάτ''', that worker | **'''κιν ο εργάτ''', that worker | ||
**'''κιν τι | **'''κιν τι νιχτ''', that night | ||
**'''κιν το δωματι''', that room | **'''κιν το δωματι''', that room | ||
====Comparison of Adjectives - ''' | ====Comparison of Adjectives - '''Παραβόλ από Επίθετα'''==== | ||
*018. There is only one degree of comparison of the Athonite adjective. It is formed by placing the word '''πιο''', ''more'', in front them. They are then followed by '''από'''. | *018. There is only one degree of comparison of the Athonite adjective. It is formed by placing the word '''πιο''', ''more'', in front them. They are then followed by '''από'''. | ||
::'''Ο αδέλφ μου ινε πιο | ::'''Ο αδέλφ μου ινε πιο δινάτ απ' ο αδέλφ ςου''', My brother is stronger than your brother. | ||
::'''Ο Γιαν ινε πιο | ::'''Ο Γιαν ινε πιο φτωχ απ' ο Kοςtας''', John is poorer than Costas. | ||
::'''Aφτ το ςπιτ ινε πιο καλ από κινο''', This house is better than that one. | ::'''Aφτ το ςπιτ ινε πιο καλ από κινο''', This house is better than that one. | ||
::'''Aφτ το {{Color|blue|οτομοβιλ}} ινε | ::'''Aφτ το {{Color|blue|οτομοβιλ}} ινε πολί πιο χιρότ απ' ο αλον''', This automobile is much worse than the other. | ||
::'''Ο Aνδρέ ινε ο πιο καλ μαθίτ ςε τι ταξ του''', Andrew is the best | ::'''Ο Aνδρέ ινε ο πιο καλ μαθίτ ςε τι ταξ του''', Andrew is the best student in his class. | ||
::'''Ο πατέρ τις ινε ο πιο πλoυsι | ::'''Ο πατέρ τις ινε ο πιο πλoυsι ςτι Aθίν''', Her father is the richest man in Athens. | ||
::'''Τι Eλέν ιταν τι πιο | ::'''Τι Eλέν ιταν τι πιο ωρέ γινέκ ςε τι Elάδ''', Helen was the most beautiful woman in Greece. | ||
*019. The comparative of '''κακ''', ''bad'', is '''χιρότ''', ''worse''. | *019. The comparative of '''κακ''', ''bad'', is '''χιρότ''', ''worse''. | ||
*020. The comparison of inferiority is eχpressed with '''λιγóτ''', ''less'', plus '''από'''. | *020. The comparison of inferiority is eχpressed with '''λιγóτ''', ''less'', plus '''από'''. | ||
::''' Ο Nικ ινε λιγóτ εξυπ απ' ο Kοςtας''', Nick is not as smart as Costas. | ::'''Ο Nικ ινε λιγóτ εξυπ απ' ο Kοςtας''', Nick is not as smart as Costas. | ||
*021. The comparison of equality is eχpressed by '''τoς...oς''' plus the definite article. | *021. The comparison of equality is eχpressed by '''τoς...oς''' plus the definite article. | ||
::''' Ο πατέρ μου ινε τoς πλouςι oς ο πατέρ ςου''', My father is as rich as your father. | ::'''Ο πατέρ μου ινε τoς πλouςι oς ο πατέρ ςου''', My father is as rich as your father. | ||
====The Possessive Adjectives - '''Το Τιτίκ Επίθετα'''==== | ====The Possessive Adjectives - '''Το Τιτίκ Επίθετα'''==== | ||
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::'''ο πατέρ ςου''', your father | ::'''ο πατέρ ςου''', your father | ||
::'''τι μιτέρ τις''', her mother | ::'''τι μιτέρ τις''', her mother | ||
::'''ο | ::'''ο ςκιλ μας''', our dog | ||
::'''ο | ::'''ο ςκιλι μας''', our dogs | ||
::'''το | ::'''το νόμιςμα ςας''', your money | ||
*023. When the nouns are preceded by an adjective, the possessive adjective is put after the noun. | *023. When the nouns are preceded by an adjective, the possessive adjective is put after the noun. | ||
::'''το αμαχι''', the cart; '''το | ::'''το αμαχι''', the cart; '''το νε αμαχι''', the new cart; '''το νε αμαχι μου''', my new cart | ||
