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| | {{wip}} |
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| | <big>'''THIS SECTION IS CURRENTLY BEING UPDATED TO REFLECT A NEW GRAMMAR.'''</big> |
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| ''See also:'' [[Kala/lexicon|Kala lexicon]] & [[Kala/affixes|Kala word formation]] | | ''See also:'' [[Kala/lexicon|Kala lexicon]] & [[Kala/affixes|Kala word formation]] |
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| = Verbal modifiers = | | = Verbal modifiers = |
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| == Tense ==
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| * '''-hye''' marks [[wp:Past_tense|Recent]] past tense ('''REC''') <small>(action just finished)</small>
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''aye''']] + '''-hi'''
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| :: '''ota namyo akya<span style="color:red">hye</span>''' - <small>father 1pl.GEN wake-REC</small> - ''Our father just woke.''
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| * '''-tli''' marks the [[wp:Future_tense|Future Tense]] ('''FUT''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''atli''']]
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| :: '''naka tahi tlepa<span style="color:red">tli</span>''' - <small>woman boy teach-FUT</small> - ''The woman will teach the boy.''
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| * '''-tlai''' marks the [[wp:Future_tense|Immediate Future]] ('''IMM''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''atli''']] and [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ahi''']]
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| :: '''na tlela<span style="color:red">tlai</span>''' - <small>1s bathe-IMM</small> - ''I'll bathe soon.'' <tt>(within the day)</tt>
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| * '''-ye''' marks the [[wp:Past_tense|Past Tense]] ('''PST''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''aye''']]
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| :: '''naka mita anya<span style="color:red">ye</span>''' - <small>woman dog see-PST</small> - ''The woman saw the dog.''
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| == Aspect ==
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| * '''-pua''' marks the [[wp:Perfective_aspect|Perfective]] ('''PFV''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''opua''']]
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| :: '''kam ina<span style="color:red">pua</span>''' - <small>3pl eat-PFV</small> - ''They have eaten.''
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| * '''-nko''' marks the [[wp:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|Progressive]] ('''PROG/CONT''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#nka|'''nkoso''']]
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| :: '''na ke niye puku<span style="color:red">nko</span>''' - <small>1s O undergarment wear-CONT</small> - ''I am wearing underclothes.''
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| * '''-mu''' marks the [[wp:Inchoative_aspect|Inchoative]] ('''INCH''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mula''']]
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| :: '''nahi yoti<span style="color:red">mu</span>''' - <small>girl play-INCH</small> - ''The girl begins to play.''
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| * '''-nua''' marks the [[wp:Frequentative|Frequentative]] ('''FREQ''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''nua''']]
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| :: '''tlaka ke apua tlato<span style="color:red">nua</span>''' - <small>man O song recite-FREQ</small> - ''The man recites the song repetitively.''
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| == Mood ==
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| * '''-pa''' marks the [[wp:Natchez_language#Preverbs|Abilitative]] ('''ABIL''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''pala''']]
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| :: '''na mokuye<span style="color:red">pa</span>k''' - <small>1s sleep-PST-ABIL-NEG</small> - ''I was unable to sleep.''
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| :: '''nam mue pana ke mauam anya<span style="color:red">pa</span>k''' - <small>1pl without rain O flower-PL see-ABIL-NEG</small> - ''We cannot see the flowers without rain.''
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| * '''-po''' marks the Compulsive ('''COMP''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''nipo''']]
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| :: '''ke ntahi moku<span style="color:red">po</span>ye''' - <small>O child sleep-COMP-PST</small> - ''The child was compelled to sleep.''
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| * '''-pya''' marks the Attemptative ('''ATT''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''upya''']]
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| :: '''neko ke panya mata<span style="color:red">pya</span>''' - <small>cat O mouse kill-ATT</small> - ''The cat is trying to kill the mouse.''
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| :: '''ima ha ina<span style="color:red">pya</span>k''' - <small>now 3s eat-ATT-NEG</small> - ''She hasn't tried to eat yet.''
