Hudío Phonology: Difference between revisions
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==Pronunciation table== | ==Pronunciation table== | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;" | ||
|<center>אַ</center> | |||
|בּ | |||
|ב | |||
|דּ | |||
|ד | |||
|אֶ | |||
|אְ | |||
|גּ | |||
|ג | |||
|ה | |||
|אִ | |||
|י | |||
|כּ | |||
|כ | |||
|ל | |||
|מ | |||
|נ | |||
|אָ | |||
|פּ | |||
|פ | |||
|ר | |||
|ס | |||
|ש | |||
|תּ | |||
|ת | |||
|אֻ | |||
|ו | |||
|ז | |||
|צ | |||
|ע | |||
|- | |||
!<center>a</center> | !<center>a</center> | ||
!b | !b | ||
!v | !v | ||
! | !ḋ | ||
!d | !d | ||
!e | !e | ||
!ė | |||
!ġ | !ġ | ||
!g | !g | ||
!h | !h | ||
!i | !i | ||
!j | |||
!k | !k | ||
! | !ħ | ||
!l | !l | ||
!m | !m | ||
| Line 25: | Line 56: | ||
!r | !r | ||
!s | !s | ||
!ṡ | |||
!ṭ | !ṭ | ||
!t | !t | ||
!u | !u | ||
!w | !w | ||
!z | !z | ||
!ż | |||
!' | !' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|/ä/ | |/ä/ | ||
|/b/ | |/b/ | ||
|/β/ | |/β/ | ||
|/d/ | |/d/ | ||
|/ð/ | |/ð/ | ||
|/e/ | |/e/ | ||
|/ə/ | |||
|/g/ | |/g/ | ||
|/ʝ/ | |/ʝ/ | ||
|/h/ | |/h/ | ||
|/i/ | |/i/ | ||
|/j/ | |||
|/k/ | |/k/ | ||
|/ç/ | |/ç/ | ||
| Line 87: | Line 87: | ||
|/ɾ/ | |/ɾ/ | ||
|/s/ | |/s/ | ||
|/ʃ/ | |||
|/t/ | |/t/ | ||
|/θ/ | |/θ/ | ||
|/u/ | |/u/ | ||
|/w/ | |/w/ | ||
|/z/ | |/z/ | ||
|/ʦ/ | |||
|/ʔ/ | |/ʔ/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 99: | Line 99: | ||
===Notes=== | ===Notes=== | ||
*The alphabetic order is a modified Latin order, keeping the [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|begadkepat]] consonants (b, d, g, k, p, t) together. | *The alphabetic order is a modified Latin order, keeping the [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|begadkepat]] consonants (b, d, g, k, p, t) together. | ||
*The begadkepat consonants [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenite]] into their corresponding fricatives when they | **/d/-/ð/, /t/-/θ/, and /g/-/ʝ/ are differenced with a dot on the voiced consonant, like the Hebrew [[Wikipedia:Dagesh#Dagesh kal|dagesh kal]]. | ||
**/b/-/β/, /k/-/ç/, and /p/-/f/ make use of the Latin letters. | |||
*The begadkepat consonants [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenite]] into their corresponding fricatives when they follow a vowel (דַּבַר, '''davar''', word; מִדבַּר, '''midbar''', desert), but not when they are word final (מֶ֜לֶכּ, '''mélek''', king). | |||
**This lenition does not occur in some borrowed words, ''e.g.'', '''hurikan''' הֻרִכַּך. | **This lenition does not occur in some borrowed words, ''e.g.'', '''hurikan''' הֻרִכַּך. | ||
**The addition of the definite article הַ '''ha''' does not lenite a following consonant. | **The addition of the definite article הַ '''ha''' does not lenite a following consonant. | ||
* | */ə/ makes use of the [[Wikipedia:Dot (diacritic)#Overdot|overdot]] used on the other consonants. | ||
*<ħ>, <ż>, and <z> are taken from the [[Wikipedia:Maltese alphabet|Maltese alphabet]]. | |||
*/ʃ/ makes use of the overdot as if it were the shin dot. | |||
Revision as of 17:02, 1 January 2021
Pronunciation table
| בּ | ב | דּ | ד | אֶ | אְ | גּ | ג | ה | אִ | י | כּ | כ | ל | מ | נ | אָ | פּ | פ | ר | ס | ש | תּ | ת | אֻ | ו | ז | צ | ע | |
| b | v | ḋ | d | e | ė | ġ | g | h | i | j | k | ħ | l | m | n | o | p | f | r | s | ṡ | ṭ | t | u | w | z | ż | ' | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ä/ | /b/ | /β/ | /d/ | /ð/ | /e/ | /ə/ | /g/ | /ʝ/ | /h/ | /i/ | /j/ | /k/ | /ç/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /o/ | /p/ | /φ/ | /ɾ/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /t/ | /θ/ | /u/ | /w/ | /z/ | /ʦ/ | /ʔ/ |
Notes
- The alphabetic order is a modified Latin order, keeping the begadkepat consonants (b, d, g, k, p, t) together.