::'''ο καλ φιλ μας''', our good friend | ::'''ο καλ φιλ μας''', our good friend | ||
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*024. A participle is an adjective derived from a verb. It modifies a noun, but may take an object like a verb. | *024. A participle is an adjective derived from a verb. It modifies a noun, but may take an object like a verb. | ||
=====The Active Participle- '''Τι | =====The Active Participle- '''Τι Ενεργιτίκ Μετόχ'''===== | ||
*025. The active participle indicates that the subject of the sentence is doing something. | *025. The active participle indicates that the subject of the sentence is doing something. | ||
*026. It is formed by adding the ending '''οντ''' or '''ώντ''' to the present stem. | *026. It is formed by adding the ending '''οντ''' or '''ώντ''' to the present stem. | ||
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=====The Passive Participle - '''Τι Παθιτίκ Μετόχ'''===== | =====The Passive Participle - '''Τι Παθιτίκ Μετόχ'''===== | ||
*027. The passive participle is formed by adding the ending '''- | *027. The passive participle is formed by adding the ending '''-ομέν''' or '''-ιμέν''' to the present stem. | ||
::Class I | ::Class I | ||
:::''' | :::'''βλεπω''' > '''βλεπομέν''', seen | ||
:::'''ςχιζω''' > '''ςχιςομέν''', split | |||
::Class II | ::Class II | ||
:::'''αγαπώ''' > ''' | :::'''αγαπώ''' > '''αγαπιμέν ''', loved | ||
===Pronouns - ''' | ===Pronouns - '''Αντωνιμίες'''=== | ||
====The Personal Pronouns - '''Η Προςωπίκ | ====The Personal Pronouns - '''Η Προςωπίκ Αντωνιμίες'''==== | ||
*028. The personal pronouns are declined. | *028. The personal pronouns are declined. | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Nominative | !Nominative | ||
|''' | |'''γω''', I | ||
|'''(ε)μις''', we | |'''(ε)μις''', we | ||
|'''(ε) | |'''(ε)ςι''', you | ||
|'''(ε)ςις''', you | |'''(ε)ςις''', you | ||
|'''αφτό''', he<br>''' | |'''αφτό''', he<br>'''αυτί''', she<br>'''αυτό''', it, | ||
|'''αφτί''', they<br>''' | |'''αφτί''', they<br>'''αυτές''', they<br>'''αυτά''', they | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Genitive | !Genitive | ||
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::'''Σε βλεπω.''' I see you. | ::'''Σε βλεπω.''' I see you. | ||
*030. When both objects are pronouns the indirect is placed before the direct. | *030. When both objects are pronouns the indirect is placed before the direct. | ||
::'''Στου έδινα | ::'''Στου το έδινα''', I gave it to him. | ||
::'''Θα ςε ςου ςτελνω | ::'''Θα ςε ςου τα ςτελνω''', I shall send them to you. | ||
====The Possessive Pronouns - '''Η Τιτίκ | ====The Possessive Pronouns - '''Η Τιτίκ Αντωνιμίες'''==== | ||
*031. The personal possessive pronouns are formed using the definite article with the personal pronoun in the genitive. | *031. The personal possessive pronouns are formed using the definite article with the personal pronoun in the genitive. | ||
::'''Αφτ το βιβλί ινε το μου, κιν το βιβλί ινε το ςου.''' | ::'''Αφτ το βιβλί ινε το μου, κιν το βιβλί ινε το ςου.''' | ||
:::This book is mine, that book is yours. | :::This book is mine, that book is yours. | ||
====The Relative Pronoun - '''Η ςχετίκ | ====The Relative Pronoun - '''Η ςχετίκ Αντωνιμί'''==== | ||
