Senjecas snow & ice: Difference between revisions
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==Pronunciation table== | ==Pronunciation table== | ||
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Revision as of 18:30, 24 July 2018
Pronunciation table
p | b | f | v | m̃ | m | t | d | þ | ð | ɫ | l | ṡ | ż | s | z | r | n | k | g | x | ƣ | h | ȝ | š | s̨ | i | e | a | ǫ | o | u | ĭ | ĕ | ŭ | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
/p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /m̥/ | /m/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /l̥/ | /l/ | /ʦ/ | /ʣ/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ɾ̥/ | /n/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ç/ | /ʝ/ | /j̊/ | /j/ | /sʷ/ | /sʲ/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ä/ | /ɒ/ | /o/ | /u/ | /ɪ/ | /ɛ/ | /ʊ/ |
Glossing abbreviations
1s/p = first person singular/plural | V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural) | COL = collective | EQU = equative degree | INS = instrument | PST = past |
2s/p = second person singular/plural | ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective) | CONV = conversive | F = feminine | INT = intensive prefix | Q = interrogative particle |
ADV = adverb | DES = desiderative | FRQ = frequentative | M = masculine | QUOT = direct quotation | |
AG = agent | DIM = diminutive | FUT = future | OCC = occupation suffix | RPRF = recent perfective | |
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural) | AP = agent (active) participle | ELIS = elision | IMP = imperative | PP = patient (past) participle | SBJ = subjunctive |
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural) | AUG = augmentative | EP = epenthesis | INC = inchoative | PRF = perfect | SUP = supine |
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural) | CAUS = causative | ELT = elative | IND = indicative | PRV = privative prefix | VBLZ = verbalizer |
- The winters of Sefdaania are heavy with snow and ice. As a result there are many words naming various aspects of these two wintry visitors.
Snow
- 1. alűngo – snow bank
- The reindeer’s harness broke and the sleigh plunged into the snow bank.
- gore̋s de̋xlo e-ȝa̋fa da a̋sko alűngom éna e-ṡőta:
gor-e̋s de̋xl-o e=ȝa̋f-a da a̋sk-o alűng-om éna e=ṡőt-a reindeer-G.s harness-N.s PST=break-IND and sleigh-N.s snow.bank-A.s into PST=plunge-IND
- 2. ṡ̨a̋ga – become frozen [of snow]
- If the temperature drops any lower the snow will become frozen.
- ébi tiiþme̋a nérvi pine̋ȝa. toáru tőm̃o u-ṡ̨a̋ga:
ébi tiiþme̋-a nér=vi pin-e̋ȝa toári tőm̃-o u=ṡ̨a̋g-a if temperature-N.s lower-ADV decrease-SBJ then snow-N.s FUT=become.frozen.IND
- 3. kı̋rmo – thin covering of snow
- Because of the thin covering of snow, the bison were able to forage.
- m̃isőntes kirmős ha pa̋a̋u e-ma̋ƣa:
m̃isőnt-es kirm-ős ha pa̋a̋-u e=ma̋ƣ-a bison-N.p thin.covering.of.snow-G.s because.of forage-SUP PST=be.able-IND
- 4. ke̋rto – frozen crust on snow
- If the frozen crust is not too thick, the bison can break through.
- ébi ke̋rto kéþu ba̋ro vuue̋ȝa mee. toári m̃isőntes ȝa̋fu ma̋ƣa:
ébi ke̋rt-o kéþu ba̋r-o vuu-e̋ȝa mee toári m̃isőnt-es ȝa̋f-u ma̋ƣ-a if frozen.crust-N.s too thick-N.s be.SBJ-IND not then bison-N.p break-SUP be.able-IND
- 5. lűűfo – falling snow
- The falling snow will soon cover any trace of the crime.
- lűűfo t̨áárvi leitős k̬éno le̋isom u-ka̋ða:
lűűf-o t̨áár-vi leit-ős k̬éno-Ø le̋is-om u=ka̋ð-a falling.snow-N.s short-ADV crime-G.s any-ABS trace-A.s FUT=cover-IND
- 6. luufpa̋vo – snow flake
- It’s hard to believe that no two snow flakes have the same shape.
- ȝa ne̋o d̬ő luufpa̋vos sőmo b̨őrom ƣe̋va—na̋mu ke̋no e̋sa:
ȝa neo-Ø d̬o luuf-pa̋v-os sőmo-Ø b̨őr-om ƣe̋v-a na̋m-u ke̋n-o e̋s-a that no-ABS two snow-flake-N.p same-ABS shape-A.s have-IND believe-SUP hard-N.s be.IND
- 7. műƣro – soft snow
- When the puppy stepped onto the soft snow, he fell through.
