Athonite Grammar I

GRAMMAR OF ATHONITE,

which is,

THE GREEK DIALECT SPOKEN IN THE SERENE MONASTIC REPUBLIC OF THE HOLY MOUNTAIN

Introduction - Ειςαγώγ

• Although Modern Greek is the official language of the Monastic Republic and is spoken in the Greek monasteries, the citizens have their own dialect.
• It developed from their contact with their Turkish conquerors and shows some Turkish influence in grammar and vocabulary.
• Many internal differences have been regularized, such as simplification of the verb tenses.
• A spelling reform, devised by a monk, has standardized the orthography so that it is more consistent with the pronunciation, e.g., αι > ε; οι > ι; η > ι.
• Double letters have been eliminated, except for 'γγ.
• σ has been replaced by ς.
• Some initial consonant clusters have been simplified, e.g., κτ > τ; πτ > τ; φτ > τ.
• The accent regularly occurs on the penultimate syllable.
• An acute accent is placed over an accented vowel when the accent is not on the penultima.
• Words of Turkish origin are indicated in blue.

Pronunciation Table - Πίνακα τις Προφορά

Greek	α	αυ	β	γ	γγ	γκ	γξ	γχ	δ	ε	ει	ευ	ζ	ι	θ	κ	λ	μ	μπ	ν	ντ	ξ	ο	ου	π	ρ	ς	τ	τζ	υ	φ	χ	ψ	ω
Latin	a	af/v	v	g	ng	nk	ngks	nch	dh	e	i	ef/v	z	i	th	k	l	m	b	n	d	ks	ǫ	u	p	r	s	t	z	y	f	ch	ps	o
IPA	/a/1	/af/2	/v/	/ɣ/3	/ŋ/	/ŋg/	/ŋks/	/ŋç/	/ð/	/ε/	/i/	/εf/4	/z/	/i/5	/θ/	/k/	/l/	/m/	/b/	/n/6	/d/	/ks/	/ɔ/	/u/	/p/	/r/	/s/7	/t/	/ʣ/	/y/	/f/	/ç/	/ps/	/o/

Notes - Σιμείωςι

• ¹ when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
• ² αφ before voiceless consonants, αβ before voiced consonants or vowels.
• ³ /ɣ/ before α, ο, ου, and ω; /j/ before ε, ι, υ.
• ⁴ εφ before voiceless consonants, εβ before voiced consonants.
• ⁵ /j/ between vowels.
• ⁶ final <n> before a voiceless stop becomes /m/ and the stop is voiced, e.g., δεν πιραζι, /ðembiˈrazi/, it doesn't matter.
• ⁷ /z/ before voiced consonants.

Grammar - Γραματίκ

The Definite Article - Το ςυγκεκριμέν Αρθ

• 001. The Modern Greek definite article has been reduced to one single form for each gender: ο for masculine nouns, τι for feminine nouns, and το for neuter nouns.

Uses of the definite article - Χριςι εου Συγκεκριμέν Αρθ

1. Before proper names, e.g., Ο Γιοργ ινε καλ πεδ; George is a good boy.
2. Before the names of places, e.g., Τι αθíν ινε ι πρoτεβους από τι Elάδ; Athens is the capital of Greece.
3. Before the names of streets, e.g., Mενo ςε τι οδ ςταδí; I live on Stadium Street.
4. Before titles of names of professions followed by a person's name, e.g., Ο γατ Eβγενιδες ινε πolύ πloυςι; Dr. Eugenides is very rich.
5. Before nouns used in an abstract or general sense, e.g., Τι ιλικρινι ινε τι πιo μεγάλ αρέτ; Sincerity is the greatest virtue.
6. Before nouns designating parts of the body or personal articles of clothing, e.g., To μαλιά από τι Mαρíα ινε χανθ; Mary's hair is blond.
7. Before nouns modified by a possessive adjective which follows the noun, e.g., Ο αδέλφ μου ο Γιαν εχι καλ δoυλί; My brother John has a good job.
8. Before nouns modified by a demonstrative, e.g., Τι αφτ κοπέλ ινε πολύ oρέ; This girl is very beautiful.
9. Before a noun indicating a class of objects or persons, e.g., Ο πoλιςι ινε αφςτίρ; Policemen are strict.

The Indefinite Article - Το Αοριςτ Αρθ

• 002. There is no indefinite article in Athonite.

Nouns - Ουςιαςτικί

• 003. Nouns are divided into three classes known as masculine, feminine, and neuter.
• 004. Masculine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article ο, e.g., ο ανθρoπ, the man; ο πατέρ, the father.
• 005. Feminine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article τι, e.g., τι πορτ, the door; τι γυνέκ, the woman.
• 006. Neuter nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article το, e.g., το γραφί, the office; το πεδ, the child.

