Hudío Phonology: Difference between revisions

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(New notes. Revisions.)
(Revisions.)
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!ă
!ă
!b
!b
!ḅ
!v
!d
!d
!ḍ
!đ
!e
!e
!g
!g
!ġ
!ǧ
!h
!h
!i
!i
!k
!k
!ḳ
!x
!l
!l
!m
!m
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!o
!o
!p
!p
!ṗ
!f
!r
!r
!s
!s
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!š
!š
!t
!t
!ṭ
!ŧ
!u
!u
!w
!w
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|}
|}


===Notes===
*The alphabetic order is a modified Latin order, keeping the  [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|begadkepat]] consonants (b, d, g, k, p, t) together.
*The begadkepat consonants [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenite]] into their corresponding fricatives before a consonant, when they occur between two vowels (דַּבַר, '''davar''', word) (except in some borrowed words, ''e.g.'', '''hurikan''' הֻרִכַּך) or are word final (מֶ֜לֶכ, '''mélex''', king).
*The [[Wikipedia:Dagesh|dagesh]] is used to mark the stop consonants.


==Part I - Phonology==
 
==Phonology==
===Consonant chart===
===Consonant chart===


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| align=center |  
| align=center |  
|-
|-
!Voiceless Stop<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
!Voiceless Stop
| align=center | <nowiki><p></nowiki>  /p/<br>פּ<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup>
| align=center | <nowiki><p></nowiki>  /p/<br>פּ
| align=center | <t>  /t/<br>תּ<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup>
| align=center | <t>  /t/<br>תּ<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | <k>  /k/<br>כּ<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup>
| align=center | <k>  /k/<br>כּ<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup>
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | <'>  /ʔ/<br>ע<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup>
| align=center | <'>  /ʔ/<br>ע<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup>
|-
|-
!Voiced Stop
!Voiced Stop
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| align=center | <nowiki><s></nowiki>  /s/<br>ס
| align=center | <nowiki><s></nowiki>  /s/<br>ס
| align=center |   
| align=center |   
| align=center | <š>  /ʃ/<br>ש<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup>
| align=center | <š>  /ʃ/<br>ש<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup>
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | <h>  /h/<br>ה<sup>{{Color|red|7}}</sup>
| align=center | <h>  /h/<br>ה<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup>
|-
|-
!Voiced Sibilant Fricative
!Voiced Sibilant Fricative
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|-
|-
!Voiceless Non-sibilant Fricative
!Voiceless Non-sibilant Fricative
| align=center | <ṗ>  /f/<br>פ/ף
| align=center | <f>  /f/<br>פ/ף
| align=center | <ṭ>  /θ/<br>ת
| align=center | <ŧ>  /θ/<br>ת
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | <ḳ>  /ç/<br>כ/ך<sup>{{Color|red|8}}</sup>
| align=center | <x>  /ç/<br>כ/ך<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup>
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
|-
|-
!Voiced Non-sibilant Fricative
!Voiced Non-sibilant Fricative
| align=center | <ḅ>  /v/<br>ב
| align=center | <v>  /v/<br>ב
| align=center | <ḍ>  /ð/<br>ד  
| align=center | <đ>  /ð/<br>ד  
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center | <ġ>  /ɣ/<br>ג  
| align=center | <g>  /ɣ/<br>ג  
| align=center |
| align=center |
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
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====Notes====
====Notes====
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|begadkepat]] consonants (p,g,d,k,t,b) are [[Wikipedia:Stop consonants|stops]] when word initial (דַּבַר, '''daḅar''', word) or when syllable initial following a consonant (מַלכַּ, '''malka''', queen). Otherwise they are the respective [[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant|fricatives]] /f/, /ɣ/, /ð/, /x/, /θ/ and /v/. In the Latin alphabet the fricative graphemes are indicated with a dot under the stop graphemes.
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> ט ([[Wikipedia:Teth|Tet]]) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ת ([[Wikipedia:Taw|Taf]]) /t/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Dagesh|dagesh]] is used to mark the stop consonants.
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> ק ([[Wikipedia:Qoph|Quf]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כּ ([[Wikipedia:Ka|Ka]]).
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> ט ([[Wikipedia:Teth|Tet]]) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ת ([[Wikipedia:Taw|Taf]]) /t/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> The glottal stop ([[Wikipedia:Ayin|Ayin]] <ע> /ʔ/ is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, e.g., נַ֜עַר, '''ná'ar''', boy.
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> ק ([[Wikipedia:Qoph|Quf]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כ ([[Wikipedia:Ka|Ka]]).
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> שׂ ([[Wikipedia:Shin (letter)|Sin]]) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס ([[Wikipedia:Samekh|sámex]]). Thus the dot is not needed for Shin.
*<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> The glottal stop ([[Wikipedia:Ayin|Ayin]] <ע> /ʔ/ is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, e.g., '''נַעַר, na'ar''', boy.
*<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> ה ([[Wikipedia:He (letter)|He]]) has been deleted when syllable final.
*<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> שׂ ([[Wikipedia:Shin (letter)|Sin]]) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס ([[Wikipedia:Samekh|sámek]]). Thus the dot is not needed for Shin.
*<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> ח ([[Wikipedia:Heth|Heth]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כ ([[Wikipedia:Ka|Ka]]).
*<sup>{{Color|red|7}}</sup> ה ([[Wikipedia:He (letter)|He]]) has been deleted when syllable final.
*<sup>{{Color|red|8}}</sup> ח ([[Wikipedia:Heth|Heth]]) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כ ([[Wikipedia:Ka|Ka]]).
* Use of the five final forms is optional.
* Use of the five final forms is optional.
* There are no geminate consonants.
* There are no geminate consonants.
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|-
|-
!Close-mid
!Close-mid
| align=center | e /e/~/ɛ/<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup><br>אֵ
| align=center | e /e/~/ɛ/<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup><br>אֶ
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
| align=center |  
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====Notes====
====Notes====
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> The two phonemes are [[Wikipedia:Allophone|allophonic]]. /i/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɪ/ in closed syllables.
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> The two phonemes are [[Wikipedia:Allophone|allophonic]]. /i/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɪ/ in closed syllables.
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> The two phonemes are allophonic. /e/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɛ/ in closed syllables.
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> The two phonemes are allophonic. /e/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɛ/ in closed syllables, ''e.g.'', מֶ֜לֶכ, '''mélex''' /melɛç/, king; מֶלכִּם, '''melkim''' /mɛlkim/, kings.
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> Influenced by the Romanian [[Wikipedia:Ă|ă]].
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> Influenced by the Romanian [[Wikipedia:Ă|ă]].
*All vowels are of equal length.
*All vowels are of equal length.

