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Athonite Grammar II: Difference between revisions

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==Pronunciation Table - '''Πίνακα τις Προφορά'''==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
! Greek
! α
! αυ
! β
! γ
! γγ
! γκ
! γξ
! γχ
! δ
! ε
! ει
! ευ
! ζ
! ι
! θ
! κ
! λ
! μ
! μπ
! ν
! ντ
! ξ
! ο
! ου
! π
! ρ
! ς
! τ
! τζ
! υ
! φ
! χ
! ψ
! ω
|-
| Latin
| a
| af
| v
| g
| ng
| nk
| ngks
| nch
| dh
| e
| i
| ef
| z
| i
| th
| k
| l
| m
| b
| n
| d
| ks
| ǫ
| u
| p
| r
| s
| t
| z
| u
| f
| ch
| ps
| o
|-
| IPA
| /a/<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font>
| /af/<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font>
| /v/
| /ɣ/<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font>
| /ŋ/
| /g/
| /ŋks/
| /ŋç/
| /ð/
| /ε/
| /i/
| /εf/<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font>
| /z/
| /i/<font color=red><sup>5</sup></font>
| /θ/
| /k/
| /l/
| /m/
| /b/
| /n/
| /d/
| /ks/
| /ɔ/
| /u/
| /p/
| /r/
| /s/<font color=red><sup>6</sup></font>
| /t/
| /ʣ/
| /y/
| /f/
| /ç/
| /ps/
| /o/
|}
===Notes - '''Σιμείωςι'''===
*<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font> when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
*<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font> before voiceless consonants, /av/ before voiced consonants.
*<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font> /ɣ/ before α, ο, ου, and ω; /j/ before ε, ι, υ.
*<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font> before voiceless consonants, /εv/ before voiced consonants.
*<font color=red><sup>5</sup></font> /j/ between vowels.
*<font color=red><sup>6</sup></font> /z/ before voiced consonants.


===Verbs - '''Ρίματα'''===
===Verbs - '''Ρίματα'''===
====Verb Classes - '''Η Ταξις από το Ρίματα'''====
====Verb Classes - '''Η Ταξις από το Ρίματα'''====
*043. The Athonite verb has been influenced by Turkish to the extent that the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek have been reduced to six.  
*044. The Athonite verb has been influenced by Turkish to the extent that the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek have been reduced to six.  
*044. The six tenses are the present, the past, and the future, and their perfect counterparts.  
*045. The six tenses are the present, the past, and the future, and their perfect counterparts.  
*045. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).  
*046. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).  
*046. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.  
*047. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.  


====The Auxiliary Verbs - '''Το Βοιθιτίκ Ρίματα'''====
====The Auxiliary Verbs - '''Το Βοιθιτίκ Ρίματα'''====
*047. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.  
*048. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.  
::'''εχω''', I have
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+'''εχω''', I have
!
!
!Present
!Present
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!1st singular
!1st singular
|'''εχω''', I have
|'''εχω''', I have
|'''ειχα''', I had
|'''ιχα''', I had
|'''θα εχω''', I shall have
|'''θα εχω''', I shall have
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd singular
|'''εχεις''', you have
|'''εχις''', you have
|'''ειχες''', you had
|'''ιχες''', you had
|'''θα εχις''', you will have
|'''θα εχις''', you will have
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd singular
|'''εχι''', he, she, it has
|'''εχι''', he, she, it has
|'''ειχε''', he, she, it had
|'''ιχε''', he, she, it had
|'''θα εχι''', he, she, it will have
|'''θα εχι''', he, she, it will have
|-
|-
!1st plural
!1st plural
|'''έχομε''', we have
|'''έχομε''', we have
|'''είχαμε''', we hadεί
|'''ίχαμε''', we hadεί
|'''θα έχομε''', we shall have
|'''θα έχομε''', we shall have
|-
|-
!2nd plural
!2nd plural
|'''έχετε''', you have
|'''έχετε''', you have
|'''είχaτε''', you had,
|'''ίχaτε''', you had,
|'''θα έχετε''', you will have
|'''θα έχετε''', you will have
|-
|-
!3rd plural
!3rd plural
|'''εχoυν''', they have
|'''εχoυν''', they have
|'''ειχαν''', they had
|'''ιχαν''', they had
|'''θα εχoυν''', they will have
|'''θα εχoυν''', they will have
|}
|}


::'''ειμe''', I am
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+'''ιμε''', I am
!
!
!Present
!Present
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|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st singular
|'''ειμε''', I am,
|'''ιμε''', I am,
|'''ειμουν''', I was
|'''ιμουν''', I was
|'''θα ειμε''', I shαll be
|'''θα ιμε''', I shall be
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd singular
|'''ειςε''', you are
|'''ιςε''', you are
|'''ειςουν''', you were
|'''ιςουν''', you were
|'''θα ειςε''', you will be
|'''θα ιςε''', you will be
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd singular
|'''εινε''', he, she, it is
|'''ινε''', he, she, it is
|'''ειτα''', he, she, it wαs
|'''ιταν''', he, she, it wαs
|'''θα εινε''', he, she, it will be
|'''θα ινε''', he, she, it will be
|-
|-
!1st plural
!1st plural
|'''έμαςτε''', wε are
|'''έμαςτε''', wε are
|'''είμαςταν''', wε were
|'''ίμαςταν''', we were
|'''θα είμαςτε''', we shall be
|'''θα ίμαςτε''', we shall be
|-
|-
!2nd plural
!2nd plural
|'''ειςτε''', you arε
|'''ιςτε''', you are
|'''είςαςτε''', you were
|'''ίςαςτε''', you were
|'''θα ειςτε''', you will be
|'''θα ιςτε''', you will be
|-
|-
!3rd plural
!3rd plural
|'''εινε''', they are
|'''ινε''', they are
|'''ειταν''', they were
|'''ιταν''', they were
|'''θα εινε''', they will be
|'''θα ινε''', they will be
|}
|}


====The Active Voice - '''Η Ενέργ Φων'''====
====The Active Voice - '''Η Ενέργ Φων'''====
*048. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.  
*049. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.  


