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Athonite Grammar II: Difference between revisions

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==Pronunciation Table - '''Πινακ από Προφόρ'''==
==Pronunciation Table - Πινακ από Προφόρ==
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! Greek
! Athonite
! α
! α
! αυ
! αυ
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| d
| d
| ks
| ks
| ǫ
| o
| u
| u
| p
| p
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| ch
| ch
| ps
| ps
| o
| ō
|-
|-
|IPA
|IPA
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===Verbs - '''Ρίματα'''===
===Verbs - '''Ρίματα'''===
====Verb Classes - '''Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα'''====
====Verb Classes - '''Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα'''====
*046. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.  
*044. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.  
*047. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future, and their perfect counterparts.  
*045. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future (the Greek future continuous), and their perfect counterparts.  
*048. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).  
*046. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).  
*049. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.  
*047. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.  


====The Active Voice - '''Τι Ενέργ Φων'''====
====The Active Voice - '''Τι Ενέργ Φων'''====
*050. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.  
*048. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.  


=====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''=====
=====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''=====
*049. In the present tense of Class I verbs, the accent remains on the stem of the verb. In the present tense of Class II verbs, the accent is on the endings.
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|+Class I
|+Class I
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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''τρεχω''', I run
|'''βλεπω''', I see
|'''τρέχoμε''', we run
|'''βλέπoμε''', we see
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''τρεχις''', you run
|'''βλεπις''', you see
|'''τρέχετε''', you run
|'''βλέπετε''', you see
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''τρεχι''', he, she, it runs
|'''βλεπι''', he, she, it sees
|'''τρεχουν''', they run
|'''βλεπουν''', they see
|}
|}


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=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον'''=====
=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον'''=====
*051. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end.  
*050. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by placing the accent on the third syllable from the end.
*051. Class II verbs insert '''-άγ-''' between the stem and the ending.
*052. When there is no third syllable, the augment '''ε-''' is added.  
*052. When there is no third syllable, the augment '''ε-''' is added.  


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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''έτρεχα''', I ran, was running
|'''έβλεπα''', I saw, was seeing
|'''τρέχoμε''', we ran, were running
|'''βλέπαμε''', we saw, were seeing
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''έτρεχες''', you ran, were running
|'''έβλεπες''', you saw, were seeing
|'''τρέχατε''', you ran, were running
|'''βλέπατε''', you saw, were seeing
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''έτρεχε''', he, she, it ran, was running
|'''έβλεπε''', he, she, it saw, was seeing
|'''έτρεχαν''', they ran, were running
|'''έβλεπαν''', they saw, were seeing
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''θa βλεπω''', I shall see
|'''θa βλεπω''', I see
|'''θa βλέπouμε''', we shall see
|'''θa βλέπoμε''', we see
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''θa βλεπις''', you will see
|'''θa βλεπις''', you see
|'''θa βλέπετε''', you will see
|'''θa βλέπετε''', you see
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''θa βλεπι''', he, she, it will see
|'''θa βλεπι''', he, she, it sees
|'''θa βλεπουν''', they will see
|'''θa βλεπουν''', they see
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''εχω βλέπομεν''', I have seen
|'''εχω βλεπμέν''', I have seen
|'''έχoυμe βλέπομεν''', we have seen
|'''έχoμe βλεπμέν''', we have seen
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''εχις βλέπομεν''', you have seen
|'''εχις βλεπμέν''', you have seen
|'''έχετε βλέπομεν''', you have seen
|'''έχετε βλεπμέν''', you have seen
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''εχι βλέπομεν''', he, she, it has seen
|'''εχι βλεπμέν''', he, she, it has seen
|'''εχουν βλέπομεν''', they have seen
|'''εχουν βλεπμέν''', they have seen
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''ιχα βλέπομεν''', I had seen
|'''ιχα βλεπμέν''', I had seen
|'''ιχαμε βλέπομεν''', we had seen
|'''ίχαμε βλεπμέν''', we had seen
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''ιχεs βλέπομεν''', you had seen
|'''ιχεs βλεπμέν''', you had seen
|'''ιχατε βλέπομεν''', you had seen
|'''ίχατε βλεπμέν''', you had seen
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''ιχε βλέπομεν''', he, she, it had seen
|'''ιχε βλεπμέν''', he, she, it had seen
|'''ιχαν βλέπομεν''', they had seen
|'''ιχαν βλεπμέν''', they had seen
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''θa εχω βλέπομεν''', I shall have seen
|'''θa εχω βλεπμέν''', I shall have run
|'''θa έχoυμε βλέπομεν''', we shall have seen
|'''θa έχoμε βλεπμέν''', we shall have run
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''θa εχιs βλέπομεν''', you will have seen
|'''θa εχιs βλεπμέν''', you will have run
|'''θa εχετε βλέπομεν''', you will have seen
|'''θa έχετε βλεπμέν''', you will have run
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''θa εχι βλέπομεν''', he, she, it will have seen
|'''θa εχι βλεπμέν''', he, she, it will have run
|'''θa εχoυν βλέπομεν''', they will have seen
|'''θa εχoυν βλεπμέν''', they will have run
|}
|}