- /d/-/ð/, /t/-/θ/, and /g/-/ʝ/ are differenced with a dot on the voiced consonant, like the Hebrew dagesh kal.
- /b/-/β/, /k/-/ç/, and /p/-/f/ make use of the Latin letters.
- The begadkepat consonants lenite into their corresponding fricatives when they follow a vowel (דַּבַר, davar, word; מִדבַּר, midbar, desert), but not when they are word final (מֶ֜לֶכּ, mélek, king).
- This lenition does not occur in some borrowed words, e.g., hurikan הֻרִכַּך.
- The addition of the definite article הַ ha does not lenite a following consonant.
- /ə/ makes use of the overdot used on the other consonants.
- <ħ>, <ż>, and <z> are taken from the Maltese alphabet.
- /ʃ/ makes use of the overdot as if it were the shin dot.
Phonology
Consonant chart
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | <m> /m/ מ/ם |
<n> /n/ נ/ן |
||||
| Voiceless Stop | <p> /p/ פּ |
<ṭ> /t/ תּ1 |
<k> /k/ כּ2 |
<'> /ʔ/ ע3 | ||
| Voiced Stop | <b> /b/ בּ |
<ḍ> /d/ דּ |
<ġ> /g/ גּ |
|||
| Sibilant Affricate | <c> /ʦ/ צ/ץ |
|||||
| Voiceless Sibilant Fricative | <s> /s/ ס |
<x> /ʃ/ ש4 |
<h> /h/ ה5 | |||
| Voiced Sibilant Fricative | <z> /z/ ז |
|||||
| Voiceless Non-sibilant Fricative | <f> /f/ פ/ף |
<t> /θ/ ת |
<j> /ç/ כ/ך6 |
|||
| Voiced Non-sibilant Fricative | <v> /v/ ב |
<d> /ð/ ד |
<g> /ɣ/ ג |
|||
| Approximant | <w> /w/ ו |
<y> /j/ י |
||||
| Trill | <r> /ɾ/ ר |
|||||
| Lateral approximant | <l> /l/ ל |
Notes
- 1 ט (Tet) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ת (Taf) /t/.
- 2 ק (Quf) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כּ (Ka).
- 3 The glottal stop (Ayin <ע> /ʔ/ is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, e.g., נַ֜עַר, ná'ar, boy.
- 4 שׂ (Sin) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס (Sámex). Thus the dot is not needed for Shin.
- 5 ה (He) has been deleted when syllable final.
- 6 ח (Heth) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כ (Ka).
- Use of the five final forms is optional.
- There are no geminate consonants.
Vowel chart
| Front | Near Front | Cental | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/~/ɪ/1 אִ |
u /u/ אֻ | ||
| Close-mid | e /e/~/ɛ/2 אֶ |
o אׇ | ||
| Mid | ă3 <ə> אְ |
|||
| Open | a אַ |
Notes
- 1 The two phonemes are allophonic. /i/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɪ/ in closed syllables, e.g., גִּבַ giva, hill /giβa/; אִש iš, man /ɪʃ/. However, /i/ is retained in the plural suffix -im /im/.
- 2 The two phonemes are allophonic. /e/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɛ/ in closed syllables, e.g., מֶ֜לֶכ mélex /melɛç/, king; מֶלכִּם melkim /mɛlkim/, kings.
- All vowels are of equal length.
