Hudío Phonology: Difference between revisions
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!ה | !ה | ||
!אִ | !אִ | ||
!י | |||
!כּ | !כּ | ||
!כ | !כ | ||
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!אֻ | !אֻ | ||
!ו | !ו | ||
! | !צ | ||
!ז | !ז | ||
!ע | !ע | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|h | |h | ||
|i | |i | ||
|j | |||
|k | |k | ||
|ħ | |ħ | ||
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|ṭ | |ṭ | ||
|t | |t | ||
|ţ | |||
|u | |u | ||
|w | |w | ||
|z | |z | ||
|' | |' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|/h/ | |/h/ | ||
|/i/~/ɪ/ | |/i/~/ɪ/ | ||
|/j/ | |||
|/k/ | |/k/ | ||
|/ç/ | |/ç/ | ||
| Line 91: | Line 92: | ||
|/u/ | |/u/ | ||
|/w/ | |/w/ | ||
|/ | |/ʦ/ | ||
|/z/ | |/z/ | ||
|/ʔ/ | |/ʔ/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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**/d/-/ð/, /t/-/θ/, and /g/-/ʝ/ are differenced with a dot on the voiced consonant, like the Hebrew [[Wikipedia:Dagesh#Dagesh kal|dagesh kal]]. | **/d/-/ð/, /t/-/θ/, and /g/-/ʝ/ are differenced with a dot on the voiced consonant, like the Hebrew [[Wikipedia:Dagesh#Dagesh kal|dagesh kal]]. | ||
**/b/-/β/, /k/-/ç/, and /p/-/φ/ make use of the Latin letters. | **/b/-/β/, /k/-/ç/, and /p/-/φ/ make use of the Latin letters. | ||
*The begadkepat consonants [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenite]] into their corresponding fricatives when they follow a vowel, either between two vowels (דַּבַר '''davar''', word) or between a vowel and a consonant (מִדבַּר '''midbar''', desert). This lenition even occurs across word boundaries | *The begadkepat consonants [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenite]] into their corresponding fricatives when they follow a vowel, either between two vowels (דַּבַר '''davar''', word) or between a vowel and a consonant (מִדבַּר '''midbar''', desert). This lenition even occurs across word boundaries, ''e.g.'', בַּנֻ בַיִת '''banu vayit''', they build a house. | ||
**This lenition does not occur in some borrowed words, ''e.g.'', '''hurikan''' הֻרִכַּך. | **This lenition does not occur in some borrowed words, ''e.g.'', '''hurikan''' הֻרִכַּך. | ||
**The addition of the definite article הַ '''ha''' does not lenite a following consonant. | **The addition of the definite article הַ '''ha''' does not lenite a following consonant. | ||
*<[[Wikipedia:Ë|ë]]> for /ə/ is borrowed from the Albanian (and other) alphabet. | |||
*<[[Wikipedia:H with stroke|ħ]]> for /ç/ is borrowed from the Maltese alphabet. | |||
*<ţ> for /ʦ/ and <ş> for /ʃ/ are borrowed from the Romanian alphabet. | |||
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| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
| align=center | < | | align=center | <ţ> /ʦ/<br>צ/ץ | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
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| align=center | <nowiki><s></nowiki> /s/<br>ס | | align=center | <nowiki><s></nowiki> /s/<br>ס | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
| align=center | < | | align=center | <ş> /ʃ/<br>ש<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
| align=center | <h> /h/<br>ה<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> | | align=center | <h> /h/<br>ה<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> | ||
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| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
| align=center | < | | align=center | <y> /j/<br>י | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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====Notes==== | ====Notes==== | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> ט ([[Wikipedia:Teth|Tet]]) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by | *<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> ט ([[Wikipedia:Teth|Tet]]) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by תּ ([[Wikipedia:Taw|Taf]]) /t/. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> ק ([[Wikipedia:Qoph|Quf]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כּ ([[Wikipedia:Ka|Ka]]). | *<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> ק ([[Wikipedia:Qoph|Quf]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כּ ([[Wikipedia:Ka|Ka]]). | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> The glottal stop ([[Wikipedia:Ayin|Ayin]] <ע> /ʔ/ is used to separate the same contiguous vowels, ''e.g.'', נַ֜עַר, '''ná'ar''', boy, or | *<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> The glottal stop ([[Wikipedia:Ayin|Ayin]]) <ע> /ʔ/ is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, ''e.g.'', נַ֜עַר, '''ná'ar''', boy, or the glottal stop and a vowel, ''e.g.'', סְעׇרַ, '''së'ora''', barley. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> שׂ ([[Wikipedia:Shin (letter)|Sin]]) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס ([[Wikipedia:Samekh| | *<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> שׂ ([[Wikipedia:Shin (letter)|Sin]]) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס ([[Wikipedia:Samekh|Sámex]]). Thus the dot is not needed for Shin. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> ה ([[Wikipedia:He (letter)|He]]) has been deleted when syllable final. | *<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> ה ([[Wikipedia:He (letter)|He]]) has been deleted when syllable final. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> ח ([[Wikipedia:Heth|Heth]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כ ([[Wikipedia:Ka|Ka]]). | *<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> ח ([[Wikipedia:Heth|Heth]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כ ([[Wikipedia:Ka|Ka]]). | ||