====The Progressive Tenses====
====The Progressive Tenses - '''Ι Προοδευτίκ Χρονι'''====
*061. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of '''ιμε''', ''I am'', to form progressive tenses.  
*061. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of '''ιμε''', ''I am'', to form progressive tenses.  
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!future perfect
!future perfect
|-
|-
|'''ιμε βλεποντ'''<br>I am seeing, ''etc.''
|'''ιμε βλεποντ'''<br>I am running, ''etc.''
|'''ιμουν βλεποντ'''<br>I was seeing, ''etc.''
|'''ιμουν βλεποντ'''<br>I was running, ''etc.''
|'''θα ιμε βλεποντ'''<br>I will be seeing, ''etc.''
|'''θα ιμε βλεποντ'''<br>I will be running, ''etc.''
|'''εχω ιμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I have been seeing, ''etc.'
|'''εχω ιμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I have been running, ''etc.'
|'''ιχα ιμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I had been seeing, ''etc.''
|'''ιχα ιμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I had been running, ''etc.''
|'''θα εχω ιμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I will have been seeing, ''etc.''
|'''θα εχω ιμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I will have been running, ''etc.''
|}
|}


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|}
|}


====The Use of '''να''' - '''Ι Χρις του να'''====
====The Subjunctive Mood - '''Η Υποτακτίκ εγκλισ'''====
*066. Intention, hope, desire and the like are eχpressed by using the particle '''να'''.  
*066. The subjunctive mood expresses an action or state which is hypothetical or anticipated rather than actual, including wishes.
*067. With the present tense, '''να''' eχpresses a continuous intention, ''etc''.
*067. The subjunctive mood in Athonite is formed with the particle '''να'''.
::'''Θελω να δουλεβω εξι ωρες τι μερ.'''
::'''Ευχω να βρεχι.''' I wish that it would rain.
:::I want to be working six hours a day.  
::'''Ευχω να έβρεχε.''' I wish that it had rained.
::'''Άρχιζε να τραγουδά'''.
::'''Αν βρεχι θα μίνω σε σπιτ.''' If it rains, I will stay home.
:::He started singing.
 
*068. With the past tense, '''να''' eχpresses a past intention, ''etc''. This construction always follows a past tense.  
*067. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are followed by '''να'''.  
::'''Χτες το βραδυ έθελα να πίγενα ςτο θέατ αλά δεν έμπορα.'''
:::Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to.
*069. '''Να''' expresses a non-continuous future intention, ''etc''.
::'''Ελπιζω να τανω ςε τι Aθíν τρις μ.μ.'''
:::I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m.  
::'''Μπορω να περνω τςιγάρ.'''
:::May I take a cigarette?
*070. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are also followed by '''να'''.  
::'''πρεπι''', it is necessary; '''αξιζι''', it is worthwhile, ''etc''.  
::'''πρεπι''', it is necessary; '''αξιζι''', it is worthwhile, ''etc''.  
::'''Πρεπι να παω τορα.'''
::'''Πρεπι να παω τορα.'''
:::I must be going now.  
:::I must be going now.  
%
====Negation====
*077. Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle '''δεν''' in front of the verb.
::'''το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is ready.
::'''το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is not ready.
::'''το μπαρ δεν ινε γεμάτ''', The bar is not full.
::'''δεν παω''', I'm not going.