=====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''=====
=====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''=====
::Class I
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+Class I
!
!
!Singular
!Singular
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''βλεπω''', I see
|'''βλεπω''', I see
|'''βλέπouμε''', we see
|'''βλέπouμε''', we see
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''βλεπεις''', you see
|'''βλεπις''', you see
|'''βλέπετε''', you see
|'''βλέπετε''', you see
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''βλεπει''', he, she, it sees
|'''βλεπι''', he, she, it sees
|'''βλεπουν''', they see
|'''βλεπουν''', they see
|}
|}


::Class II
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+Class II
!
!
!Singular
!Singular
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''αγαπώ''', I love
|'''αγαπώ''', I love
|'''αγαπάμε''', we love
|'''αγαπάμε''', we love
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''αγαπάς''', you love
|'''αγαπάς''', you love
|'''αγαπάτε''', you love
|'''αγαπάτε''', you love
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''αγαπά''', he, she, it loves
|'''αγαπά''', he, she, it loves
|'''αγαπάν''', they love
|'''αγαπάν''', they love
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=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον'''=====
=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον'''=====
*049. The past tense is formed using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end.  
*050. The past tense is formed by adding ''' using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end.  
*050. When there is no third syllable, the augment '''ε-''' is added.  
*051. When there is no third syllable, the augment '''ε-''' is added.  


::Class I
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+Class I
!
!
!Singular
!Singular
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st sg.
!1st
|'''έβλεπςα''', I saw, was seeing
|'''έβλεπα''', I saw, was seeing
|'''βλέπςαμε''', we saw, were seeing
|'''βλέπαμε''', we saw, were seeing
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''έβλεπςες''', you saw, were seeing
|'''έβλεπας''', you saw, were seeing
|'''βλέπςατε''', you saw, were seeing
|'''βλέπατε''', you saw, were seeing
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''έβλεπςε''', he, she, it saw, was seeing
|'''έβλεπα''', he, she, it saw, was seeing
|'''έβλεπςαν''', they saw, were seeing
|'''έβλεπαν''', they saw, were seeing
|}
|}


::Class II
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+Class II
!
!
!Singular
!Singular
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''άγαpςα''', I loved, was loving
|'''άγαπα''', I loved, was loving
|'''αγάpςαμε''', we loved, were loving
|'''αγάπαμε''', we loved, were loving
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''άγαpςeς''', you loved, were loving
|'''άγαπας''', you loved, were loving
|'''αγάpςατε''', you loved, were loving
|'''αγάπατε''', you loved, were loving
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''άγαpςε''', he, she, it loved, was loving
|'''άγαπα''', he, she, it loved, was loving
|'''άγαpςαν''', they loved, were loving
|'''άγαπαν''', they loved, were loving
|}
|}


=====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον'''=====
=====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον'''=====
051. The future tense is formed by putting the particle '''θα''' before the present tense.  
*052. The future tense is formed by putting the particle '''θα''' before the present tense.  


::Class I
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+Class I
!
!
!Singular
!Singular
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''θa βλεπω''', I shall see
|'''θa βλεπω''', I shall see
|'''θa βλέπouμε''', we shall see
|'''θa βλέπouμε''', we shall see
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''θa βλεπεις''', you will see
|'''θa βλεπις''', you will see
|'''θa βλέπετε''', you will see
|'''θa βλέπετε''', you will see
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''θa βλεπει''', he, she, it will see
|'''θa βλεπι''', he, she, it will see
|'''θa βλεπουν''', they will see
|'''θa βλεπουν''', they will see
|}
|}


::Class II
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+Class II
!
!
!Singular
!Singular
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''θ' αγαπώ''', I love
|'''θ' αγαπώ''', I love
|'''θ' αγαπάμε''', we love
|'''θ' αγαπάμε''', we love
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''θ' αγαπάς''', you love
|'''θ' αγαπάς''', you love
|'''θ' αγαπάτε''', you love
|'''θ' αγαπάτε''', you love
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''θ' αγαπά''', he, she, it loves
|'''θ' αγαπά''', he, she, it loves
|'''θ' αγαπάν''', they love
|'''θ' αγαπάν''', they love
|}
|}


=====The Present Perfect Tense - '''Ο Παρακείμεν Χρον'''=====
=====The Present Perfect Tense - '''Ο Παρακίμεν Χρον'''=====
*052. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.  
*053. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.  
*053. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb '''εχω''', I have, and the passive participle.  
*054. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb '''εχω''', ''I have'', and the passive participle.  
*054. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.  
*055. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!
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!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''εχω βλέπομεν''', I have seen
|'''εχω βλέπομεν''', I have seen
|'''έχoυμe βλέπομεν''', we have seen
|'''έχoυμe βλέπομεν''', we have seen
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''εχεις βλέπομεν''', you have seen
|'''εχις βλέπομεν''', you have seen
|'''έχετε βλέπομεν''', you have seen
|'''έχετε βλέπομεν''', you have seen
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''εχει βλέπομεν''', he, she, it has seen
|'''εχι βλέπομεν''', he, she, it has seen
|'''εχουν βλέπομεν''', they have seen
|'''εχουν βλέπομεν''', they have seen
|}
|}


=====The Past Perfect Tense - '''Ο Υπερςυντελικ Χρον'''=====
=====The Past Perfect Tense - '''Ο Υπερςυντελικ Χρον'''=====
*055. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.  
*056. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.  
*056. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auχiliary verb '''εχω''' and the passive participle.  
*057. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auχiliary verb '''εχω''' and the passive participle.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!
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!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''ειχα βλέπομεν''', I had seen
|'''ιχα βλέπομεν''', I had seen
|'''ειχαμε βλέπομεν''', we had seen
|'''ιχαμε βλέπομεν''', we had seen
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''ειχεs βλέπομεν''', you had seen
|'''ιχεs βλέπομεν''', you had seen
|'''ειχατε βλέπομεν''', you had seen
|'''ιχατε βλέπομεν''', you had seen
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''ειχε βλέπομεν''', he, she, it had seen
|'''ιχε βλέπομεν''', he, she, it had seen
|'''ειχαν βλέπομεν''', they had seen
|'''ιχαν βλέπομεν''', they had seen
|}
|}


