Kala/affixes/use

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See also: Kala lexicon & Kala word formation

These are the functional affixes used in Kala, by usage.

Verbal modifiers

Tense

  • -hye marks Recent past tense (REC) (action just finished)
from aye + -hi
ota namyo akyahye - father 1pl.GEN wake-REC - Our father just woke.
from atli
naka tahi tlepatli - woman boy teach-FUT - The woman will teach the boy.
from atli and ahi
na tlelatlai - 1s bathe-IMM - I'll bathe soon. (within the day)
from aye
naka mita anyaye - woman dog see-PST - The woman saw the dog.

Aspect

from opua
kam inapua - 3pl eat-PFV - They have eaten.
from nkoso
na ke niye pukunko - 1s O undergarment wear-CONT - I am wearing underclothes.
from mula
nahi yotimu - girl play-INCH - The girl begins to play.
from nua
tlaka ke apua tlatonua - man O song recite-FREQ - The man recites the song repetitively.

Mood

from pala
na mokuyepak - 1s sleep-PST-ABIL-NEG - I was unable to sleep.
nam mue pana ke mauam anyapak - 1pl without rain O flower-PL see-ABIL-NEG - We cannot see the flowers without rain.
  • -po marks the Compulsive (COMP)
from nipo
ke ntahi mokupoye - O child sleep-COMP-PST - The child was compelled to sleep.
  • -pya marks the Attemptative (ATT)
from upya
neko ke panya matapya - cat O mouse kill-ATT - The cat is trying to kill the mouse.
ima ha inapyak - now 3s eat-ATT-NEG - She hasn't tried to eat yet.
from teya
ke asi yetate - O salt give-PREC - Will you please pass me the salt?
simate - sit-PREC - Please, sit.
from nke
mita inak - dog eat-NEG - The dog doesn't eat.
ya simak - VOC sit-NEG - Don't sit.
This suffix is changes to -nke when preceding syllable contains /k/. See -nke
from kya
inakya - eat-HORT - Let's eat!
  • -kyo marks "do ~ quickly" (quick) (This is a type of imperative.)
from kyolo
ua'ekyo - upward-quick - Get up!
kuama nam inakyo - always 1pl eat-quick - We always eat quickly.
from nke
ha akanke - 3s drive-NEG - She doesn't drive.
ya etla tsekanke - VOC P.4s pull-NEG - Don't pull it.
This suffix is only used when the preceding syllable contains /k/. See -k
from myonta
ta ke hina simamyok - 2s O here sit-PERM-NEG - You are not allowed to sit here.
from neya
ta mokune - 2s sleep-PROP - You should sleep.
  • -sue marks the Preparative (PREP)
from yaso
na inasue - 1s eat-PREP - I'm ready to eat.
from heya
nahi na'amyo nya mase onyohe - daughter 1pl.EXCL.GEN for dance learn-NEC - Our daughter needs to learn to dance.
ta yalahek - 2s go-NEC-NEG - You don't need to go.
from ueha or ueyo
na inaue - 1s eat-DES - I want to eat. / I intend to eat.
kamena mehaueyek - 3pl-P.1s hit-DES-PST-NEG - They did not intend to hit me.

Evidentiality

  • -tai "so-called" (so.called)
from ata
kamahitai taha - village-so.called be.big - The so-called village is large.
indicates that the speaker thinks what he is referencing is not actually represented by the noun
from ketsa
ha tsakahueke - 3s home-LOC-DUB - I guess he is at home. lit: He is at home, supposedly.
kam inyake - 3pl hunger-DUB - (It's doubtful that) they are hungry.
from anu
ha inanu - 3s eat-HSY - She eats (I hear). / (It's said) She is eating.
from anya
ke kana kupayenya - O chief die-PST-VIS - The chief died. and I saw it
from toho
naka hinaho - woman be.here-ASS - The woman must be here. (I assume) (also used as "assertive")
from kotsi
nahi nya katso ke punka tsametsi - girl for meal O fruit gather-EVID - The girl is collecting fruit for dinner.

Nominal

Derivational

  • -pe marks "piece; part of ~" (part)
from peya
mita ke inape yatsi - dog O food-part chew - The dog is chewing the morsel.
  • -pu marks "clothing of/for ~" (wear)
from puku
naya tayo ke anapu nomo ka - wife 2sg.GEN O head-wear like Q - Does your wife like hats?
  • -pyo marks "disease (of ~); ill; sick" (ill)
from pyoki
ha ke tsinipyo yoha - 3sg O sugar-ill have - He has diabetes.
  • -pao marks "crooked; warped; unbalanced" (warp)
from payo
ke mita hayo anyapao yoha - O dog 3sg.GEN eye-warp have - Her dog has a crooked eye (Strabismus).
  • -mpu marks "~ formed/shaped" (shape)
from umpu
na'am ke panu tsakampu inaye - 1pl.EXCL O cake house-shape eat-PST - We ate a house-shaped cake.

Gender

from tlaka
mo ke umata hayo ka - place O horse-MASC 3s.GEN Q - Where's her stallion?
  • -nta marks "relative; kin" (kin)
from nata
ntaku - sibling - sibling
ntaya - kin-marriage - spouse
This suffix is also used when gender is neutral, or ambivalent.
from naka
mo ke umana hayo ka - place O horse-FEM 3s.GEN Q - Where's his mare?

Quantity

  • -pye marks the Excessive (EXC)
from kupye
itanu tahapye - PROX-plate big-EXC - This plate is too big.
from tiha
tiueta'o - MUL-ten-two - duodecuple
from tsuki
kiha'o - ORD-three - third / 3rd
  • -kua marks "all of ~; every ~" (all)
from kua
mitakua ina ma moku - dog-all eat and sleep - All dogs eat and sleep.
from ma
nam ke mitam yoha - 1pl O dog-PL have - We have dogs.
This suffix changes to "-lo" when the preceding syllable contains a /m/, /mp/, and sometimes a /p/, also, when the word begins with a vowel.
from mi (originally from -m "plural" + -hi "diminutive")
yemua mitami moku - yonder dog-PAU sleep - A few dogs are asleep over there.
from tatli
tlimita malo tala - COL-dog brown come - A pack of brown dogs is coming.
  • -li marks "each; every" (each)
from oli
mitali inapua - dog-each eat-PFV - Each dog has eaten.
from ma
See -m

Quality

  • -mpo marks "bad; unfavorable; unpleasant" (bad)
from mala
ke naku nayo kehampo - O sister 1s.GEN body-bad - My sister is infirmed.
  • -ni marks "fine/pleasant/nice ~" (nice)
from niha
ha inanimyaye - 3s food-nice-CAUS-PST - He made nice food.
yomani - day-nice - Good day. / Hello.

Deixis

from uatla
uamita malo - MED-dog brown - That brown dog (by you).
from yetla
yemitampa - DIST-dog-many - Those many dogs (over there).
from itla
imitami - PROX-dog-PAU - These few dogs (by me).
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