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| * '''-te''' marks the [[wp:Irrealis_mood#List_of_irrealis_moods|Precative]] ('''PREC''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''teya''']]
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| :: '''ke asi yeta<span style="color:red">te</span>''' - <small>O salt give-PREC</small> - ''Will you please pass me the salt?''
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| :: '''sima<span style="color:red">te</span>''' - <small>sit-PREC</small> - ''Please, sit.''
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| * '''-k''' marks [[wp:Affirmative_and_negative#Simple_negation_of_verbs_and_clauses|Negation]] ('''NEG''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#nka|'''nke''']]
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| :: '''mita ina<span style="color:red">k</span>''' - <small>dog eat-NEG</small> - ''The dog doesn't eat.''
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| :: '''ya sima<span style="color:red">k</span>''' - <small>VOC sit-NEG</small> - ''Don't sit.''
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| ::: <small>This suffix is changes to '''-nke''' when preceding syllable contains /k/. ''See [[Kala/affixes#nka|-nke]]''</small>
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| * '''-kya''' marks the [[wp:Hortative#Cohortative|Hortative]] ('''HORT''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kya''']]
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| :: '''ina<span style="color:red">kya</span>''' - <small>eat-HORT</small> - ''Let's eat!''
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| * '''-kyo''' marks "do ~ quickly" ('''quick''') (<small>This is a type of [[wp:Imperative_mood|imperative]].</small>)
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kyolo''']]
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| :: '''ua'e<span style="color:red">kyo</span>''' - <small>upward-quick</small> - ''Get up!''
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| :: '''kuama nam ina<span style="color:red">kyo</span>''' - <small>always 1pl eat-quick</small> - ''We always eat quickly.''
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| * '''-nke''' marks [[wp:Affirmative_and_negative#Simple_negation_of_verbs_and_clauses|Negation]] ('''NEG''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#nka|'''nke''']]
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| :: '''ha aka<span style="color:red">nke</span>''' - <small>3s drive-NEG</small> - ''She doesn't drive.''
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| :: '''ya etla tseka<span style="color:red">nke</span>''' - <small>VOC P.4s pull-NEG</small> - ''Don't pull it.''
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| ::: <small>This suffix is only used when the preceding syllable contains /k/. ''See [[Kala/affixes#ka|-k]]''</small>
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| * '''-myo''' marks the [[wp:Irrealis_mood#List_of_irrealis_moods|Permissive]] ('''PERM''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''myonta''']]
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| :: '''ta ke hina sima<span style="color:red">myo</span>k''' - <small>2s O here sit-PERM-NEG</small> - ''You are not allowed to sit here.''
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| * '''-ne''' marks the [[wp:Propositive_mood|Propositive]] ('''PROP''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''neya''']]
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| :: '''ta moku<span style="color:red">ne</span>''' - <small>2s sleep-PROP</small> - ''You should sleep.''
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| * '''-sue''' marks the Preparative ('''PREP''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ya|'''yaso''']]
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| :: '''na ina<span style="color:red">sue</span>''' - <small>1s eat-PREP</small> - ''I'm ready to eat.''
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| * '''-he''' marks the [[wp:Necessitative_mood|Necessitative]] ('''NEC''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ha|'''heya''']]
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| :: '''nahi na'amyo nya mase onyo<span style="color:red">he</span>''' - <small>daughter 1pl.EXCL.GEN for dance learn-NEC</small> - ''Our daughter needs to learn to dance.''
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| :: '''ta yala<span style="color:red">he</span>k''' - <small>2s go-NEC-NEG</small> - ''You don't need to go.''
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| * '''-ue''' marks the [[wp:Desiderative_mood|Desiderative]] ('''DES''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ua|'''ueha''']] or [[Kala/lexicon#ua|'''ueyo''']]
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| :: '''na ina<span style="color:red">ue</span>''' - <small>1s eat-DES</small> - ''I want to eat.'' / ''I intend to eat.''
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| :: '''kamena meha<span style="color:red">ue</span>yek''' - <small>3pl-P.1s hit-DES-PST-NEG</small> - ''They did not intend to hit me.''