=====The Future Perfect Tense - '''Ο ςυντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον'''=====
=====The Future Perfect Tense - '''Ο ςυντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον'''=====
*057. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.  
*058. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.  
*058. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb εχo and the passive participle.
*059. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb '''εχo''' and the passive participle.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!
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!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''θa εχω βλέπομεν''', I shall have seen
|'''θa εχω βλέπομεν''', I shall have seen
|'''θa έχoυμε βλέπομεν''', we shall have seen
|'''θa έχoυμε βλέπομεν''', we shall have seen
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''θa εχειs βλέπομεν''', you will have seen
|'''θa εχιs βλέπομεν''', you will have seen
|'''θa εχετε βλέπομεν''', you will have seen
|'''θa εχετε βλέπομεν''', you will have seen
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''θa εχει βλέπομεν''', he, she, it will have seen
|'''θa εχι βλέπομεν''', he, she, it will have seen
|'''θa εχoυν βλέπομεν''', they will have seen
|'''θa εχoυν βλέπομεν''', they will have seen
|}
|}


====The Progressive Tenses====
====The Progressive Tenses====
*059. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of '''ειμε''', I am, to form progressive tenses.  
*060. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of '''ιμε''', ''I am'', to form progressive tenses.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!present
!<center>present</center>
!past
!past
!future
!future
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!future perfect
!future perfect
|-
|-
|'''ειμε βλεποντ'''<br>I am seeing, etc.
|'''ιμε βλεποντ'''<br>I am seeing, ''etc.''
|'''ειμουν βλεποντ'''<br>I was seeing, etc.
|'''ιμουν βλεποντ'''<br>I was seeing, ''etc.''
|'''θα ειμε βλεποντ'''<br>I will be seeing, etc.
|'''θα ιμε βλεποντ'''<br>I will be seeing, ''etc.''
|'''εχω ειμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I have been seeing, etc.
|'''εχω ιμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I have been seeing, ''etc.'
|'''ειχα ειμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I had been seeing, etc.
|'''ιχα ιμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I had been seeing, ''etc.''
|'''θα εχω ειμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I will have been seeing, etc.
|'''θα εχω ιμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I will have been seeing, ''etc.''
|}
|}


====The Passive Voice - '''ι παθιτίκ φων'''====
====The Passive Voice - '''ι παθιτίκ φων'''====
*060. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.  
*061. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.  
*The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb '''ειμε''', 'I am' and the passive participle.  
*062. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb '''ειμε''', 'I am' and the passive participle.  


=====The Present Tense - '''ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''=====
=====The Present Tense - '''ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''=====
Line 304: Line 424:
|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''ειμε βλέπoμεν''', I am seen
|'''ιμε βλέπoμεν''', I am seen
|'''είμαςτε βλέπoμεν''', we are seen
|'''ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν''', we are seen
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''ειςε βλέπoμεν''', you are seen
|'''ιςε βλέπoμεν''', you are seen
|'''ειςτε βλέπoμεν''', you are seen
|'''ιςτε βλέπoμεν''', you are seen
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''εινε βλέπoμεν''', he, she, it is seen
|'''ινε βλέπoμεν''', he, she, it is seen
|'''εινε βλέπoμεν''', they are seen
|'''ινε βλέπoμεν''', they are seen
|}
|}


Line 323: Line 443:
|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''ειμουν βλέπoμεν''', I was seen
|'''ιμουν βλέπoμεν''', I was seen
|'''είμαςτε βλέπoμεν''', we were seen
|'''ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν''', we were seen
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''ειςουν βλέπoμεν''', you were seen
|'''ιςουν βλέπoμεν''', you were seen
|'''είςαςτε βλέπoμεν''', you were seen
|'''ίςαςτε βλέπoμεν''', you were seen
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''ειταν βλέπoμεν''', he, she, it was seen
|'''ιταν βλέπoμεν''', he, she, it was seen
|'''ειταν βλέπoμεν''', they were seen
|'''ιταν βλέπoμεν''', they were seen
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''θa ειμε βλέπoμεν''', I shall be seen
|'''θa ιμε βλέπoμεν''', I shall be seen
|'''θa είμαςτε βλέπoμεν''', we shall be seen
|'''θa ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν''', we shall be seen
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''θa ειςε βλέπoμεν''', you will be seen
|'''θa ιςε βλέπoμεν''', you will be seen
|'''θa ειςτε βλέπoμεν''', you will be seen
|'''θa ιςτε βλέπoμεν''', you will be seen
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''θa εινε βλέπoμεν''', he, she, it will be seen
|'''θa ινε βλέπoμεν''', he, she, it will be seen
|'''θa εινε βλέπoμεν''', they will be seen
|'''θa ινε βλέπoμεν''', they will be seen
|}
|}


=====The Perfect Tenses- '''Ο Παρακείμεν Χρον'''=====  
=====The Perfect Tenses- '''Ο Παρακείμεν Χρον'''=====  
*061. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of '''εχω''' with the passive participle of ειμε.
*063. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of '''εχω''' with the passive participle of '''ειμε'''.
{|
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|'''εχω ειμεν βλέπoμεν'''<br>I have been seen, etc.
!<center>present</center>
!past
!past
|'''ειχα ειμεν βλέπoμεν'''<br>I had been seen, etc.
!future
!future
|'''θα εχω ειμεν βλέπoμεν'''<br>I shall have been seen, etc.
|-
|'''εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν'''<br>I have been seen, ''etc.''
|'''ιχα ιμεν βλέπoμεν'''<br>I had been seen, ''etc.''
|'''θα εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν'''<br>I shall have been seen, ''etc.''
|}
|}


