Leonine

Leonine is a language spoken by people who have taken the Lion morph, following the spread of the Neo-Mutant virus. The main lexical base is Japanese, but a large amount of Chinese, Romance and Germanic roots and untraceable new words have made it into the vocabulary. The language is also known as "Leonian".

File:Flag-Leonine.png
Leonine Reoni
Pronounced:	/ɾeoni/
Spoken:	Leonine
Writing system:	Latin
Genealogy:	Japonic Japanese (creole) Neo-Mutant Feline
Typology
Morphological type:	Fusional and agglutinative
Morphosyntactic alignment:	Theme-based alignment (similar to Austronesian alignment)
Basic word order:	SOV
Credits
Creator:	User:Madbrain

History

The Neo-Mutant virus, after spreading through humans, turned them into various "morphs". People with similar morphs tended to congregate together, and ended up creating new languages starting from creoles based on the various human languages they spoke. Japanese was a particularly important source, forming the base for all the Feline Neo-Mutant varieties. The Feline languages are characterized by their use of supra-segmental phonetic distinctions (length, tone, accent, etc) as a basis for their grammatical inflections.

Phonology

Consonants

The consonants in Leonine follow the rough structure of Japanese and Indo-European languages.

	Labial	Dental	Palatal	Dorsal	Glottal
Stop	p b	t d		k g
Affricate		ts dz	tʃ dʒ
Fricative	f v	s z	ʃ ʒ		h
Nasal	m	n		ŋ ɴ
Liquid	w	l ɾ	j

The orthography is similar to Japanese Romanization, with the following conventions: the affricates /ts dz tʃ dʒ/ are written "ts dz ch dj", /ʃ ʒ/ are written "sh j", /ŋ ɴ/ are written "ng nr", and /j/ is written as "y".

Non-initial consonants can also be long (written as pp, tt, kk, tts, cch, ssh etc). This is often produced by grammatical processes. The exception to this is "r" (/ɾ/), which cannot be lengthened.

Vowels

Short vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɨᵝ	u
Mid	e~ɛ		o~ɔ
Open	a

The vowel /ɨᵝ/ is written as "u". In turn, /u/ is written as 'û' except when combined with a tone, in which case it is written as 'uh' with the tone mark added (resulting in "úh üh ùh" for the high, dipping and falling tone).

Long vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	iː	ɨᵝː	uː
Mid	eː		oː
Open	aː		ɑˤː

The lexical long vowels /eː oː ɑˤː/ are the result of diphthongs "ei ou ao" turning into monophthongs, and are written that way.

The other long vowels are the result of grammatical elongation or borrowing, are are written with double letters (aa ee ii oo uu ûû).

Nasal vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	ɪ̃ː	ɨ̃ᵝː	ʊ̃ː
Mid	ɛ̃ː		ɔ̃ː
Open	ãː

Nasal vowels are somewhat rare, and are written as vowel+n (an en in on un ûn). In, un and ûn, in particular, are very rare.

Diphthong

	Front
Open to close	ai

The diphthong /ai/ can be turned into the vowel sequence /a.i/ by grammatical processes.

Tones

Leonine uses tone strictly as a grammatical process. Only a few syllables are marked for tone, which spreads to adjacent syllables. This also involves lengthening, so it makes sense to describe these processes together.

Name	Spelling	IPA	Contour	Use un nouns	Use in verbs
Plain	a	(˧~˩ etc)	Very variable, depends on intonation	Non-theme non-qualified nouns	3rd person subject present, infinitive
High (final)	...á	˥	High last syllable	Theme and qualified nouns	3rd person past
High (right-spreading)	á...	˥	High first syllable, spreads to whole word	Implicit possessive	Imperative (2nd person)
Dipping	ä	˨˩˦	Falls low and rises, similar to Mandarin 3rd tone	(never used)	1st person present
Dipping + High	ä...á	˨˩˦...˥	Initial dipping tone + high tone on final syllable	(never used)	1st person past
Falling	à	˥˩	Falls from high to low (like Mandarin 4th tone)	(never used)	2st person present
Falling + High	à...á	˥˩...˥	Initial falling tone + high tone on final syllable	(never used)	2st person past
Elongation	aa aa...	ː	The first two syllables of the word are elongated	Plural	(informally used occasionally as an intensifier or to mark an implicit plural object)
Consonant gemmination	t -> tt etc	ː	The last consonant of a multi-syllable word is lengthened.	(rare, informal use)	(informally used, generally in the past tense on transitive verbs with perfective aspect)

Syllable Structure

The syllable structure of Leonine strictly (C)V, where C stands for a consonant and V stands for a vowel or the /ai/ diphthong. If the /ai/ diphthong is followed by a vowel, it is resyllabified as /a.jV/ (where V is the vowel). Various vowel sequences are possible, although sequences of a nasal vowel followed by another vowel are generally disallowed. In spellings, apostrophes are used to break up ambiguous spellings (ex: /ao/ is written as "a'o").

The following syllables are not used outside of loanwords: /ti, tɨᵝ, tu, di, dɨᵝ, du, tse, tsa, tso, tsai, ji, wo, wɨᵝ, wu/, plus long and nasal versions of these.

Prosody

The concept of stress doesn't apply very well to Leonine, but generally you could describe the process as a right-leaning accent on the last syllable of the word. The syllable rhythm is moraic.