User:Masako/pataka

Nouns

Nouns only decline for number and possession. They are altered with -lo to show plurality, and possessiveness with -yo.

pronouns

kalo has three basic pronouns; wa [1sg], ni [2sg], and ko [3sg]. These do not indicate gender. These can be made plural using the suffix "-lo", and possessive with "-yo".

	singular	plural	possessive
1st person	wa I; me	walo we; us	wayo my; mine; our(s)
2nd person	ni you	nilo you (all)	niyo your(s)
3rd person	ko he; she; him; her; it	kolo they; them; those	koyo their(s)

• walo wite ni - 1pl see 2s - We see you.

• kolo ne kono wa - 3pl NEG know 1s - They don't know me.

Verbs

Verbs do not change and are only ever modified by particles. There are three basic tenses in Kalo, past, present, and future. The simple present is not marked, the past is marked by le from the Chinese particle (了), and the future is marked by sa from the Arabic construction (سَـ).

tense/mood	particle	example	translation
present	-	wa ila	I go
past	le	wa ila le	I went
future	sa	wa ila sa	I will go
conditional	kisa	wa ila kisa	I would go

• wa kome le - 1s eat PST - I ate.
• aki koyo kome - brother 3sg.GEN eat - His brother eats/is eating.
• nilo ne wite sa ko - 2pl NEG see FUT 3sg - You all will not see her.

Uncertainty is marked by ki, kisa, or kile. These are taken from Spanish (quizá) and used across the three basic tenses. It can also act as a subordinating conjunction, and conditional constructions, “if, whether”. It is also used to express possibility or probability.

• tela wa ki ni wite ko - tell 1s if 2s see 3s - Tell me if you can see her.
• ki ni amo yawe te pu yuma ne inpo - if 2sg like weather of today NEG important - Whether you like today’s weather does not matter.
• kisa pu yuma yuwa - maybe this day rain - It may rain (later) today.

positional verbs

Kalo does not use prepositions, but instead uses positional verbs as auxiliaries. These are also used as temporal adverbs in certain situations.

• yu - in; at; within; inside; during; between | from (于)
• ila - be toward; at; in the direction of; go; walk; travel | from (إلى)

Particles

determiners

Determiners in kalo precede the noun they modify.

deixis

• pu - this; these
• su - that; those

amount

• aku - many; much (one hundred)
• kula - all; every; each
• ne - no; none; zero
• poka - some; several; a few

• meno - less; fewer / few; a little
• maso - more

other-ness

• asi - such
• ayo - whichever; whatever
• oto - other
• tonye - same

Number

Kalo	number	English	Kalo	number	English
sunya	0	zero	na	7	seven
wa	1	one	pa	8	eight
li	2	two	nun	9	nine
san	3	three	ye	10	ten
si	4	four	aku / -ku	100	(one) hundred
pen	5	five	mila	1000	(one) thousand
we	6	six

When numbers one through ten occur independently, the indicator "ke" precedes the number.

• ko yo le o kasa ke li

3s have PST O house NUM two

She had two houses.

• wa wite o nano ke si

1s see O man NUM four

I see four men.

Higher Numbers

• yewa - 11; eleven
• yeli - 12; twelve
• liye - 20; twenty
• liyesi - 24; twenty-four
• kuyeli - 112; one-hundred-twelve
• sankuweyepen - 365; three-hundred-sixty-five

phrasebook

• wikitravel.org/en/Spanish_phrasebook
• en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Phrasebooks_by_language

Essentials

• ola - Used for "hello; goodbye; farewell; welcome" (analogous to aloha)

• kan/a - "yes; it is"
• ne - "no; it is not"

• yapu wa - "Excuse me."
• nenka ma - "Please." [lit: is (it) possible?]

by extension "Do you mind?"

• tanka (ta) - "Thank you (very much)."
• tipa - "(That's) OK."

Greetings & Goodbyes

• ola yuma - "Good morning/day/afternoon"
• ola note - "Good evening/night"
• salama - "Hey/Hi/Hello/Bye"

Civilities

• moto (niyo) ma - manner 2s.POSS Q - How are you?
  • tipa - "Good/OK/Fine."
  • ... - "Not bad."

• tenpo ta ne wite - time big no see - Long time no see