====The Indefinite Form - ''' Η Αοριςτ Μορφ'''====
====The Indefinite Form - '''Η Αοριςτ Μορφ'''====
*062. The indefinite form corresponds closely to what is called the infinitive in other languages.  
*064. The indefinite form corresponds closely to what is called the infinitive in other languages.  
*063. The indefinite form is found only in the present tense.  
*065. The indefinite form is found only in the present tense.  
*064. Class I verbs form the indefinite by adding '''-ςω''' to the present form minus the '''-ω'''.  
*066. Class I verbs form the indefinite by adding '''-ςω''' to the present form minus the '''-ω'''.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!
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!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''βλεπςω''', I see
|'''βλεπςω''', I see
|'''βλέπςoυμε''', we see
|'''βλέπςoυμε''', we see
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''βλεπςεις''', you see
|'''βλεπςις''', you see
|'''βλέπςετε''', you see
|'''βλέπςετε''', you see
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''βλεπςει''', he, she, it sees
|'''βλεπςι''', he, she, it sees
|'''βλεπςου''', they see
|'''βλεπςου''', they see
|}
|}


*065. Class II verbs form the indefinite by adding '''-ιςω''' to the present form minus the '''-ω'''.  
*067. Class II verbs form the indefinite by adding '''-ιςω''' to the present form minus the '''-ω'''.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!
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!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
!1st singular
!1st
|'''αγάπιςω ''', I love
|'''αγάπιςω ''', I love
|'''αγαπίςαμε''', we love
|'''αγαπίςαμε''', we love
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd
|'''αγάπιςας''', you love
|'''αγάπιςας''', you love
|'''αγαπίςατε''', you love
|'''αγαπίςατε''', you love
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd
|'''αγάπιςα''', he, she, it love
|'''αγάπιςα''', he, she, it love
|'''αγάπιςαν''', they love
|'''αγάπιςαν''', they love
|}
|}


*066. There are a few verbs that form the indefinite irregularly:  
*068. There are a few verbs that form the indefinite irregularly:  
**'''λεγω''', say > '''πω'''  
**'''λεγω''', say > '''πω'''  
**'''δινω''', give > '''δoςω'''  
**'''δινω''', give > '''δoςω'''  
**'''πιγενω''', go > '''παω'''.  
**'''πιγενω''', go > '''παω'''.  


*067. The indefinite form is preceded by '''να''' and follows the main verb.  
*069. The indefinite form is preceded by '''να''' and follows the main verb.  
::'''θελo να βλεπςω''', I want to see.  
::'''θελo να βλεπςω''', I want to see.  
::'''θελo να αγάπιςα''', I want to love.  
::'''θελo ν' αγάπιςα''', I want to love.  


====The Use of '''να''' - '''Ι Χρις του να'''====
====The Use of '''να''' - '''Ι Χρις του να'''====
*068. Intention, hope, desire and the like are eχpressed by using the particle '''να'''.  
*070. Intention, hope, desire and the like are eχpressed by using the particle '''να'''.  
*069. With the present tense, '''να''' eχpresses a continuous intention, ''etc''.
*071. With the present tense, '''να''' eχpresses a continuous intention, ''etc''.
::'''θελω να δουλευω εξι oρι ι ιμέρ''', I want to be working six hours a day.  
::'''θελω να δουλευω εξι oρι ι ιμέρ''', I want to be working six hours a day.  
::'''άρχιςε να τραγυδά''', He started singing.  
::'''άρχιςε να τραγυδά''', He started singing.  
*070. With the past tense, '''να''' eχpresses a past intention, ''etc''. This construction always follows a past tense.  
*072. With the past tense, '''να''' eχpresses a past intention, ''etc''. This construction always follows a past tense.  
::'''Χτες το βραδυ θελςα να πιγενα ςτο θέατ αλά δεν μπóρεςα''', Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to.
::'''Χτες το βραδυ θελςα να πιγενα ςτο θέατ αλά δεν μπóρεςα''', Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to.
*071. With the indefinite '''να''' expresses a non-continuous future intention, ''etc''.  
*073. With the indefinite '''να''' expresses a non-continuous future intention, ''etc''.  
::'''ελπιτζω να φταςω ςτιν Aθíν τρις μ.μ.''', I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m.  
::'''ελπιτζω να φταςω ςτιν Aθíν τρις μ.μ.''', I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m.  
::'''Μπορω να παρω ενα τςιγάρ''', May I take a cigarette?  
::'''Μπορω να παρω ενα τςιγάρ''', May I take a cigarette?  
*072. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are also followed by '''να'''.  
*074. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are also followed by '''να'''.  
::'''πρεπει''', it is necessary; '''αξιζει''', it is worthwhile, ''etc''.  
::'''πρεπι''', it is necessary; '''αξιζι''', it is worthwhile, ''etc''.  
::'''Πρεπει να πιγενω τορα''', I must be going now.  
::'''Πρεπι να πιγενω τορα''', I must be going now.  


====Negation====
====Negation====
*073. Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle '''δεν''' in front of the verb.  
*075. Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle '''δεν''' in front of the verb.  
::'''το πρoíν ειν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is ready.  
::'''το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is ready.  
::'''το πρoíν δeν ειν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is not ready.  
::'''το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is not ready.  
::'''το μπαρ δεν εινε γεμάτ''', The bar is not full.
::'''το μπαρ δεν ινε γεμάτ''', The bar is not full.
::'''δεν πιγενω''', I'm not going.
::'''δεν πιγενω''', I'm not going.