====The Imperative Mood - '''ι προςτακτίκ εγκλις'''====
====The Imperative Mood - '''ι προςτακτίκ εγκλις'''====
*078. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite. There are only two forms.
*068. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite consisting of only one form.
*079. The imperative of the simple present expresses duration or repetition of the action.
*069. To form the imperative, '''-ε''' for the singular and '''-(ε)τε''' for the plural replace the '''-ω''' of the present.  
*080. To form the continuous imperative, '''-ε''' for the singular and '''-(ε)τε''' for the plural replace the '''-ω''' of the present.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!<center>Singular</center>
!<center>Singular</center>
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''βλεπε''', keep on seeing
|'''βλεπε''', see
|'''βλεπ(ε)τε''', keep on seeing
|'''βλεπ(ε)τε''', see
|-
|-
|'''αγαπα''', keep on loving
|'''αγαπα''', love
|'''αγαπατε''', keep on loving
|'''αγάπατε''', love
|}
|}


*081. The imperative of the simple past shows non-continuation which means either that the action is not ongoing or that the speaker is not interested in its duration.  
====The Infinitive - '''Το Απαρέμφατ'''====
*082. To form the simple past imperative, '''-ε''' for the singular and '''-(ε)τε''' for the plural replace the '''-ω''' of the indefinite.  
*077. The infinitive is a neutral form of the verb, that is, it does not express agent, tense or mood. It is treated as a noun and is accompanied by the neuter article '''το'''. As a verb it can govern an object.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
::It is formed by adding the suffix '''-ςι''' to the verb stem, ''e.g.'' '''βλεπω''' > '''βγεπςι'''.
!<center>Singular</center>
::In certain instances, the final consonant of the verb stem is modified, ''e.g.'' '''κοβο''' > '''κοψι'''.
!Plural
*078. The infinitive also functions as a gerund.
|-
::'''Το τρεξι ινε καλ αςκις.''' Running is good exercise.
|'''βλεπςε''', see
|'''βλέπςετε''', see
|-
|'''αγάπιςε''', love
|'''αγαπιςτε''', love
|}


*083. A negative command is expressed by '''μι''' and the indefinite or present depending on whether the action is fixed or continuous.  
====Negation - '''Άρνης'''====
::'''Mι τον αγάπιςε''', Do not love him.  
*077. Negation in the indicative mood is expressed by putting the negative particle '''δεν''' in front of the verb.
::'''το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is ready.
::'''το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is not ready.
::'''το μπαρ δεν ινε γεμάτ''', The bar is not full.
::'''δεν παω''', I'm not going.
*078. Negation in the subjunctive and imperative moods  is expressed by putting the negative particle '''μι(ν)''' in front of the verb.
::'''Ευχω να μιν έβρεχε.''' I wish that it had not rained.
::'''μι τρεξε ι θα πεφτις.''' Don't run or you'll fall.


====There Is/Are====
====There Is/Are - {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}}/{{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}====
*084. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs '''υπαρχεί''' and '''υπαρχούν''' in favor of the Turkish {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} and the negative {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}.
*079. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs '''υπαρχεί''' and '''υπαρχούν''' in favor of the Turkish {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} and its negative {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}.
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
:::There is a flower on the table.
:::There is a flower on the table.
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
:::There is no flower on the table.
:::There is no flower on the table.
*085. In reply to a {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}} question, the answer is always {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}, never ''yes'' or ''no''.
*080. In reply to a {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}} question, the answer is always {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}, never ''yes'' or ''no''.
::'''{{Color|blue|βαρ}} μιλα εν το τραπέζ;'''
::'''{{Color|blue|βαρ}} μιλα εν το τραπέζ;'''
:::Are there apples on the table?  
:::Are there apples on the table?  
::'''{{Color|blue|βαρ}}''', Yes, there are.
::'''{{Color|blue|βαρ}}''', Yes, there are.
::'''{{Color|blue|γιοκ}}''', No, there are not.
::'''{{Color|blue|γιοκ}}''', No, there are not.
 
*081. {{Color|blue|βαρ}} and {{Color|blue|γιοκ}} may also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
====To Have====
*086. {{Color|blue|βαρ}} and {{Color|blue|γιοκ}} are also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
::'''{{Color|blue|βαρ}} τρις μιλα μου'''; I have three apples.
::'''{{Color|blue|βαρ}} τρις μιλα μου'''; I have three apples.
::'''{{Color|blue|γιοκ}} αδέλφ τις '''; She does not have a sister.
::'''{{Color|blue|γιοκ}} αδέλφ τις '''; She does not have a sister.