- méti le̋xm̃e műƣrom éva e-pe̋da. šóóðvi e-főőla:
méti le̋xm̃-e műƣr-om éva e=pe̋d-a šóóð=vi e=főől-a when puppy-N.s soft.snow-A.s onto PST=step-IND through=ADV PST=fall-IND
- 8. m̃a̋ṡo – wet snow
- The weight of the wet snow caused the tent to collapse.
- m̃aṡős te̋lo vőutom vira̋ða:
m̃aṡ-ős te̋l-o vőut-om vir-a̋ð-a wet.snow-G.s weight-N.s tent-A.s collapse-CAUS-IND
- 9. m̃őpo – sleeping hole in the snow
- Caught in the blizzard, the hiker dug a sleeping hole in the snow for the night.
- ƣosigős éna la̋vaþu ȝuþne̋ðlu la̋a̋tam m̃őpom e-vőða:
ƣo=sig-ős éna la̋v-a-þu-Ø ȝuþ-ne̋ð-l-u la̋a̋t-am m̃őp-om e=vőð-a INT=snow.storm-G.s in catch-IND-PP-ABS roam-walk-AG-N.s night-A.s sleeping.hole-A.s PST=dig-IND
- 10. pőm̌a – walk with difficulty through snow, sand, brush, etc.
- This snow is so deep we will have trouble walking through it.
- i-tőm̃o kéþu ṡa̋lo vűűa—ƥúvi m̃us éȝom šóóða u-pom̌a:
i=tőm̃-o kéþu ṡa̋l-o vűű-a ṗúvi m̃-us éȝ-om šóóða u=pom̌-a this=snow-N.s too deep-N.s be-IND that 1p-N it-A.s through FUT=walk-IND
- 11. rı̋no – snow on trees
- Although the snow on the trees is beautiful, too much and the branches will break.
- sáámi rı̋no gőbo vűűa. ébi kéþu me̋e̋o vuule̋ȝa. toáru ża̋vos u-ȝa̋fa:
sáámi rı̋n-o gőb-o vűű-a ébi kéþu me̋e̋-o vuul-e̋ȝa toáru ża̋v-os u=ȝa̋f-a although snow.on.trees-N.s beautiful-N.s be.IND if too much-N.s there.be-IND then branch-N.p FUT=break-IND
- 12. sı̋go – snow storm
- The snow storm passed leaving nine dead in its wake.
- sı̋go e-műla da no-leisős éna nűm ne̋ṡun e-te̋m̃a:
sı̋g-o e=műl-a da eȝo=leis-ős éna nűm ne̋ṡ-un e=te̋m̃-a snow.storm-N.s PST=pass-IND and its=wake-G.s in nine dead-A.p PST=leave-IND
- 13. sőso – muddy snow
- Not long after the snow storm passed, the yaks had turned the fallen snow into muddy snow.
- ne dóm̃vi pósi sı̋go e-mŭműla—űde' sosős tőm̃om e-űla:
ne dóm̃=vi pósi sı̋g-o e=mŭ~műl-a űd-e-' sos-ős tőm̃-om e=~űl-a not long=ADV after snow.storm-N.s PST=PRF~pass-IND yak-N.p-ELIS muddy.snow-G.s fallen.snow-A.s PST=PRF~turn.into-IND
Ice
- 14. haþȝe̋go – thin coating of ice on rock
- Not seeing the ice on the rock, the ranger slipped and landed on his butt.
- haþȝe̋gom na̋kantu ne furm̃űűrlu e-pı̋zak̬e kűndom éna e-na̋a̋lak̬e:
haþȝe̋g-om na̋k-a-ntu-Ø ne fur-m̃űűr-l-u e=pı̋z-a=k̬e kűnd-om éna e=na̋a̋l-a=k̬e thin.coating-A.s see-IND-AP-ABS not forest-protect-AG-N.s PST=slip-IND=and butt-A.s on PST=land-IND=and
- 15. ȝe̋go – ice
- Because of the ice on the road the car slid into the tree.
- feðm̃e̋ƣo paavős éna ȝegős ha ha̋iṡim þóósa e-pı̋za:
feðm̃e̋ƣ-o paav-ős éna ȝeg-ős ha ha̋iṡ-im þóósa e=pı̋z-a car-N.s road-G.s on ice-G.s because.of tree-A.s into PST=slip-IND
- 16. ȝeƣǧa̋ro – iceberg
- Global warming is producing more icebergs in the polar seas.