====The Imperative Mood - '''ι προςτακτίκ εγκλις'''====
====The Imperative Mood - '''ι προςτακτίκ εγκλις'''====
*074. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite. There are only two forms.  
*076. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite. There are only two forms.  
*075. The imperative of the simple present expresses duration or repetition of the action.
*077. The imperative of the simple present expresses duration or repetition of the action.
*076. To form the continuous imperative, '''-ε''' for the singular and '''-(ε)τε''' for the plural replace the '''-ω''' of the present.  
*078. To form the continuous imperative, '''-ε''' for the singular and '''-(ε)τε''' for the plural replace the '''-ω''' of the present.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!Singular
!<center>Singular</center>
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
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|}
|}


*077. The imperative of the simple past shows non-continuation which means either that the action is not ongoing or that the speaker is not interested in its duration.  
*079. The imperative of the simple past shows non-continuation which means either that the action is not ongoing or that the speaker is not interested in its duration.  
*078. To form the simple past imperative, '''-ε''' for the singular and '''-(ε)τε''' for the plural replace the '''-ω''' of the indefinite.  
*080. To form the simple past imperative, '''-ε''' for the singular and '''-(ε)τε''' for the plural replace the '''-ω''' of the indefinite.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!Singular
!<center>Singular</center>
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
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|}
|}


*079. A negative command is eχpressed by '''μι''' and the indefinite or present depending on whether the action is fixed or continuous.  
*081. A negative command is expressed by '''μι''' and the indefinite or present depending on whether the action is fixed or continuous.  
::'''Mι τον αγάπιςε''', Do not love him.  
::'''Mι τον αγάπιςε''', Do not love him.  


====There Is/Are====
====There Is/Are====
*080. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs '''υπαρχεί''' and '''υπαρχούν''' in favor of the Turkish {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} and the negative {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}.
*082. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs '''υπαρχεί''' and '''υπαρχούν''' in favor of the Turkish {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} and the negative {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}.
::'''λουλούδ τραπέζου εν {{Color|blue|βαρ}}''', There is a flower on the table.
::'''ανθ τραπεζου εν {{Color|blue|βαρ}}''', There is a flower on the table.
::'''λουλούδ τραπέζου εν {{Color|blue|γιοκ}}''', There is no flower on the table.
::'''ανθ τραπεζου εν {{Color|blue|γιοκ}}''', There is no flower on the table.
*081. In reply to a {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}} question, the answer is always {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}, never "yes" or "no".
*083. In reply to a {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}} question, the answer is always {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}, never ''yes'' or ''no''.
::'''τραπέζου εν μίλα {{Color|blue|βαρ}};''' Are there apples on the table?  
::'''τραπεζου εν μιλα {{Color|blue|βαρ}};''' Are there apples on the table?  
::'''{{Color|blue|βαρ}}'''. Yes, there are.
::'''{{Color|blue|βαρ}}''', Yes, there are.
::'''{{Color|blue|γιοκ}}'''. No, there are not.
::'''{{Color|blue|γιοκ}}''', No, there are not.
 
====To Have====
*084. {{Color|blue|βαρ}} and {{Color|blue|γιοκ}} are also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
::'''τρια μιλα μου {{Color|blue|βαρ}}'''; I have three apples.
::'''αδέλφ τις {{Color|blue|γιοκ}}'''; She does not have a sister.


====Deponent Verbs====
====Deponent Verbs====
*082. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, ''e.g.'', '''έρχομαι''', I come, > '''ερχω'''
*085. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, ''e.g.'', '''έρχομαι''', I come, > '''ερχω'''


====The Use of '''είνε'''====
====The Use of '''ίνε'''====
*083. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula '''είνε'''  is not used, ''e.g.'',  '''το κυαν ςπιτ''', the blue house; but ''' το ςπιτ κυαν''', the house is blue.
*086. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula '''είνε'''  is not used, ''e.g.'',  '''το κυαν ςπιτ''', the blue house; but ''' το ςπιτ κυαν''', the house is blue.


====Questions====
====Questions====
*084. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
*087. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
::''' Π' ειςε;''' Who are you?
::''' Π' ιςε;''' Who are you?
::'''πιόν έβλεπςες;''' Whom did you see?
::'''πιόν έβλεπςες;''' Whom did you see?
::'''ςε πιον μίλςατε;''' To whom were you talking?
::'''ςε πιον μίλςατε;''' To whom were you talking?
*085. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle {{Color|blue|'''μι'''}}.
*088. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle {{Color|blue|'''μι'''}}.
::'''πιγενεις ςτο ςχολί.''' You are going to school.
::'''πιγενις ςτο ςχολί.''' You are going to school.
::'''πιγενεις ςτο ςχολί {{Color|blue|μι}}.''' Are you going to school?
::'''πιγενις ςτο ςχολί {{Color|blue|μι}};''' Are you going to school?
*086. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}.
*089. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle '''{{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}'''.
::'''αυτ εινε βιβλί, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' This is a book, isn't it?
::'''αυτ ινε βιβλί, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' This is a book, isn't it?
::'''ςυ έγραψας ι επιςτόλ, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' You wrote the letter, didn't you?
::'''ςυ έγραψας ι επιςτόλ, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' You wrote the letter, didn't you?
::'''ςυ ερχεις αυρι, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}'''; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?
::'''ςυ ερχις αυρι, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}'''; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?