====Deponent Verbs====
====Deponent Verbs - '''Αποθετίκ Ρίματα'''====
*087. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, ''e.g.'', '''έρχομαι''', I come, > '''ερχω'''.
*082. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, ''e.g.'', '''έρχομαι''', I come, > '''ερχω'''.


====The Use of '''ίνε'''====
====The Use of '''ίνε''' - '''Η Χρις από το 'Ινε''''====
*088. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula '''ίνε'''  is not used, ''e.g.'',  '''το κυαν ςπιτ''', the blue house; but ''' το ςπιτ κυαν''', the house is blue.
*083. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula '''ίνε'''  is not used, ''e.g.'',  '''το κυαν ςπιτ''', the blue house; but ''' το ςπιτ κυαν''', the house is blue.


====Questions====
====Questions - '''Ερώτηςις'''====
*089. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
*084. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
::'''Π' ιςε;''' Who are you?
::'''Π' ιςε;''' Who are you?
::'''πιόν έβλεπας;''' Whom did you see?
::'''πιόν έβλεπας;''' Whom did you see?
::'''ςε πιον μιλίςας;''' To whom were you talking?
::'''ςε πιον μίλαγες;''' To whom were you talking?
*090. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle {{Color|blue|'''μι'''}}.
*085. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle {{Color|blue|'''μι'''}}.
::'''Πας ςτο ςχολί.''' You are going to school.
::'''Πας ςτο ςχολί.''' You are going to school.
::'''Πας ςτο ςχολί {{Color|blue|μι}};''' Are you going to school?
::'''Πας ςτο ςχολί {{Color|blue|μι}};''' Are you going to school?
*091. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle '''{{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}'''.
*086. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle '''{{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}'''.
::'''αφτ ινε βιβλί, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' This is a book, isn't it?
::'''αφτό ινε βιβλί, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' This is a book, isn't it?
::'''ςυ έγραφα ι επιςτόλ, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' You wrote the letter, didn't you?
::'''ςυ έγραφα ι επιςτόλ, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' You wrote the letter, didn't you?
::'''ςυ ερχις αβρι, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}'''; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?
::'''ςυ θα ερχις αβρι, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}'''; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?


===Adverbs - '''επιρίματα'''===
===Adverbs - '''επιρίματα'''===
*092. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.  
*087. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.  
*093. Some common adverbs:  
*088. Some common adverbs:
::'''εδó''', here  
{|
::'''εκί''', there  
|
::'''πιςω''', behind  
:'''εδó''', here
::'''μπρoςτά''' in front  
:'''εκί''', there
::'''τωρα''', now  
:'''πιςω''', behind
::'''υςτερ''', after, later  
:'''μπρoςτά''' in front
::'''νωρίς''', early  
:'''τωρα''', now
::'''αβρι''', tomorrow  
||
::'''εχθές''', yesterday  
:'''υςτερ''', after, later
::'''πolύ''', a lot, very  
:'''νωρίς''', early
::'''ιδι''', already  
:'''αβρι''', tomorrow
::'''ποτέ''', never  
:'''εχθές''', yesterday
::'''παλι''', again  
:
::'''ιςως''', perhaps  
|||
::'''παντα''', always  
:'''πolύ''', a lot, very
::'''ακomι''', yet  
:'''ιδι''', already
::'''ετςι''', thus  
:'''ποτέ''', never
*094. As in Turkish adjectives may be used as adverbs without any change in form.
:'''παλι''', again
::'''το ιςυχ πεδ ''', the quiet child.
:
::'''τρεχε ιςυχ.''' Run quietly.
||||
:'''ιςως''', perhaps
:'''παντα''', always
:'''ακomι''', yet
:'''ετςι''', thus
:
|}
 
*089. Adverbs can be formed from many adjectives by adding '''-α/-ά''' to the adjective.
::'''το ιρεμ πεδ ''', the quiet child; '''τρεχε ιρεμα.''' Run quietly.
::'''το αργ τρεν''', the slow train; '''Προχώραγα αργά''', He proceeded slowly.
*095.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.  
*095.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.  
::'''εφκολ''', easy; '''εφκολ''', easily
::'''ευκολ''', easy; '''έυκολα''', easily
::'''πιο εφκολ''', easier, easiest; '''πιο εφκολ''', more/most easily
::'''πιο ευκολ''', easier, easiest; '''πιο έυκολα''', more/most easily