Noun Formation - Σχηματίς από Ουςιαςτικα

• 007. The Athonite noun is formed from the Greek noun by dropping the nominative singular ending.
• 008. The accent remains on the same stem if it is in the root, e.g., πατέρας > πατέρ.
• 009. If the accent is on the ending, it reverts to the final syllable, e.g., αδελφός > αδέλφ.
• 010. Some nouns end in -ίον or -ίa. These nouns drop the -ον/-α to end in -ί, e.g., χαρτίον > χαρτί; φιλανθρωπία > φιλανθρωπί.
• 011. Nouns of the third declension, characterized by an increase in the genitive, use the genitive stem for the nominative, e.g., ελπίς, ελπίδος > ελπίδ.
• 012. Nouns, the roots of which end in -CC(C), drop the final C. These nouns then restore the dropped consonant in the plural, e.g.,

στάχτη > ςταχ, ςταχτες

τέκνο > τεκ, τεκνα

δένδρος > δενδ, δενδρι

καπνός > καπ, καπνά

Exceptions:

άνθος > ανθ, ανθι

αφτί > αφτ, αφτιά

δέρμα > δερμ, δέρματα (neuter nouns in -μα)

The Plural - Ο Πλιθυντικό

• 013. Nouns form their plurals by adding a suffix to the word.
• 014. Masculine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add -ι.

ο αδέλφ, the brother, ο αδελφί, the brothers

ο ανθρoπ, the man, ο άνθρoπι, the men

ο εργάτ, the worker, ο εργατι, the workers

• 015. Feminine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add -ες.

τι αδέλφ, the sister, τι αδελφές , the sisters

τι μερ, the day, τι μερες , the days

τι ναρκ, the boat, τι ναρκες , the boats

• 016. Neuter nouns which end in -μα add -τα.

το χρομα, the color; το χρόματα, the colors

• 017. Other neuter nouns add -α or -ια.

το τςιγάρ, the cigarette, το τςιγαρα, the cigarettes

το ψαρ, the fish, το ψαρια, the fishes.

• 018. There are a few irregular plurals:

το φος, the light; το φοτα, the lights

The Function of Cases - Η Λειτουργί απο Τωςι

• 019. Possession and other types of genitive use are indicated with the preposition από, contracted to απ' before an initial ο.

ο αμζα, the uncle > απ' ο αμζα, of the uncle

τι μπιμπι, the aunt > από τι μπιμπι, of the aunt

το ποδ, the foot > από το ποδ, of the foot

ο αμζι, the uncles > απ' ο αμζι, of the uncles

τι μπιμπες, the aunts > από τι μπιμπες, of the aunts

το ποδa, the feet > από το ποδa, of the feet

• 020. The indirect object is expressed with the preposition ςε, contracted to ς' before a vowel and prefixed to pronouns.

ο Γιαν δίνι ς' ο Μιχαήλ δωρ John gives Michael a cigarette.

έδινα ς' ο γιοργ βιβλί, I gave George a book.

Adjectives - Επίθετα

• 021. Adjectives in Athonite are indeclinable. They are derived from Modern Greek adjectives in the same way as the nouns.
• 022. Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
  • ο καλ ανθροπ, the good man
  • τι καλ γυνέκ, the good woman
  • το καλ πεδ, the good child
  • ο μεγάλ κιπ, the large garden
  • τι μεγάλ πορτ, the large door
  • το μεγάλ δoματι, the large room
• 023. The determiners αφτ, this, and κιν, that, precede the noun they determine and require the definite article.
  • αφτ ο ανθρoπ, this man
  • αφτο ο κιπ, this garden
  • αφτ τι γυνέκ, this woman
  • αφτ το πεδ, this child
  • αφτ το αμαχι, this cart
  • κιν ο εργάτ, that worker
  • κιν τι νυχτ, that night
  • κιν το δωματι, that room

Comparison of Adjectives - ςυγκρις από Επίθετα

• 024. There is only one degree of comparison of the Athonite adjective. It is formed by placing the word πιο, more, in front them. They are then followed by από.

Ο αδέλφ μου ινε πιο δυνάτ απ' ο αδέλφ ςου, My brother is stronger than your brother.

Ο Γιαν ινε πιο τοχ απ' ο Kοςtας, John is poorer than Costas.

Aφτ το ςπιτ ινε πιο καλ από κινο, This house is better than that one.

Aφτ το οτομοβιλ ινε πολύ πιο χιρότ απ' ο αλον, This automobile is much worse than the other.

Ο Aνδρέ ινε ο πιο καλ μαθίτ ςε τι ταξ του, Andrew is the best pupil in his class.

Ο πατέρ τις ινε ο πιο πλoυsι ςε τι αθίν, Her father is the richest man in Athens.

Τι Eλέν ιτε τι πιο oρέ γυνέκ ςε τι Elάδ, Helen was the most beautiful woman in Greece.