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| == Evidentiality ==
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| * '''-tai''' "so-called" ('''so.called''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ata''']]
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| :: '''kamahi<span style="color:red">tai</span> taha''' - <small>village-so.called be.big</small> - ''The so-called village is large.''
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| ::: <small>indicates that the speaker thinks what he is referencing is not actually represented by the noun</small>
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| * '''-ke''' marks the [[wp:Irrealis_mood#Dubitative|Dubitative]] ('''DUB''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''ketsa''']]
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| :: '''ha tsakahue<span style="color:red">ke</span>''' - <small>3s home-LOC-DUB</small> - ''I guess he is at home.'' <tt>lit: He is at home, supposedly.</tt>
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| :: '''kam inya<span style="color:red">ke</span>''' - <small>3pl hunger-DUB</small> - ''(It's doubtful that) they are hungry.''
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| * '''-nu''' marks [[wp:Evidentiality|Hearsay]] ('''HSY''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''anu''']]
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| :: '''ha ina<span style="color:red">nu</span>''' - <small>3s eat-HSY</small> - ''She eats (I hear).'' / ''(It's said) She is eating.''
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| * '''-nya''' marks [[wp:Evidentiality|Visual Sensory]] ('''VIS''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''anya''']]
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| :: '''ke kana kupaye<span style="color:red">nya</span>''' - <small>O chief die-PST-VIS</small> - ''The chief died.'' <tt>and I saw it</tt>
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| * '''-ho''' marks the [[wp:Assumptive_mood|Assumptive]] ('''ASS''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''toho''']]
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| :: '''naka hina<span style="color:red">ho</span>''' - <small>woman be.here-ASS</small> - ''The woman must be here. (I assume)'' <small>(also used as "assertive")</small>
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| * '''-tsi''' marks [[wp:Evidentiality|Evidential]] ('''EVID''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kotsi''']]
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| :: '''nahi nya katso ke punka tsame<span style="color:red">tsi</span>''' - <small>girl for meal O fruit gather-EVID</small> - ''The girl is collecting fruit for dinner.''
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| = Nominal = | | = Nominal = |
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| == Derivational ==
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| * '''-pe''' marks "piece; part of ~" ('''part''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''peya''']]
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| :: '''mita ke ina<span style="color:red">pe</span> yatsi''' - <small>dog O food-part chew</small> - ''The dog is chewing the morsel.''
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| * '''-pu''' marks "clothing of/for ~" ('''wear''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''puku''']]
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| :: '''naya tayo ke ana<span style="color:red">pu</span> nomo ka''' - <small>wife 2sg.GEN O head-wear like Q</small> - ''Does your wife like hats?''
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| * '''-pyo''' marks "disease (of ~); ill; sick" ('''ill''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''pyoki''']]
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| :: '''ha ke tsini<span style="color:red">pyo</span> yoha''' - <small>3sg O sugar-ill have</small> - ''He has diabetes.''
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| * '''-pao''' marks "crooked; warped; unbalanced" ('''warp''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''payo''']]
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| :: '''ke mita hayo anya<span style="color:red">pao</span> yoha''' - <small>O dog 3sg.GEN eye-warp have</small> - ''Her dog has a crooked eye (Strabismus).''
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| * '''-mpu''' marks "~ formed/shaped" ('''shape''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''umpu''']]
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| :: '''na'am ke panu tsaka<span style="color:red">mpu</span> inaye''' - <small>1pl.EXCL O cake house-shape eat-PST</small> - ''We ate a house-shaped cake.''
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| == Gender ==
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| * '''-ta''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_gender|Masculine]] ('''MASC''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#tla|'''tlaka''']]
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| :: '''mo ke uma<span style="color:red">ta</span> hayo ka''' - <small>place O horse-MASC 3s.GEN Q</small> - ''Where's her stallion?''
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| * '''-nta''' marks "relative; kin" ('''kin''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''nata''']]
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| :: '''<span style="color:red">nta</span>ku''' - <small>sibling</small> - ''sibling''
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| :: '''<span style="color:red">nta</span>ya''' - <small>kin-marriage</small> - ''spouse''
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| ::: <small>This suffix is also used when gender is neutral, or ambivalent.</small>
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| * '''-na''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_gender|Feminine]] ('''FEM''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''naka''']]
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| :: '''mo ke uma<span style="color:red">na</span> hayo ka''' - <small>place O horse-FEM 3s.GEN Q</small> - ''Where's his mare?''