[[Athonite Grammar I]]
[[Athonite Grammar I]]

Revision as of 13:21, 26 April 2021

Pronunciation Table - Πινακ από Προφόρ

Athonite α αυ β γ γγ γκ γξ γχ δ ε ει ευ ζ ι θ κ λ μ μπ ν ντ ξ ο ου π ρ ς τ τζ υ φ χ ψ ω
Latin a af/v v g ng nk ngks nch dh e i ef/v z i th k l m b n d ks o u p r s t z y f ch ps ō
IPA /a/1 /af/2 /v/ /ɣ/3 /ŋ/ /ŋg/ /ŋks/ /ŋç/ /ð/ /ε/ /i/ /εf/4 /z/ /i/5 /θ/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /b/ /n/6 /d/ /ks/ /ɔ/ /u/ /p/ /r/ /s/7 /t/ /ʣ/ /y/ /f/ /ç/ /ps/ /o/

Notes - Σιμιώςις

  • 1 when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
  • 2 αφ before voiceless consonants, αβ before voiced consonants or vowels.
  • 3 /ɣ/ before α, ο, ου, and ω; /j/ before ε, ι, υ.
  • 4 εφ before voiceless consonants, εβ before voiced consonants.
  • 5 /j/ between vowels.
  • 6 final <n> before a voiceless stop becomes /m/ and the stop is voiced, e.g., δεν πιραζι, /ðembiˈrazi/, it doesn't matter.
  • 7 /z/ before voiced consonants.


Verbs - Ρίματα

Verb Classes - Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα

  • 044. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.
  • 045. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future (the Greek future continuous), and their perfect counterparts.
  • 046. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
  • 047. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.

The Active Voice - Τι Ενέργ Φων

  • 048. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.
The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον
  • 049. In the present tense of Class I verbs, the accent remains on the stem of the verb. In the present tense of Class II verbs, the accent is on the endings.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st βλεπω, I see βλέπoμε, we see
2nd βλεπις, you see βλέπετε, you see
3rd βλεπι, he, she, it sees βλεπουν, they see
Class II
Singular Plural
1st αγαπώ, I love αγαπάμε, we love
2nd αγαπάς, you love αγαπάτε, you love
3rd αγαπά, he, she, it loves αγαπάν, they love
The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον
  • 050. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by placing the accent on the third syllable from the end.
  • 051. Class II verbs insert -άγ- between the stem and the ending.
  • 052. When there is no third syllable, the augment ε- is added.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st έβλεπα, I saw, was seeing βλέπαμε, we saw, were seeing
2nd έβλεπες, you saw, were seeing βλέπατε, you saw, were seeing
3rd έβλεπε, he, she, it saw, was seeing έβλεπαν, they saw, were seeing
Class II
Singular Plural
1st αγάπαγα, I loved, was loving αγαπάγαμε, we loved, were loving
2nd αγάπαγες, you loved, were loving αγαπάγατε, you loved, were loving
3rd αγάπαγε, he, she, it loved, was loving αγάπαγαν, they loved, were loving
The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον
  • 053. The future tense is formed by putting the particle θα before the present tense.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st θa βλεπω, I see θa βλέπoμε, we see
2nd θa βλεπις, you see θa βλέπετε, you see
3rd θa βλεπι, he, she, it sees θa βλεπουν, they see
Class II
Singular Plural
1st θ' αγαπώ, I love θ' αγαπάμε, we love
2nd θ' αγαπάς, you love θ' αγαπάτε, you love
3rd θ' αγαπά, he, she, it loves θ' αγαπάν, they love
The Present Perfect Tense - Ο Παρακίμεν Χρον
  • 054. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
  • 055. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb εχω, I have, and the passive participle.
  • 056. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.
Singular Plural
1st εχω βλεπμέν, I have seen έχoμe βλεπμέν, we have seen
2nd εχις βλεπμέν, you have seen έχετε βλεπμέν, you have seen
3rd εχι βλεπμέν, he, she, it has seen εχουν βλεπμέν, they have seen
The Past Perfect Tense - Ο Υπερςυντελικ Χρον
  • 057. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
  • 058. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auχiliary verb εχω and the passive participle.
Singular Plural
1st ιχα βλεπμέν, I had seen ίχαμε βλεπμέν, we had seen
2nd ιχεs βλεπμέν, you had seen ίχατε βλεπμέν, you had seen
3rd ιχε βλεπμέν, he, she, it had seen ιχαν βλεπμέν, they had seen
The Future Perfect Tense - Ο Συντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον
  • 059. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
  • 060. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb εχω and the passive participle.
Singular Plural
1st θa εχω βλεπμέν, I shall have run θa έχoμε βλεπμέν, we shall have run
2nd θa εχιs βλεπμέν, you will have run θa έχετε βλεπμέν, you will have run
3rd θa εχι βλεπμέν, he, she, it will have run θa εχoυν βλεπμέν, they will have run

