Hudío Phonology
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Pronunciation table
| בּ | ב | דּ | ד | אֶ | אְ | גּ | ג | ה | אִ | י | כּ | כ | ל | מ | נ | אָ | פּ | פ | ר | ס | ש | תּ | ת | אֻ | ו | צ | ז | ע | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | v | ḋ | d | e | ė | ġ | g | h | i | j | k | j | l | m | n | o | p | f | r | s | ṡ | ṭ | t | ţ | u | w | z | ' | |
| /ä/ | /b/ | /β/ | /d/ | /ð/ | /e/~/ɛ/ | /ə/ | /g/ | /ʝ/ | /h/ | /i/~/ɪ/ | /j/ | /k/ | /ç/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /o/ | /p/ | /φ/ | /ɾ/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /t/ | /θ/ | /u/ | /w/ | /ʦ/ | /z/ | /ʔ/ |
Notes
- The alphabetic order is a modified Latin order, keeping the begadkepat consonants (b, d, g, k, p, t) together.
- /d/-/ð/, /t/-/θ/, and /g/-/ʝ/ are differenced with a dot on the voiced consonant, like the Hebrew dagesh kal.
- /b/-/β/, /k/-/ç/, and /p/-/φ/ make use of the Latin letters.
- The begadkepat consonants lenite into their corresponding fricatives when they follow a vowel, either between two vowels (דַּבַר davar, word) or between a vowel and a consonant (מִדבַּר midbar, desert). This lenition even occurs across word boundaries, e.g.,
בַּנֻ בַיִת banu vayit, they build a house.
- This lenition does not occur in some borrowed words, e.g., hurikan הֻרִכַּך.
- The addition of the definite article הַ ha does not lenite a following consonant.
- <ë> for /ə/ is borrowed from the Albanian (and other) alphabet.
- <ţ> for /ʦ/ and <ş> for /ʃ/ are borrowed from the Romanian alphabet.
Phonology
Consonant chart
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | <m> /m/ מ/ם |
<n> /n/ נ/ן |
||||
| Voiceless Stop | <p> /p/ פּ |
<ṭ> /t/ תּ1 |
<k> /k/ כּ2 |
<'> /ʔ/ ע3 | ||
| Voiced Stop | <b> /b/ בּ |
<ḍ> /d/ דּ |
<ġ> /g/ גּ |
|||
| Sibilant Affricate | <ţ> /ʦ/ צ/ץ |
|||||
| Voiceless Sibilant Fricative | <s> /s/ ס |
<ş> /ʃ/ ש4 |
<h> /h/ ה5 | |||
| Voiced Sibilant Fricative | <z> /z/ ז |
|||||
| Voiceless Non-sibilant Fricative | <f> /φ/ פ/ף |
<t> /θ/ ת |
<j> /ç/ כ/ך6 |
|||
| Voiced Non-sibilant Fricative | <v> /β/ ב |
<d> /ð/ ד |
<g> /ɣ/ ג |
|||
| Approximant | <w> /w/ ו |
<y> /j/ י |
||||
| Trill | <r> /ɾ/ ר |
|||||
| Lateral approximant | <l> /l/ ל |
Notes
- 1 ט (Tet) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by תּ (Taf) /t/.
- 2 ק (Quf) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כּ (Ka).
- 3 The glottal stop (Ayin) <ע> /ʔ/ is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, e.g., נַ֜עַר, ná'ar, boy, or the glottal stop and a vowel, e.g., סְעׇרַ, së'ora, barley.
- 4 שׂ (Sin) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס (Sámex). Thus the dot is not needed for Shin.
- 5 ה (He) has been deleted when syllable final.
- 6 ח (Heth) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כ (Ka).
- Use of the five final forms is optional.
- There are no geminate consonants.
Vowel chart
| Front | Near Front | Cental | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/~/ɪ/1 אִ |
u /u/ אֻ | ||
| Close-mid | e /e/~/ɛ/2 אֶ |
o אׇ | ||
| Mid | ë3 <ə> אְ |
|||
| Open | a אַ |
Notes
- 1 The two phonemes are allophonic. /i/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɪ/ in closed syllables, e.g., גִּבַ giva, hill /giβa/; אִש iš, man /ɪʃ/. However, /i/ is retained in the plural suffix -im /im/.
- 2 The two phonemes are allophonic. /e/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɛ/ in closed syllables, e.g., מֶ֜לֶכ mélej /melɛç/, king; מֶלכִּם melkim /mɛlkim/, kings.
- All vowels are of equal length.