===Adverbs - '''επιρίματα'''===
===Adverbs - '''επιρίματα'''===
*087. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.  
*090. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.  
*088. Some common adverbs:  
*091. Some common adverbs:  
::'''εδó''', here  
::'''εδó''', here  
::'''εκί''', there  
::'''εκί''', there  
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::'''ακomι''', yet  
::'''ακomι''', yet  
::'''ετςι''', thus  
::'''ετςι''', thus  
*089. As in Turkish adjectives may be used as adverbs without any change in form.
*092. As in Turkish adjectives may be used as adverbs without any change in form.
::'''το ιςυχ πεδ ''', the quiet child.
::'''το ιςυχ πεδ ''', the quiet child.
::'''τρεχε ιςυχ.''' Run quietly.
::'''τρεχε ιςυχ.''' Run quietly.
*090.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.  
*093.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.  
::'''ευκολ''', easy; '''ευκολ''', easily
::'''ευκολ''', easy; '''ευκολ''', easily
::'''πιο ευκολ''', easier, easiest; '''πιο ευκολ''', more/most easily
::'''πιο ευκολ''', easier, easiest; '''πιο ευκολ''', more/most easily
===Prepositions===
*'''ανά'''
::1. Distributive: in the midst of; each, apiece (''with numbers'')
::2. Spatial (''in composition with verbs''): up, motion upwards
*'''αντί'''
::1. Substitution: instead of, in place of
::2. Exchange/Equivalence: for, as, in the place of, in exchange for, in return for, for the sake of, at the price of, for, instead of
::3. Cause: because of
::4. Position: over against, opposite, compared with
::5. Time: at the same time as
*'''από''',
::1. Position: from, '''ξεκίνηςε από το ςπίτι''', started from home.
::2. Source, Origin: from, '''είμαι από την Ελλάδα''', I am from Greece.
::3. Time: from, at, by, since, '''θα είμαι εδώ από νωρίς''' ,I'll be early (''literally'', I will be here from early)
::4. Cause: by, with, from, '''παραςύρθηκε από την οργή''', he was carried away by anger
::5. Measurement: from, '''από 25 ως 28 βαθμούς''', from 25 to 28 degrees
::6. State: from, '''έγινε από φιλόλογος προγραμματιςτής''', he changed from philologist into programmer
::7. Arithmetic: out of, from, '''προςελήφθηςαν οι τρεις από τους πέντε υποψηφίους''', three out of five applicants were taken on; '''10 από 35 κάνει 25''', 10 from 35 gives 25
*'''δια'''
::1. Agency: by, through
::2. Means: through
::3. Spatial: through
::4. Temporal: through(out), during
::5. Cause: because of, on account of, for the sake of
*'''ειν'''
::1. Spatial:into, toward, in
::2. Temporal: for, throughout
::3. Purpose: for, in order to, to
::4. Result: so that, with the result that
::5. Reference/Respect: with respect to, with reference to
::6. Advantage: for
::7. Disadvantage: against
*'''εκ'''
::1. Source: out of, from
::2. Separation: away from, from
::3. Temporal: from, from [this point]...on
::4.Cause: because of
::5. Partitive (i.e., substituting for a partitive gen.): of
::6. Means: by, from
*'''εν'''
::1. Spatial/Sphere:in (and various other translations)
::2. Temporal: in, within, when, while, during
::3. Association (often close personal relationship): with
::4. Cause: because of
::5. Instrumental: by, with
::6. Reference/Respect: with respect to/with reference to
::7. Manner: with
::8. Thing Possessed: with (in the sense of which possesses)
::9. Standard (=Dative of Rule): according to the standard of
::10.As an equivalent for eis (with verbs of notion)
*'''επι'''
::1. Spatial: on, upon, at near
::2. Temporal: in the time of, during
::3. Cause: on the basis of
::4. Spatial: on, upon, against, at, near
::5. Temporal: at, at the time of, during
::6. Spatial: on, upon, to, up to, against
::7. Temporal: for, over a period of
*'''κατα'''
::1. Spatial: down from, throughout
::2. Opposition: against
::3. Source: from
::4. Standard: in accordance with, corresponding to
::5. Spatial: along, through (extension); toward, up to (direction)
::6. Temporal: at, during
::7. Distributive: indicating the division of a greater whole into individual parts
::8. Purpose: for the purpose of
::9. Reference/Respect: with respect to, with reference to
*'''μετα'''
::1. Association/Accompaniment: with, in company with
::2. Spatial: with, among
::3. Manner (Attendant Circumstance): with
::4. Temporal: after, behind
::5. Spatial (rare): after, behind
*'''παρα'''
::1. in general, from (the side of) (with a personal object)
::2. Source/Spatial: from
::3. Agency: from, by
::4. Spatial: near, beside
::5. Sphere: in the sight of, before (someone)
::6. Association: with (someone/something)
::6. Virtually equivalent to simple dative
::8. Spatial: by, alongside of, near, on
::9. Comparison: in comparison to, more than
::10. Opposition: against, contrary to
*'''περι'''
::1. Reference: concerning
::2. Advantange/Representation: on behalf of, for (= uper)
::3. Spatial: around, near
::4. Temporal: about, near
::5. Reference/Respect: with regard/reference to
::6. Spatial: before, in front of, at
::7. Temporal: before
::8. Rank/Priority: before
*'''προς'''
::1. Purpose: for, for the purpose of
::2. Spatial: toward
::3. Temporal: toward, for (duration)
::4. Result: so that, with the result that
::5. Opposition: against
::6. Association: with, in company with (with stative verbs)
*'''ςυν'''
::1. Expresses accompaniment/association: with, in association (company) with
*'''υπερ'''
::1. Representation/Advantage: on behalf of, for the sake of
::2. Reference/Respect: concerning, with reference to (= peri)
::3. Substitution: in the place of, instead of (= anti)
::4. Spatial: over, above
::5. Comparison: more than, beyond
*'''υπο'''
::1. (Ultimate) Agency: by
::2. Intermediate Agency (with active verbs): through
::3. Means: by (rare)
::4. Spatial: under, below
::5. Subordination: under (the rule of)




[[Athonite Grammar I]]
[[Athonite Grammar I]]

Revision as of 19:18, 7 April 2021

Pronunciation Table - Πίνακα τις Προφορά

Greek α αυ β γ γγ γκ γξ γχ δ ε ει ευ ζ ι θ κ λ μ μπ ν ντ ξ ο ου π ρ ς τ τζ υ φ χ ψ ω
Latin a af v g ng nk ngks nch dh e i ef z i th k l m b n d ks ǫ u p r s t z u f ch ps o
IPA /a/1 /af/2 /v/ /ɣ/3 /ŋ/ /g/ /ŋks/ /ŋç/ /ð/ /ε/ /i/ /εf/4 /z/ /i/5 /θ/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /b/ /n/ /d/ /ks/ /ɔ/ /u/ /p/ /r/ /s/6 /t/ /ʣ/ /y/ /f/ /ç/ /ps/ /o/

Notes - Σιμείωςι

  • 1 when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
  • 2 before voiceless consonants, /av/ before voiced consonants.
  • 3 /ɣ/ before α, ο, ου, and ω; /j/ before ε, ι, υ.
  • 4 before voiceless consonants, /εv/ before voiced consonants.
  • 5 /j/ between vowels.
  • 6 /z/ before voiced consonants.