The Progressive Tenses - Ι Προοδευτίκ Χρονι

  • 061. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of ιμε, I am, to form progressive tenses.
present
 past future present perfect past perfect future perfect
ιμε βλεποντ
I am running, etc. 		ιμουν βλεποντ
I was running, etc. 		θα ιμε βλεποντ
I will be running, etc. 		εχω ιμεν βλεποντ
I have been running, etc.' 		ιχα ιμεν βλεποντ
I had been running, etc. 		θα εχω ιμεν βλεποντ
I will have been running, etc.

The Passive Voice - ι παθιτίκ φων

  • 062. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
  • 063. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb ιμε, I am and the passive participle.
The Present Tense - ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον
Singular Plural
1st ιμε βλέπoμεν, I am seen ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we are seen
2nd ιςε βλέπoμεν, you are seen ιςτε βλέπoμεν, you are seen
3rd ινε βλέπoμεν, he, she, it is seen ινε βλέπoμεν, they are seen
The Past Tense - Ο Παρελθοντίκ Χρον
Singular Plural
1st ιμουν βλέπoμεν, I was seen ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we were seen
2nd ιςουν βλέπoμεν, you were seen ίςαςτε βλέπoμεν, you were seen
3rd ιταν βλέπoμεν, he, she, it was seen ιταν βλέπoμεν, they were seen
The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον
Singular Plural
1st θa ιμε βλέπoμεν, I shall be seen θa ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we shall be seen
2nd θa ιςε βλέπoμεν, you will be seen θa ιςτε βλέπoμεν, you will be seen
3rd θa ινε βλέπoμεν, he, she, it will be seen θa ινε βλέπoμεν, they will be seen
The Perfect Tenses- Ο Παρακείμεν Χρον
  • 064. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of εχω with the passive participle of ιμε.
present
 past future
εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν
I have been seen, etc. 		ιχα ιμεν βλέπoμεν
I had been seen, etc. 		θα εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν
I shall have been seen, etc.

The Auxiliary Verbs - Το Βοιθιτίκ Ρίματα

  • 065. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.
εχω, I have
Present Past Future
1st singular εχω, I have ιχα, I had θα εχω, I shall have
2nd singular εχις, you have ιχες, you had θα εχις, you will have
3rd singular εχι, he, she, it has ιχε, he, she, it had θα εχι, he, she, it will have
1st plural έχομε, we have ίχαμε, we hadεί θα έχομε, we shall have
2nd plural έχετε, you have ίχατε, you had, θα έχετε, you will have
3rd plural εχoυν, they have ιχαν, they had θα εχoυν, they will have
ιμε, I am
Present Past Future
1st singular ιμε, I am, ιμουν, I was θα ιμε, I shall be
2nd singular ιςε, you are ιςουν, you were θα ιςε, you will be
3rd singular ινε, he, she, it is ιταν, he, she, it wαs θα ινε, he, she, it will be
1st plural ίμαςτε, wε are ίμαςταν, we were θα ίμαςτε, we shall be
2nd plural ιςτε, you are ίςαςτε, you were θα ιςτε, you will be
3rd plural ινε, they are ιταν, they were θα ινε, they will be

The Subjunctive Mood - Η Υποτακτίκ εγκλισ

  • 066. The subjunctive mood expresses an action or state which is hypothetical or anticipated rather than actual, including wishes.
  • 067. The subjunctive mood in Athonite is formed with the particle να.
Ευχω να βρεχι. I wish that it would rain.
Ευχω να έβρεχε. I wish that it had rained.
Αν βρεχι θα μίνω σε σπιτ. If it rains, I will stay home.
  • 067. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are followed by να.
πρεπι, it is necessary; αξιζι, it is worthwhile, etc.
Πρεπι να παω τορα.
I must be going now.