• 025. The comparative of κακ, bad, is χιρότ, worse.
• 026. The comparison of inferiority is eχpressed with λιγóτ, less, plus από.

Ο Nικ ινε λιγóτ εξυπ απ' ο Kοςtας, Nick is not as smart as Costas.

• 027. The comparison of equality is eχpressed by τoς...oς plus the definite article.

Ο πατέρ μου ινε τoς πλouςι oς ο πατέρ ςου, My father is as rich as your father.

The Possessive Adjectives - Το Τιτίκ Επίθετα

Singular	Plural
μου, my	μας, our
ςου, your	ςας, your
του, his τις, her του, its	τους, their

• 028. These adjectives are placed after the nouns they modify. The nouns are preceded by the definite article.

το ςπιτ, the house; το ςπιτ μου, my house

ο φιλ, the friend; ο φιλ μου, my friend

το χιρ μου, my hand

ο πατέρ ςου, your father

τι μιτέρ τις, her mother

ο κιπ μας, our garden

ο κιπι μας, our gardens

το lεπτ ςας, your money

• 029. When the nouns are preceded by an adjective, the possessive adjective is put after the noun.

το αμαχι, the cart; το κενύρ αμαχι, the new cart; το κενύρ αμαχι μου, my new cart

ο καλ φιλ μας, our good friend

The Active Participle- Τι Ενέργ Μετόχ

• 030. A participle is an adjective derived from a verb. It modifies a noun, but may take an object like a verb.
• 031. The active participle indicates that the subject of the sentence is doing something.
• 032. It is formed by adding the ending οντ or ώντ to the present stem.

Class I

βλεπω > βλεποντ, seeing

Class II

αγαπώ > αγαπώντ, loving

The Passive Participle - Τι Παθιτίκ Μετόχ

• 033. The passive participle is formed by adding the ending -ομεν or -αμέν to the present stem.

Class I

βλεπo > βλέπομεν, seen

Class II

αγαπώ > αγαπαμέν, loved

Pronouns - Αντωνυμι

The Personal Pronouns - Η Προςωπίκ Αντωνυμι

• 034. The personal pronouns are declined.

	First singular	First plural	Second singular	Second plural	Third singular	Third plural
Nominative	γo, I	(ε)μις, we	(ε)ςυ, you	(ε)ςις, you	αφτό, he αφτί, she αφτό, it,	αφτί, they αφτές, they αφτά, they
Genitive	μου, my	μας, our	ςου, your	ςας, your	του, his τις, her του, its	τους, their
Accusative	με(να), me	(ε)μας, us	ςε(να), you	(ε)ςας, you	τον, him τιν, her το, it	τους, them τις, them τα, them

• 035. The object pronouns are placed before the verb except in the imperative when they follow the verb.

Σε μου το έφερε, He brought it to me.

Δινε ςμου το βιβλί, Give me the book.

Δινε ςτις μπαζ νερ, Give her some water.

Δινε ςτις το, Give it to her.

• 036. Only the pronouns have an accusative case. They are placed before the verb.

Σε βλεπω. I see you.

• 037. When both objects are pronouns the indirect is placed before the direct.

Στου έδινα βιβλί , I gave him a book.

Θα ςε ςου ςτελνω το πράματα, I shall send you the things.

The Possessive Pronouns - Η Τιτίκ Αντωνυμι

• 038. The personal possessive pronouns are formed using the definite article with the personal pronoun in the genitive.

Αφτ το βιβλί ινε το μου, κιν το βιβλί ινε το ςου.

This book is mine, that book is yours.

The Cases with Prepositions - Η Γενίκ Αντωνυμι με Προθεςι

• 039. Prepositions are followed by the genitive case.

Παε με μου στο μαγάζ, λυτφε.

Please go with me to the store.

• 040. The genitive is also used after words denoting greeting.

καλιμέρ ςας, good morning to you; καλινύκτ ςας, good night; για ςου, good-bye (to one person).

The Relative Pronoun - Η ςχετίκ Αντωνύμ

• 041. There is only one relative pronoun. Πou stands for all the relative pronouns who, whom, which, and that.

Τι κοπέλ, πou γελά, ινε τι αδέλφ μου.

The girl who is laughing is my sister.

The Interrogative Pronoun - Η Ερωτιματίκ Αντωνύμ

• 042. The Interrogative Pronoun: πι, who, whose, whom

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	πι	πιές
Genitive	πιoύ	πιóν
Accusative	πιόν	πιoύς

Π' ινε αφτό; Who is this?

Πιoύ καπέλ ινε κινο; Whose hat is that?

Πιoύs ζιτάτε; For whom are you looking?

• 043. The Interrogative Pronoun: τι, what

Ti κάνετε; What are you doing?

T' ινε αφτό; What is this?

Athonite Grammar II