- ge̋lnu te̋pu hőőle mare̋m éna mĭme̋e̋o ȝeƣǧa̋ron sa̋isa:
ge̋lnu-Ø te̋p-u hőőle-Ø mar-e̋m éna mĭ~me̋e̋o-Ø ȝeƣ.ǧa̋r-on sa̋is-a world-wide-ABS warming-SUP polar-ABS sea-G.p in ELT~many-ABS ice.mountain-A.p produce-IND
- 17. kaȝe̋mƣo – shore ice
- As winter progressed the shore ice became thicker.
- me̋m̃anta hema̋s. kaȝe̋mƣo bĭba̋ro e-ı̋la:
me̋m̃-a-nta-Ø hem-a̋s kaȝe̋mƣ-o bĭ~ba̋r-o e=ı̋l-a progress-IND-AP-ABS winter-G.s shore.ice-N.s ELT~thick-N.s PST=become-IND
- 18. kűro – ice floe
- Be careful! The many ice floes will make navigation hazardous.
- ze̋e̋me: me̋e̋o kűros na̋a̋utam na̋a̋m̃ram u-kı̋a:
ze̋e̋m-e me̋e̋o-Ø kűr-os na̋a̋ut-am na̋a̋m̃r-am u=kı̋-a be.careful-IMP many-ABS ice.floe-N.p navigation-A.s hazardous-A.s FUT-make-IND
- 19. nila̋ƣo – freshwater ice
- When the ice begins to form, the beavers settle in for the winter.
- nilaƣős zinásantős. ve̋vres he̋mam de̋e̋a:
nila̋ƣ-ős zin-ás-a-nt-ős ve̋vr-es he̋m-am de̋e̋-a freshwater.ice-G.s form-INC-IND-AP-G.s beaver-N.p winter-A.s settle-IND
- 20. őőko – ice hole
- This winter we can fish through a hole in the ice.
- m̃us i-hema̋s ookő' šóóða mı̋ı̋n-' u-ma̋ƣa:
m̃-us i=hem-a̋s ook-ő-' šóóða mı̋ı̋n-' u=ma̋a̋ƣ-a 1p-N this=winter-G.s ice.hole-G.s-ELIS through fish-ELIS FUT=be.able-IND
- 21. puskűro – pack ice
- The pack ice was the perfect hauling-out place for the walruses.
- puskűro aiveƣe̋m éra ba̋a̋go uuðzı̋danto ðe̋e̋o e-vűűa:
puskűr-o aiveƣ-e̋m éra ba̋a̋go-Ø uuð-zı̋d-a-nto-Ø ðe̋e̋-o e=vűű-a pack.ice-N.s walrus-G.p for perfect-ABS out-haul-IND-AP-ABS place-N.s PST=be.IND
- 22. sűðo – frost
- This morning I saw the first frost of the season.
- mu i-aaȝa̋s ȝeerős þűnto sűðom e-na̋ka:
m-u i=aaȝ-a̋s ȝeer-ős þűnto-Ø sűð-om e=na̋k-a 1s-N this=morning-G.s season-G.s first-ABS frost-A.s PST=see-IND
- 23. s̨őmo – hoarfrost
- The night was clear and cold, so there was hoarfrost on the ground in the morning.
- la̋a̋ta ȝe̋xak̬e sőȝak̬' e-vűűa—sááru s̨őmo aaȝa̋s ta̋lem éva e-vűűla:
la̋a̋t-a ȝe̋x-a=k̬e sőȝ-a=k̬-' e=vűű-a sááru ṡőm-o aaȝ-a̋s ta̋l-em éva e=vűűl-a night-N.s clear-N.s=and cold-N.s=and PST=be-IND so hoarfrost-N.s morning-G.s ground-A.s on PST=there.be-IND
- 24. s̨űngo – frazil ice, slush
- The appearance of frazil ice tells us that the sea will soon be frozen over.
- s̨ungős ka̋ȝa m̃ús o ma̋rem t̨áárvi űɫaþem u-ı̋lu te̋e̋a:
ṡung-ős ka̋ȝ-a m̃-ús o ma̋r-em t̨áárvi űɫ-a-þ-em u=ı̋l-u te̋e̋-a frazil.ice-G.s appearance-N.s 1p-G to sea-A.s short-ADV freeze-IND-PP-A.s FUT=become-SUP tell-IND