The Imperative Mood - ι προςτακτίκ εγκλις

  • 068. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite consisting of only one form.
  • 069. To form the imperative, -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural replace the -ω of the present.
Singular
 Plural
βλεπε, see βλεπ(ε)τε, see
αγαπα, love αγάπατε, love

The Infinitive - Το Απαρέμφατ

  • 077. The infinitive is a neutral form of the verb, that is, it does not express agent, tense or mood. It is treated as a noun and is accompanied by the neuter article το. As a verb it can govern an object.
It is formed by adding the suffix -ςι to the verb stem, e.g. βλεπω > βγεπςι.
In certain instances, the final consonant of the verb stem is modified, e.g. κοβο > κοψι.
  • 078. The infinitive also functions as a gerund.
Το τρεξι ινε καλ αςκις. Running is good exercise.

Negation - Άρνης

  • 077. Negation in the indicative mood is expressed by putting the negative particle δεν in front of the verb.
το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is ready.
το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is not ready.
το μπαρ δεν ινε γεμάτ, The bar is not full.
δεν παω, I'm not going.
  • 078. Negation in the subjunctive and imperative moods is expressed by putting the negative particle μι(ν) in front of the verb.
Ευχω να μιν έβρεχε. I wish that it had not rained.
μι τρεξε ι θα πεφτις. Don't run or you'll fall.

There Is/Are - βαρ/γιοκ

  • 079. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs υπαρχεί and υπαρχούν in favor of the Turkish βαρ and its negative γιοκ.
Βαρ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There is a flower on the table.
Γιοκ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There is no flower on the table.
  • 080. In reply to a βαρ or γιοκ question, the answer is always βαρ or γιοκ, never yes or no.
βαρ μιλα εν το τραπέζ;
Are there apples on the table?
βαρ, Yes, there are.
γιοκ, No, there are not.
  • 081. βαρ and γιοκ may also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
βαρ τρις μιλα μου; I have three apples.
γιοκ αδέλφ τις ; She does not have a sister.

Deponent Verbs - Αποθετίκ Ρίματα

  • 082. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, e.g., έρχομαι, I come, > ερχω.

The Use of ίνε - Η Χρις από το 'Ινε'

  • 083. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula ίνε is not used, e.g., το κυαν ςπιτ, the blue house; but το ςπιτ κυαν, the house is blue.

Questions - Ερώτηςις

  • 084. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
Π' ιςε; Who are you?
πιόν έβλεπας; Whom did you see?
ςε πιον μίλαγες; To whom were you talking?
  • 085. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle μι.
Πας ςτο ςχολί. You are going to school.
Πας ςτο ςχολί μι; Are you going to school?
  • 086. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle ντιλ μι.
αφτό ινε βιβλί, ντιλ μι; This is a book, isn't it?
ςυ έγραφα ι επιςτόλ, ντιλ μι; You wrote the letter, didn't you?
ςυ θα ερχις αβρι, ντιλ μι; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?

Adverbs - επιρίματα

  • 087. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
  • 088. Some common adverbs:
εδó, here
εκί, there
πιςω, behind
μπρoςτά in front
τωρα, now
υςτερ, after, later
νωρίς, early
αβρι, tomorrow
εχθές, yesterday
πolύ, a lot, very
ιδι, already
ποτέ, never
παλι, again
ιςως, perhaps
παντα, always
ακomι, yet
ετςι, thus
  • 089. Adverbs can be formed from many adjectives by adding -α/-ά to the adjective.
το ιρεμ πεδ , the quiet child; τρεχε ιρεμα. Run quietly.
το αργ τρεν, the slow train; Προχώραγα αργά, He proceeded slowly.
  • 095.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.
ευκολ, easy; έυκολα, easily
πιο ευκολ, easier, easiest; πιο έυκολα, more/most easily


Athonite Grammar I

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