*032. There is only one relative pronoun. '''Πou''' stands for all the relative pronouns ''who'', ''whom'', ''which'', and ''that''. | *032. There is only one relative pronoun. '''Πou''' stands for all the relative pronouns ''who'', ''whom'', ''which'', and ''that''. | ||
::'''Τι | ::'''Τι κορίτς, πoυ γελά, ινε τι αδέλφ μου.''' | ||
:::The girl who is laughing is my sister. | :::The girl who is laughing is my sister. | ||
====The Interrogative Pronouns - '''Η Ερωτιματίκ | ====The Interrogative Pronouns - '''Η Ερωτιματίκ Αντωνιμίες'''==== | ||
*033. The Interrogative Pronoun: '''πι''', who, whose, whom | *033. The Interrogative Pronoun: '''πι''', who, whose, whom | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
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::'''T' ινε αφτό'''; What is this? | ::'''T' ινε αφτό'''; What is this? | ||
====The Indefinite Pronouns - '''Η | ====The Indefinite Pronouns - '''Η Αoριςτ Αντωνιμίες'''==== | ||
*035. Anybody, anything. | *035. Anybody, anything. | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Nominative | !Nominative | ||
|''' | |'''o καθέν''' | ||
|''' | |'''τι καθέν''' | ||
|''' | |'''τα καθέν''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Genitive | !Genitive | ||
|''' | |'''o καθενoύ''' | ||
|''' | |'''τι καθενίς''' | ||
|''' | |'''τα καθενoύ''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Accusative | !Accusative | ||
|''' | |'''o καθέν''' | ||
|''' | |'''τι καθίν''' | ||
|''' | |'''τα καθενα''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====The Genitive Case with Prepositions - '''Ι Γενίκ | ====The Genitive Case with Prepositions - '''Ι Γενίκ Τως με Αντωνιμίες'''==== | ||
*036. Prepositions are followed by the genitive case. | *036. Prepositions are followed by the genitive case. | ||
::'''Παε με μου | ::'''Παε με μου ςτο <font color=blue>μαγάζ, λιτφε</font>.''' | ||
:::Please go with me to the store. | :::Please go with me to the store. | ||
*037. The genitive is also used after words denoting greeting. | *037. The genitive is also used after words denoting greeting. | ||
::'''καλιμέρ ςας''', good morning to you; ''' | ::'''καλιμέρ ςας''', good morning to you; '''καλινίκτ ςας''', good night; '''για ςου''', good-bye (to one person). | ||
[[Athonite Grammar II]] | [[Athonite Grammar II]] |
Latest revision as of 12:33, 29 May 2021
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Pronunciation Table - Πίνακα τις Προφορά
Athonite | α | β | γ | γγ | γκ | γξ | γχ | δ | ε | ζ | η | θ | ι | κ | λ | μ | μπ | ν | ντ | ξ | ο | ου | π | ρ | ς | τ | τζ | φ | χ | ψ | ω |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latin | a | v | gh | ng | g | ngks | nch | dh | ɛ | z | e | th | i | k | l | m | b | n | d | ks | o | u | p | r | s | t | tz | f | ch | ps | ō |
IPA | /a/1 | /v/ | /ɣ/2 | /ŋ/ | /g/ | /ŋks/ | /ŋç/ | /ð/ | /ɛ/ | /z/ | /e/ | /θ/ | /i/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /b/ | /n/3 | /d/ | /ks/ | /ɔ/ | /u/ | /p/ | /ɾ/ | /s/4 | /t/ | /ʣ/ | /f/ | /ç/ | /ps/ | /o/ |
Notes - Σιμιωςις
- 1 when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
- 2 /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
- 3 final <ν> before <π> and <μπ> becomes /m/, e.g., δεν μπορώ, <dhemboˈrṓ>, I cannot. The <π> becomes /b/, e.g., δεν πιραζι, <dhembiˈrazi>, it doesn't matter.
- final <ν> before <κ>, <γ> and <χ> becomes /ŋ/, e.g., δεν κοβω, <dheng'kovō>, I cut.