Verbs - Ρίματα

Verb Classes - Η Ταξις από το Ρίματα

  • 044. The Athonite verb has been influenced by Turkish to the extent that the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek have been reduced to six.
  • 045. The six tenses are the present, the past, and the future, and their perfect counterparts.
  • 046. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
  • 047. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.

The Auxiliary Verbs - Το Βοιθιτίκ Ρίματα

  • 048. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.
εχω, I have
Present Past Future
1st singular εχω, I have ιχα, I had θα εχω, I shall have
2nd singular εχις, you have ιχες, you had θα εχις, you will have
3rd singular εχι, he, she, it has ιχε, he, she, it had θα εχι, he, she, it will have
1st plural έχομε, we have ίχαμε, we hadεί θα έχομε, we shall have
2nd plural έχετε, you have ίχaτε, you had, θα έχετε, you will have
3rd plural εχoυν, they have ιχαν, they had θα εχoυν, they will have
ιμε, I am
Present Past Future
1st singular ιμε, I am, ιμουν, I was θα ιμε, I shall be
2nd singular ιςε, you are ιςουν, you were θα ιςε, you will be
3rd singular ινε, he, she, it is ιταν, he, she, it wαs θα ινε, he, she, it will be
1st plural έμαςτε, wε are ίμαςταν, we were θα ίμαςτε, we shall be
2nd plural ιςτε, you are ίςαςτε, you were θα ιςτε, you will be
3rd plural ινε, they are ιταν, they were θα ινε, they will be

The Active Voice - Η Ενέργ Φων

  • 049. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.
The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον
Class I
Singular Plural
1st βλεπω, I see βλέπouμε, we see
2nd βλεπις, you see βλέπετε, you see
3rd βλεπι, he, she, it sees βλεπουν, they see
Class II
Singular Plural
1st αγαπώ, I love αγαπάμε, we love
2nd αγαπάς, you love αγαπάτε, you love
3rd αγαπά, he, she, it loves αγαπάν, they love
The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον
  • 050. The past tense is formed by adding using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end.
  • 051. When there is no third syllable, the augment ε- is added.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st έβλεπα, I saw, was seeing βλέπαμε, we saw, were seeing
2nd έβλεπας, you saw, were seeing βλέπατε, you saw, were seeing
3rd έβλεπα, he, she, it saw, was seeing έβλεπαν, they saw, were seeing
Class II
Singular Plural
1st άγαπα, I loved, was loving αγάπαμε, we loved, were loving
2nd άγαπας, you loved, were loving αγάπατε, you loved, were loving
3rd άγαπα, he, she, it loved, was loving άγαπαν, they loved, were loving
The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον
  • 052. The future tense is formed by putting the particle θα before the present tense.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st θa βλεπω, I shall see θa βλέπouμε, we shall see
2nd θa βλεπις, you will see θa βλέπετε, you will see
3rd θa βλεπι, he, she, it will see θa βλεπουν, they will see
Class II
Singular Plural
1st θ' αγαπώ, I love θ' αγαπάμε, we love
2nd θ' αγαπάς, you love θ' αγαπάτε, you love
3rd θ' αγαπά, he, she, it loves θ' αγαπάν, they love
The Present Perfect Tense - Ο Παρακίμεν Χρον
  • 053. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
  • 054. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb εχω, I have, and the passive participle.
  • 055. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.
Singular Plural
1st εχω βλέπομεν, I have seen έχoυμe βλέπομεν, we have seen
2nd εχις βλέπομεν, you have seen έχετε βλέπομεν, you have seen
3rd εχι βλέπομεν, he, she, it has seen εχουν βλέπομεν, they have seen
The Past Perfect Tense - Ο Υπερςυντελικ Χρον
  • 056. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
  • 057. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auχiliary verb εχω and the passive participle.
Singular Plural
1st ιχα βλέπομεν, I had seen ιχαμε βλέπομεν, we had seen
2nd ιχεs βλέπομεν, you had seen ιχατε βλέπομεν, you had seen
3rd ιχε βλέπομεν, he, she, it had seen ιχαν βλέπομεν, they had seen
The Future Perfect Tense - Ο ςυντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον
  • 058. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
  • 059. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb εχo and the passive participle.
Singular Plural
1st θa εχω βλέπομεν, I shall have seen θa έχoυμε βλέπομεν, we shall have seen
2nd θa εχιs βλέπομεν, you will have seen θa εχετε βλέπομεν, you will have seen
3rd θa εχι βλέπομεν, he, she, it will have seen θa εχoυν βλέπομεν, they will have seen

The Progressive Tenses

  • 060. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of ιμε, I am, to form progressive tenses.
present
 past future present perfect past perfect future perfect
ιμε βλεποντ
I am seeing, etc. 		ιμουν βλεποντ
I was seeing, etc. 		θα ιμε βλεποντ
I will be seeing, etc. 		εχω ιμεν βλεποντ
I have been seeing, etc.' 		ιχα ιμεν βλεποντ
I had been seeing, etc. 		θα εχω ιμεν βλεποντ
I will have been seeing, etc.

The Passive Voice - ι παθιτίκ φων

  • 061. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
  • 062. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb ειμε, 'I am' and the passive participle.
The Present Tense - ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον
Singular Plural
1st ιμε βλέπoμεν, I am seen ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we are seen
2nd ιςε βλέπoμεν, you are seen ιςτε βλέπoμεν, you are seen
3rd ινε βλέπoμεν, he, she, it is seen ινε βλέπoμεν, they are seen
The Past Tense - Ο Παρελθοντίκ Χρον
Singular Plural
1st ιμουν βλέπoμεν, I was seen ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we were seen
2nd ιςουν βλέπoμεν, you were seen ίςαςτε βλέπoμεν, you were seen
3rd ιταν βλέπoμεν, he, she, it was seen ιταν βλέπoμεν, they were seen
The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον
Singular Plural
1st θa ιμε βλέπoμεν, I shall be seen θa ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we shall be seen
2nd θa ιςε βλέπoμεν, you will be seen θa ιςτε βλέπoμεν, you will be seen
3rd θa ινε βλέπoμεν, he, she, it will be seen θa ινε βλέπoμεν, they will be seen
The Perfect Tenses- Ο Παρακείμεν Χρον
  • 063. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of εχω with the passive participle of ειμε.
present
 past future
εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν
I have been seen, etc. 		ιχα ιμεν βλέπoμεν
I had been seen, etc. 		θα εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν
I shall have been seen, etc.