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| == Quantity ==
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| * '''-pye''' marks the Excessive ('''EXC''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kupye''']]
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| :: '''itanu taha<span style="color:red">pye</span>''' - <small>PROX-plate big-EXC</small> - ''This plate is too big.''
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| * '''ti-''' marks a [[wp:Tuple|Multiple]] ('''MUL''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''tiha''']]
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| :: '''<span style="color:red">ti</span>ueta'o''' - <small>MUL-ten-two</small> - ''duodecuple''
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| * '''ki-''' marks [[wp:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|Ordinal]] numbers ('''ORD''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsuki''']]
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| :: '''<span style="color:red">ki</span>ha'o''' - <small>ORD-three</small> - ''third / 3rd''
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| * '''-kua''' marks "all of ~; every ~" ('''all''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kua''']]
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| :: '''mita<span style="color:red">kua</span> ina ma moku''' - <small>dog-all eat and sleep</small> - ''All dogs eat and sleep.''
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| * '''-m''' marks the [[wp:Plural|Plural]] ('''PL''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''ma''']]
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| :: '''nam ke mita<span style="color:red">m</span> yoha''' - <small>1pl O dog-PL have</small> - ''We have dogs.''
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| ::: <small>This suffix changes to "'''-lo'''" when the preceding syllable contains a /m/, /mp/, and sometimes a /p/, also, when the word begins with a vowel.</small>
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| * '''-mi''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_number#Paucal|Paucal]] ('''PAU''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mi''']] (originally from '''-m''' "plural" + '''-hi''' "diminutive")
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| :: '''yemua mita<span style="color:red">mi</span> moku''' - <small>yonder dog-PAU sleep</small> - ''A few dogs are asleep over there.''
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| * '''tli-''' marks the [[wp:Collective_noun|Collective]] ('''COL''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''tatli''']]
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| :: '''<span style="color:red">tli</span>mita malo tala''' - <small>COL-dog brown come</small> - ''A pack of brown dogs is coming.''
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| * '''-li''' marks "each; every" ('''each''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''oli''']]
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| :: '''mita<span style="color:red">li</span> inapua''' - <small>dog-each eat-PFV</small> - ''Each dog has eaten.''
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| * '''-lo''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_number|Plural]] ('''PL''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''ma''']]
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| :: See [[Kala/affixes#ma|'''-m''']]
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| == Quality ==
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| * '''-mpo''' marks "bad; unfavorable; unpleasant" ('''bad''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mala''']]
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| :: '''ke naku nayo keha<span style="color:red">mpo</span>''' - <small>O sister 1s.GEN body-bad</small> - ''My sister is infirmed.''
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| * '''-ni''' marks "fine/pleasant/nice ~" ('''nice''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''niha''']]
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| :: '''ha ina<span style="color:red">ni</span>myaye''' - <small>3s food-nice-CAUS-PST</small> - ''He made nice food.''
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| :: '''yoma<span style="color:red">ni</span>''' - <small>day-nice</small> - ''Good day.'' / ''Hello.''
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| == Deixis ==
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| * '''ua-''' marks the [[wp:Deixis#Place|Medial]] ('''MED''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ua|'''uatla''']]
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| :: '''<span style="color:red">ua</span>mita malo''' - <small>MED-dog brown</small> - ''That brown dog (by you).''
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| * '''ye-''' marks the [[wp:Deixis#Place|Distal]] ('''DIST''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#ya|'''yetla''']]
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| :: '''<span style="color:red">ye</span>mitampa''' - <small>DIST-dog-many</small> - ''Those many dogs (over there).''
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| * '''i-''' marks the [[wp:Deixis#Place|Proximal]] ('''PROX''')
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| : from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''itla''']]
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| :: '''<span style="color:red">i</span>mitami''' - <small>PROX-dog-PAU</small> - ''These few dogs (by me).''
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