- 4 /z/ before voiced consonants, e.g., ος Δεβτέρ, <oz Dhevtér>, until Monday,
Introduction - Ιςαγώγ
- Although Modern Greek is the official language of the Monastic Republic and is spoken in the Greek monasteries, the citizens have their own dialect.
- It developed from their contact with their Turkish conquerors and shows some Turkish influence in grammar and vocabulary.
- Many internal differences have been regularized, such as simplification of the verb tenses.
- A spelling reform, devised by a monk, has standardized the orthography so that it is more consistent with the pronunciation, e.g., αι > ε; οι > ι.
- Double letters have been eliminated, except for γγ.
- σ has been replaced by ς.
- Some initial consonant clusters have been simplified, e.g., κτ > τ; πτ > τ; γν > ν.
- The accent regularly occurs on the penultimate syllable.
- An acute accent is placed over an accented vowel when the accent is not on the penultima.
- Words of Turkish origin are indicated in blue.
Grammar - Γραματίκ
The Definite Article - Το Οριςτίκ Αρθ
- 001. The Modern Greek definite article has been reduced to one single form for each gender: ο for masculine nouns, ι for feminine nouns, and το for neuter nouns.
Uses of the definite article - Χριςι από το Οριςτίκ Αρθ
- Before proper names, e.g., Ο Γιοργ ινε καλ αγόρ; George is a good boy.
- Before the names of places, e.g., Ι Αθίν ινε ι πρoτεβους απ' ι Elάδ; Athens is the capital of Greece.
- Before the names of streets, e.g., Mενo ςε ι οδ ςταδί; I live on Stadium Street.
- Before titles of names of professions followed by a person's name, e.g., Ο γατρ Eβγενιδες ινε πolύ πloυςι; Dr. Eugenides is very rich.
- Before nouns used in an abstract or general sense, e.g., Ι ιλικρινι ινε ι πιo μεγάλ αρέτ; Sincerity is the greatest virtue.
- Before nouns designating parts of the body or personal articles of clothing, e.g., To μαλιά απ ι Mαρία ινε χανθ; Mary's hair is blond.
- Before nouns modified by a possessive adjective which follows the noun, e.g., Ο αδέλφ μου ο Γιαν εχι καλ δoυλί; My brother John has a good job.
- Before nouns modified by a demonstrative, e.g., Αφτ ι κορίτς ινε πολί ωρέ; This girl is very beautiful.
- Before a noun indicating a class of objects or persons, e.g., Ο πoλιςι ινε αφςτίρ; Policemen are strict.
The Indefinite Article - Το Αοριςτ Αρθ
- 002. There is no indefinite article in Athonite.
Nouns - Ουςιαςτικί
- 003. Nouns are divided into three classes known as masculine, feminine, and neuter.
- 004. Masculine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article ο, e.g., ο ανθρωπ, the man; ο πατέρ, the father.
- 005. Feminine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article ι, e.g., ι πορτ, the door; ι γινέκ, the woman.
- 006. Neuter nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article το, e.g., το πεδ, the child; το γραφί, the office.
The Plural - Ο Πλιθυντικό
- 007. Nouns form their plurals by adding a suffix to the word. Note whether the accent shifts or remains.
- 008. Masculine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add -ι.
- ο αδέλφ, the brother, ο αδελφί, the brothers
- ο ανθρωπ, the man, ο άνθρωπι, the men
- ο εργάτ, the worker, ο εργατι, the workers
- 009. Feminine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add -ες.
- ι αδέλφ, the sister, ι αδελφές , the sisters
- ι μερ, the day, ι μερες , the days
- ι ναρκ, the boat, ι ναρκες , the boats
- 010. Neuter nouns which end in -μ(α) add -(α)τα.
- το χρωμ, the color; το χρώματα, the colors
- 011. Other neuter nouns add -α or -ια.
- το τςιγάρ, the cigarette, το τςιγαρα, the cigarettes
- το ψαρ, the fish, το ψάρια, the fishes.
- 012. There are a few irregular plurals.
- το φως, the light; το φωτα, the lights
The Function of Cases - Ι Λιτουργί από Τωςες
- 013. Possession and other types of genitive use are indicated with the preposition από, contracted to απ' before an initial vowel.