Revision as of 13:39, 11 December 2020

Pronunciation table

a
 ă b v d đ e g ǧ h i k x l m n o p f r s ś š t ŧ u w y z '
אַ
 אְ בּ ב דּ ד אֵ גּ ג ה אִ כּ כ ל מ נ אָ פּ פ ר ס צ ש תּ ת אֻ ו י ז ע
/ä/ /ə/ /b/ /v/ /d/ /ð/ /e/ /g/ /ʝ/ /h/ /i/ /k/ /ç/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /o/ /p/ /f/ /ɾ/ /s/ /ʦ/ /ʃ/ /t/ /θ/ /u/ /w/ /j/ /z/ /ʔ/

Notes

  • The alphabetic order is a modified Latin order, keeping the begadkepat consonants (b, d, g, k, p, t) together.
  • The begadkepat consonants lenite into their corresponding fricatives before a consonant, when they occur between two vowels (דַּבַר, davar, word) (except in some borrowed words, e.g., hurikan הֻרִכַּך) or are word final (מֶ֜לֶכ, mélex, king).
  • The dagesh is used to mark the stop consonants.


Phonology

Consonant chart

  Labial Dental Alveolar Palato-alveolar Palatal Glottal
Nasal <m> /m/
מ/ם 		<n> /n/
נ/ן
Voiceless Stop <p> /p/
פּ 		<t> /t/
תּ1 		<k> /k/
כּ2 		<'> /ʔ/
ע3
Voiced Stop <b> /b/
בּ 		<d> /d/
דּ 		<g> /g/
גּ
Sibilant Affricate <ś> /ʦ/
צ/ץ
Voiceless Sibilant Fricative <s> /s/
ס 		<š> /ʃ/
ש4 		<h> /h/
ה5
Voiced Sibilant Fricative <z> /z/
ז
Voiceless Non-sibilant Fricative <f> /f/
פ/ף 		<ŧ> /θ/
ת 		<x> /ç/
כ/ך6
Voiced Non-sibilant Fricative <v> /v/
ב 		<đ> /ð/
ד 		<g> /ɣ/
ג
Approximant <w> /w/
ו 		<y> /j/
י
Trill <r> /ɾ/
ר
Lateral approximant <l> /l/
ל

Notes

  • 1 ט (Tet) /t/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ת (Taf) /t/.
  • 2 ק (Quf) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כּ (Ka).
  • 3 The glottal stop (Ayin <ע> /ʔ/ is used only to separate the same contiguous vowels, e.g., נַ֜עַר, ná'ar, boy.
  • 4 שׂ (Sin) /s/ has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by ס (sámex). Thus the dot is not needed for Shin.
  • 5 ה (He) has been deleted when syllable final.
  • 6 ח (Heth) has been deleted from the alphabet and replaced in all instances by כ (Ka).
  • Use of the five final forms is optional.
  • There are no geminate consonants.

Vowel chart

  Front Near Front Cental Back
Close i /i/~/ɪ/1
אִ 		u /u/
אֻ
Close-mid e /e/~/ɛ/2
אֶ 		o
אׇ
Mid ă3 <ə>
אְ
Open a
אַ

Notes

  • 1 The two phonemes are allophonic. /i/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɪ/ in closed syllables.
  • 2 The two phonemes are allophonic. /e/ tends to be used in open syllables and /ɛ/ in closed syllables, e.g., מֶ֜לֶכ, mélex /melɛç/, king; מֶלכִּם, melkim /mɛlkim/, kings.
  • 3 Influenced by the Romanian ă.
  • All vowels are of equal length.


Grammar

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