The Indefinite Form - Η Αοριςτ Μορφ

  • 064. The indefinite form corresponds closely to what is called the infinitive in other languages.
  • 065. The indefinite form is found only in the present tense.
  • 066. Class I verbs form the indefinite by adding -ςω to the present form minus the -ω.
Singular Plural
1st βλεπςω, I see βλέπςoυμε, we see
2nd βλεπςις, you see βλέπςετε, you see
3rd βλεπςι, he, she, it sees βλεπςου, they see
  • 067. Class II verbs form the indefinite by adding -ιςω to the present form minus the -ω.
Singular Plural
1st αγάπιςω , I love αγαπίςαμε, we love
2nd αγάπιςας, you love αγαπίςατε, you love
3rd αγάπιςα, he, she, it love αγάπιςαν, they love
  • 068. There are a few verbs that form the indefinite irregularly:
    • λεγω, say > πω
    • δινω, give > δoςω
    • πιγενω, go > παω.
  • 069. The indefinite form is preceded by να and follows the main verb.
θελo να βλεπςω, I want to see.
θελo ν' αγάπιςα, I want to love.

The Use of να - Ι Χρις του να

  • 070. Intention, hope, desire and the like are eχpressed by using the particle να.
  • 071. With the present tense, να eχpresses a continuous intention, etc.
θελω να δουλευω εξι oρι ι ιμέρ, I want to be working six hours a day.
άρχιςε να τραγυδά, He started singing.
  • 072. With the past tense, να eχpresses a past intention, etc. This construction always follows a past tense.
Χτες το βραδυ θελςα να πιγενα ςτο θέατ αλά δεν μπóρεςα, Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to.
  • 073. With the indefinite να expresses a non-continuous future intention, etc.
ελπιτζω να φταςω ςτιν Aθíν τρις μ.μ., I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m.
Μπορω να παρω ενα τςιγάρ, May I take a cigarette?
  • 074. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are also followed by να.
πρεπι, it is necessary; αξιζι, it is worthwhile, etc.
Πρεπι να πιγενω τορα, I must be going now.

Negation

  • 075. Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle δεν in front of the verb.
το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is ready.
το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is not ready.
το μπαρ δεν ινε γεμάτ, The bar is not full.
δεν πιγενω, I'm not going.

The Imperative Mood - ι προςτακτίκ εγκλις

  • 076. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite. There are only two forms.
  • 077. The imperative of the simple present expresses duration or repetition of the action.
  • 078. To form the continuous imperative, -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural replace the -ω of the present.
Singular
 Plural
βλεπε, keep on seeing βλεπ(ε)τε, keep on seeing
αγαπα, keep on loving αγαπατε, keep on loving
  • 079. The imperative of the simple past shows non-continuation which means either that the action is not ongoing or that the speaker is not interested in its duration.
  • 080. To form the simple past imperative, -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural replace the -ω of the indefinite.
Singular
 Plural
βλεπςε, see βλέπςετε, see
αγάπιςε, love αγαπιςτε, love
  • 081. A negative command is expressed by μι and the indefinite or present depending on whether the action is fixed or continuous.
Mι τον αγάπιςε, Do not love him.

There Is/Are

  • 082. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs υπαρχεί and υπαρχούν in favor of the Turkish βαρ and the negative γιοκ.
ανθ τραπεζου εν βαρ, There is a flower on the table.
ανθ τραπεζου εν γιοκ, There is no flower on the table.
  • 083. In reply to a βαρ or γιοκ question, the answer is always βαρ or γιοκ, never yes or no.
τραπεζου εν μιλα βαρ; Are there apples on the table?
βαρ, Yes, there are.
γιοκ, No, there are not.

To Have

  • 084. βαρ and γιοκ are also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
τρια μιλα μου βαρ; I have three apples.
αδέλφ τις γιοκ; She does not have a sister.

Deponent Verbs

  • 085. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, e.g., έρχομαι, I come, > ερχω

The Use of ίνε

  • 086. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula είνε is not used, e.g., το κυαν ςπιτ, the blue house; but το ςπιτ κυαν, the house is blue.

Questions

  • 087. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
Π' ιςε; Who are you?
πιόν έβλεπςες; Whom did you see?
ςε πιον μίλςατε; To whom were you talking?
  • 088. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle μι.
πιγενις ςτο ςχολί. You are going to school.
πιγενις ςτο ςχολί μι; Are you going to school?
  • 089. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle ντιλ μι.
αυτ ινε βιβλί, ντιλ μι; This is a book, isn't it?
ςυ έγραψας ι επιςτόλ, ντιλ μι; You wrote the letter, didn't you?
ςυ ερχις αυρι, ντιλ μι; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?

Adverbs - επιρίματα

  • 090. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
  • 091. Some common adverbs:
εδó, here
εκί, there
πιςω, behind
μπρoςτά in front
τωρα, now
υςτερ, after, later
νωρίς, early
αυρι, tomorrow
εχθές, yesterday
πolύ, a lot, very
ιδι, already
ποτέ, never
παλι, again
ιςως, perhaps
παντα, always
ακomι, yet
ετςι, thus
  • 092. As in Turkish adjectives may be used as adverbs without any change in form.
το ιςυχ πεδ , the quiet child.
τρεχε ιςυχ. Run quietly.
  • 093.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.
ευκολ, easy; ευκολ, easily
πιο ευκολ, easier, easiest; πιο ευκολ, more/most easily


Athonite Grammar I

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