| Line 241: | Line 244: | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | ë<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> <ə><br>אְ | ||
| align=center | | | align=center | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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====Notes==== | ====Notes==== | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> The two phonemes are [[Wikipedia:Allophone|allophonic]]. /i/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɪ/ in closed syllables, ''e.g.'', גִּבַ '''giva''', hill /giβa/; אִש '''iš''', man /ɪʃ/. However, /i/ is retained in the plural suffix '''-im''' /im/. | *<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> The two phonemes are [[Wikipedia:Allophone|allophonic]]. /i/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɪ/ in closed syllables, ''e.g.'', גִּבַ '''giva''', hill /giβa/; אִש '''iš''', man /ɪʃ/. However, /i/ is retained in the plural suffix '''-im''' /im/. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> The two phonemes are allophonic. /e/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɛ/ in closed syllables, ''e.g.'', מֶ֜לֶכ ''' | *<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> The two phonemes are allophonic. /e/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɛ/ in closed syllables, ''e.g.'', מֶ֜לֶכ '''mélex''' /melɛç/, king; מֶלכִּם '''melkim''' /mɛlkim/, kings. | ||
*All vowels are of equal length. | *All vowels are of equal length. | ||
[[Hudío Grammar|Grammar]] | [[Hudío Grammar|Grammar]] | ||
Revision as of 08:58, 12 January 2021
Pronunciation table
| בּ | ב | דּ | ד | אֶ | אְ | גּ | ג | ה | אִ | י | כּ | כ | ל | מ | נ | אָ | פּ | פ | ר | ס | ש | תּ | ת | אֻ | ו | צ | ז | ע | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | v | ḋ | d | e | ė | ġ | g | h | i | j | k | ħ | l | m | n | o | p | f | r | s | ṡ | ṭ | t | ţ | u | w | z | ' | |
| /ä/ | /b/ | /β/ | /d/ | /ð/ | /e/~/ɛ/ | /ə/ | /g/ | /ʝ/ | /h/ | /i/~/ɪ/ | /j/ | /k/ | /ç/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /o/ | /p/ | /φ/ | /ɾ/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /t/ | /θ/ | /u/ | /w/ | /ʦ/ | /z/ | /ʔ/ |
Notes
- The alphabetic order is a modified Latin order, keeping the begadkepat consonants (b, d, g, k, p, t) together.
- /d/-/ð/, /t/-/θ/, and /g/-/ʝ/ are differenced with a dot on the voiced consonant, like the Hebrew dagesh kal.
- /b/-/β/, /k/-/ç/, and /p/-/φ/ make use of the Latin letters.
- The begadkepat consonants lenite into their corresponding fricatives when they follow a vowel, either between two vowels (דַּבַר davar, word) or between a vowel and a consonant (מִדבַּר midbar, desert). This lenition even occurs across word boundaries, e.g., בַּנֻ בַיִת banu vayit, they build a house.
- This lenition does not occur in some borrowed words, e.g., hurikan הֻרִכַּך.
- The addition of the definite article הַ ha does not lenite a following consonant.
- <ë> for /ə/ is borrowed from the Albanian (and other) alphabet.
- <ħ> for /ç/ is borrowed from the Maltese alphabet.
- <ţ> for /ʦ/ and <ş> for /ʃ/ are borrowed from the Romanian alphabet.
Phonology
Consonant chart
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | <m> /m/ מ/ם |
<n> /n/ נ/ן |
||||
| Voiceless Stop | <p> /p/ פּ |
<ṭ> /t/ תּ1 |
<k> /k/ כּ2 |
<'> /ʔ/ ע3 | ||
| Voiced Stop | <b> /b/ בּ |
<ḍ> /d/ דּ |
<ġ> /g/ גּ |
|||
| Sibilant Affricate | <ţ> /ʦ/ צ/ץ |
|||||
| Voiceless Sibilant Fricative | <s> /s/ ס |
<ş> /ʃ/ ש4 |
<h> /h/ ה5 | |||
| Voiced Sibilant Fricative | <z> /z/ ז |
|||||
| Voiceless Non-sibilant Fricative | <f> /φ/ פ/ף |
<t> /θ/ ת |
<ħ> /ç/ כ/ך6 |
|||
| Voiced Non-sibilant Fricative | <v> /β/ ב |
<d> /ð/ ד |
<g> /ɣ/ ג |
|||
| Approximant | <w> /w/ ו |
<y> /j/ י |
||||
| Trill | <r> /ɾ/ ר |
|||||
| Lateral approximant | <l> /l/ ל |
Notes
- 1 ט (Tet) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by תּ (Taf) /t/.
- 2 ק (Quf) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כּ (Ka).
- 3 The glottal stop (Ayin) <ע> /ʔ/ is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, e.g., נַ֜עַר, ná'ar, boy, or the glottal stop and a vowel, e.g., סְעׇרַ, së'ora, barley.
- 4 שׂ (Sin) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס (Sámex). Thus the dot is not needed for Shin.
- 5 ה (He) has been deleted when syllable final.
- 6 ח (Heth) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כ (Ka).
- Use of the five final forms is optional.
- There are no geminate consonants.
Vowel chart
| Front | Near Front | Cental | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/~/ɪ/1 אִ |
u /u/ אֻ | ||
| Close-mid | e /e/~/ɛ/2 אֶ |
o אׇ | ||
| Mid | ë3 <ə> אְ |
|||
| Open | a אַ |
Notes
- 1 The two phonemes are allophonic. /i/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɪ/ in closed syllables, e.g., גִּבַ giva, hill /giβa/; אִש iš, man /ɪʃ/. However, /i/ is retained in the plural suffix -im /im/.
- 2 The two phonemes are allophonic. /e/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɛ/ in closed syllables, e.g., מֶ֜לֶכ mélex /melɛç/, king; מֶלכִּם melkim /mɛlkim/, kings.
- All vowels are of equal length.