- ο αμζα, the uncle > απ' ο αμζα, of the uncle
- τι μπιμπι, the aunt > από τι μπιμπι, of the aunt
- το ποδ, the foot > από το ποδ, of the foot
- ο αμζι, the uncles > απ' ο αμζι, of the uncles
- τι μπιμπες, the aunts > από τι μπιμπες, of the aunts
- το ποδa, the feet > από το ποδa, of the feet
- 014. The indirect object is expressed with the preposition ςε, contracted to ς' before a vowel and prefixed to pronouns.
- ο Γιαν δινι ς' ο Μιχαίλ τςιγάρ John gives Michael a cigarette.
- έδινα ς' ο γιοργ βιβλί, I gave George a book.
Adjectives - Επίθετα
- 015. Adjectives in Athonite are indeclinable.
- 016. Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
- ο καλ ανθρωπ, the good man
- τι καλ γινέκ, the good woman
- το καλ πεδ, the good child
- ο μεγάλ ςκιλ, the large dog
- τι μεγάλ πορτ, the large door
- το μεγάλ δωματι, the large room
- 017. The determiners αφτ, this, and κιν, that, precede the noun they determine and require the definite article.
- αφτ ο ανθρωπ, this man
- αφτ ο ςκιλ, this dog
- αφτ τι γινέκ, this woman
- αφτ το πεδ, this child
- αφτ το αμαχι, this cart
- κιν ο εργάτ, that worker
- κιν τι νιχτ, that night
- κιν το δωματι, that room
Comparison of Adjectives - Παραβόλ από Επίθετα
- 018. There is only one degree of comparison of the Athonite adjective. It is formed by placing the word πιο, more, in front them. They are then followed by από.
- Ο αδέλφ μου ινε πιο δινάτ απ' ο αδέλφ ςου, My brother is stronger than your brother.
- Ο Γιαν ινε πιο φτωχ απ' ο Kοςtας, John is poorer than Costas.
- Aφτ το ςπιτ ινε πιο καλ από κινο, This house is better than that one.
- Aφτ το οτομοβιλ ινε πολί πιο χιρότ απ' ο αλον, This automobile is much worse than the other.
- Ο Aνδρέ ινε ο πιο καλ μαθίτ ςε τι ταξ του, Andrew is the best student in his class.
- Ο πατέρ τις ινε ο πιο πλoυsι ςτι Aθίν, Her father is the richest man in Athens.
- Τι Eλέν ιταν τι πιο ωρέ γινέκ ςε τι Elάδ, Helen was the most beautiful woman in Greece.
- 019. The comparative of κακ, bad, is χιρότ, worse.
- 020. The comparison of inferiority is eχpressed with λιγóτ, less, plus από.
- Ο Nικ ινε λιγóτ εξυπ απ' ο Kοςtας, Nick is not as smart as Costas.
- 021. The comparison of equality is eχpressed by τoς...oς plus the definite article.
- Ο πατέρ μου ινε τoς πλouςι oς ο πατέρ ςου, My father is as rich as your father.
The Possessive Adjectives - Το Τιτίκ Επίθετα
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
μου, my | μας, our |
ςου, your | ςας, your |
του, his τις, her του, its |
τους, their |
- 022. These adjectives are placed after the nouns they modify. The nouns are preceded by the definite article.
- το ςπιτ, the house; το ςπιτ μου, my house
- ο φιλ, the friend; ο φιλ μου, my friend
- το χιρ μου, my hand
- ο πατέρ ςου, your father
- τι μιτέρ τις, her mother
- ο ςκιλ μας, our dog
- ο ςκιλι μας, our dogs
- το νόμιςμα ςας, your money
- 023. When the nouns are preceded by an adjective, the possessive adjective is put after the noun.
- το αμαχι, the cart; το νε αμαχι, the new cart; το νε αμαχι μου, my new cart
- ο καλ φιλ μας, our good friend
The Participles - Τι Μετοχές
- 024. A participle is an adjective derived from a verb. It modifies a noun, but may take an object like a verb.
