Kala/affixes/use: Difference between revisions
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''See also:'' [[Kala/lexicon|Kala lexicon]] & [[Kala/affixes|Kala word formation]] | ''See also:'' [[Kala/lexicon|Kala lexicon]] & [[Kala/affixes|Kala word formation]] | ||
These are the functional affixes used in Kala, by usage. | These are the functional affixes used in Kala, by usage. | ||
= Verbal modifiers = | = Verbal modifiers = | ||
| Line 85: | Line 82: | ||
== Gender == | == Gender == | ||
== | == Quantity == | ||
== Quality == | == Quality == | ||
| Line 92: | Line 89: | ||
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mala''']] | : from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mala''']] | ||
:: '''ke naku nayo keha<span style="color:red">mpo</span>''' - <small>O sister 1s.GEN body-bad</small> - ''My sister is infirmed.'' | :: '''ke naku nayo keha<span style="color:red">mpo</span>''' - <small>O sister 1s.GEN body-bad</small> - ''My sister is infirmed.'' | ||
== Deixis == | |||
* '''ua-''' marks the [[wp:Deixis#Place|Medial]] ('''MED''') | |||
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ua|'''uatla''']] | |||
:: '''<span style="color:red">ua</span>mita malo''' - <small>MED-dog brown</small> - ''That brown dog (by you).'' | |||
* '''ye-''' marks the [[wp:Deixis#Place|Distal]] ('''DIST''') | |||
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ya|'''yetla''']] | |||
:: '''<span style="color:red">ye</span>mitampa''' - <small>DIST-dog-many</small> - ''Those many dogs (over there).'' | |||
* '''i-''' marks the [[wp:Deixis#Place|Proximal]] ('''PROX''') | |||
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''itla''']] | |||
:: '''<span style="color:red">i</span>mitami''' - <small>PROX-dog-PAU</small> - ''These few dogs (by me).'' | |||
Revision as of 16:50, 25 December 2017
See also: Kala lexicon & Kala word formation
These are the functional affixes used in Kala, by usage.
Verbal modifiers
Tense
- -hye marks Recent past tense (REC) (action just finished)
- from aye + -hi
- ota namyo akyahye - father 1pl.GEN wake-REC - Our father just woke.
- -tli marks the Future Tense (FUT)
- from atli
- naka tahi tlepatli - woman boy teach-FUT - The woman will teach the boy.
- -tlai marks the Immediate Future (IMM)
- -ye marks the Past Tense (PST)
- from aye
- naka mita anyaye - woman dog see-PST - The woman saw the dog.
Aspect
- -pua marks the Perfective (PFV)
- from opua
- kam inapua - 3pl eat-PFV - They have eaten.
Mood
- -pa marks the Abilitative (ABIL)
- from pala
- na mokuyepak - 1s sleep-PST-ABIL-NEG - I was unable to sleep.
- nam mue pana ke mauam anyapak - 1pl without rain O flower-PL see-ABIL-NEG - We cannot see the flowers without rain.
- -po marks the Compulsive (COMP)
- from nipo
- ke ntahi mokupoye - O child sleep-COMP-PST - The child was compelled to sleep.
- -pya marks the Attemptative (ATT)
- from upya
- neko ke panya matapya - cat O mouse kill-ATT - The cat is trying to kill the mouse.
- ima ha inapyak - now 3s eat-ATT-NEG - She hasn't tried to eat yet.
- -te marks the Precative (PREC)
- from teya
- ke asi yetate - O salt give-PREC - Will you please pass me the salt?
- simate - sit-PREC - Please, sit.
Evidentiality
- -tai marks Hearsay (HSY)
- from ata
- ha inatai - 3s eat-HSY - She eats (I hear). / (It's said) She is eating.
Nominal
Derivational
- -pe marks "piece; part of ~" (part)
- from peya
- mita ke inape yatsi - dog O food-part chew - The dog is chewing the morsel.
- -pu marks "clothing of/for ~" (wear)
- from puku
- naya tayo ke anapu nomo ka - wife 2sg.GEN O head-wear like Q - Does your wife like hats?
- -pyo marks "disease (of ~); ill; sick" (ill)
- from pyoki
- ha ke tsinipyo yoha - 3sg O sugar-ill have - He has diabetes.
- -pao marks "crooked; warped; unbalanced" (warp)
- from payo
- ke mita hayo anyapao yoha - O dog 3sg.GEN eye-warp have - Her dog has a crooked eye (Strabismus).
- -mpu marks "~ formed/shaped" (shape)
- from umpu
- na'am ke panu tsakampu inaye - 1pl.EXCL O cake house-shape eat-PST - We ate a house-shaped cake.
Gender
Quantity
Quality
- -mpo marks "bad; unfavorable; unpleasant" (bad)
- from mala
- ke naku nayo kehampo - O sister 1s.GEN body-bad - My sister is infirmed.
Deixis
- ua- marks the Medial (MED)
- from uatla
- uamita malo - MED-dog brown - That brown dog (by you).
- ye- marks the Distal (DIST)
- from yetla
- yemitampa - DIST-dog-many - Those many dogs (over there).
- i- marks the Proximal (PROX)
- from itla
- imitami - PROX-dog-PAU - These few dogs (by me).