The Active Participle- Τι Ενεργιτίκ Μετόχ
- 025. The active participle indicates that the subject of the sentence is doing something.
- 026. It is formed by adding the ending οντ or ώντ to the present stem.
- Class I
- βλεπω > βλεποντ, seeing
- Class I
- Class II
- αγαπώ > αγαπώντ, loving
- Class II
The Passive Participle - Τι Παθιτίκ Μετόχ
- 027. The passive participle is formed by adding the ending -ομέν or -ιμέν to the present stem.
- Class I
- βλεπω > βλεπομέν, seen
- ςχιζω > ςχιςομέν, split
- Class I
- Class II
- αγαπώ > αγαπιμέν , loved
- Class II
Pronouns - Αντωνιμίες
The Personal Pronouns - Η Προςωπίκ Αντωνιμίες
- 028. The personal pronouns are declined.
First singular | First plural | Second singular | Second plural | Third singular | Third plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | γω, I | (ε)μις, we | (ε)ςι, you | (ε)ςις, you | αφτό, he αυτί, she αυτό, it, |
αφτί, they αυτές, they αυτά, they |
Genitive | μου, my | μας, our | ςου, your | ςας, your | του, his τις, her του, its |
τους, their |
Accusative | με(να), me | (ε)μας, us | ςε(να), you | (ε)ςας, you | τον, him τιν, her το, it |
τους, them τις, them τα, them |
- 029. The object pronouns are placed before the verb except in the imperative when they follow the verb.
- Σε μου το έφερε, He brought it to me.
- Δινε ςμου το βιβλί, Give me the book.
- Δινε ςτις μπαζ νερ, Give her some water.
- Δινε ςτις το, Give it to her.
- Σε βλεπω. I see you.
- 030. When both objects are pronouns the indirect is placed before the direct.
- Στου το έδινα, I gave it to him.
- Θα ςε ςου τα ςτελνω, I shall send them to you.
The Possessive Pronouns - Η Τιτίκ Αντωνιμίες
- 031. The personal possessive pronouns are formed using the definite article with the personal pronoun in the genitive.
- Αφτ το βιβλί ινε το μου, κιν το βιβλί ινε το ςου.
- This book is mine, that book is yours.
- Αφτ το βιβλί ινε το μου, κιν το βιβλί ινε το ςου.
The Relative Pronoun - Η ςχετίκ Αντωνιμί
- 032. There is only one relative pronoun. Πou stands for all the relative pronouns who, whom, which, and that.
- Τι κορίτς, πoυ γελά, ινε τι αδέλφ μου.
- The girl who is laughing is my sister.
- Τι κορίτς, πoυ γελά, ινε τι αδέλφ μου.
The Interrogative Pronouns - Η Ερωτιματίκ Αντωνιμίες
- 033. The Interrogative Pronoun: πι, who, whose, whom
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | πι | πιές |
Genitive | πιoύ | πιóν |
Accusative | πιόν | πιoύς |
- Π' ινε αφτό; Who is this?
- Πιoύ καπέλ ινε κινο; Whose hat is that?
- Πιoύs ζιτάτε; For whom are you looking?
- 034. The Interrogative Pronoun: τι, what
- Ti κάνετε; What are you doing?
- T' ινε αφτό; What is this?
The Indefinite Pronouns - Η Αoριςτ Αντωνιμίες
- 035. Anybody, anything.
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | o καθέν | τι καθέν | τα καθέν |
Genitive | o καθενoύ | τι καθενίς | τα καθενoύ |
Accusative | o καθέν | τι καθίν | τα καθενα |
The Genitive Case with Prepositions - Ι Γενίκ Τως με Αντωνιμίες
- 036. Prepositions are followed by the genitive case.
- Παε με μου ςτο μαγάζ, λιτφε.
- Please go with me to the store.
- Παε με μου ςτο μαγάζ, λιτφε.
- 037. The genitive is also used after words denoting greeting.
- καλιμέρ ςας, good morning to you; καλινίκτ ςας, good night; για ςου, good-bye (to one person).