Proto-Uralic/U: Difference between revisions
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| "to squeeze" | | "to squeeze" | ||
| *puserta- || *počē- || - || style="color:red" | | *puserta- || *počē- || - || *pŭ<span style="color:red">n</span>će- || *pɨdźɨrt- || ''fačar-'' || *pas- || *poosər- || - | ||
| H. a / _[-voice]? | | H. a / _[-voice]? Ma. (& P?) contamination from *puna-? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| "stream" | | "stream" | ||
Revision as of 09:01, 30 January 2017
PU *u_a
F. *u_a, S. *o_ē, Mo. *o_a, Ma. *ŭC / *u, P. *ɨ, Ms. *⁽ʷ⁾a, H. o/uu, Smy. *ə
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kh. *oo / _C | ||||||||||
| "to plait" | *puno- | *ponē- | *pona- | *pŭne- | *pɨn- | fon- | *pan- | *poonəL- | *pən- | |
| "facing down" | *kumo/a- | *komō- | *koma- | *kŭmə- | *kɨm- | hom- | *kʷam-əɣ | *koom-, W. *kom- |
*kəmə- | |
| "egg" | *muna | *monē | *mona | *mŭnə | - | moń | *man | *mooɳ | *mənå | |
| "to squeeze" | *puserta- | *počē- | - | *pŭnće- | *pɨdźɨrt- | fačar- | *pas- | *poosər- | - | H. a / _[-voice]? Ma. (& P?) contamination from *puna-? |
| "stream" | *voo | *u/ɤvē | - | - | - | - | *aw- | E. *ooɣ-, W. aw |
- | |
| "to hang" | - | *ko/ɤcō- | - | *kečə- | *kɨš- | - | *kaš- | *kooč- | - | |
| "cloudberry" | *muura- | - | - | *ma(a)rak | *moorək | *mərå-ŋkå | Check AASmy | |||
| "mud" | *kura | - | - | - | - | - | *kor- | *koor | - | |
| "ice crust" | - | *čoðē | - | - | - | - | *šaľ | *sooj | - | |
| "song, to sing" | - | - | *morə *mora- |
*mŭrə *mŭre- |
- | - | - | VV *mooraa- | - | noun *murə? |
| "hunting fence" | - | - | - | - | *tɨmɨ | - | *tam | *toom | - | StUE4. K dɤm- not here |
| "path" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *jaš | *jooč | - | Fi. juntu may be unrelated; but cf Mo+Smy *jutta- < *juč-ta- "to go"? |
| Kh. *o / _CC | ||||||||||
| "feather" | *sulka | *tolkē | *tolga | - | *tɨlɨ | toll(a-) | *tawəl | *tokəL | *tuə | Cf. #tuxlə |
| "stern" | *tuhto | *totkō | - | Hi. tɤktɤ | K. tɨk | tat(o-) | *takʷt | *tokət | *tətə | F&S possibly ← Gmc *θuftōn. H. a / _[-voice]? |
| "to extinguish" | *kus-tu- (…?) | *kopsē- | - | - | *kusɨ- | - | - | *kopəL- | *kəptå- | |
| "bubble" | *kupla | *koplē | - | *kŭwəl | - | hoľag | *kɯwl | *komɭəŋ | - | *-ml-? |
| "marten" | Es. nugis | - | - | - | *n/ńiź | ńust(o-) | *ńakʷs | *ńokəs | TN noxo | Fi. nois |
| "lip" | *turpa "muzzle" |
- | *tərva | *tü̆rwə | *tɨrpɨ | - | - | N. *torəp | - | or Kh ← K. |
| "death" | *surma | - | - | - | - | - | N. sorəm | *sorəm | - | *śurə-ma, cf. "to kill". Ms may be ← Kh? |
| "wide" | - | *komtē | - | *kŭmda | - | - | - | *komət | - | |
| "net" | - | - | - | - | K. tɨl | - | *taləɣ | W. *toxəL | - | *tulka or *tula-ka? |
| "to come" | - | - | - | - | - | jut- | *jakʷt- | *jokət- | - | Cf. *ju/ota-? |
| "to become wet" | - | - | - | - | U. pɨč- | - | *paš- | *poč- | #pət¹å- | *pučča-! |
| Kh. *o, no clear cluster | ||||||||||
| "to melt, molten" | *sula(-) | - | *sola(-) | *šŭle- | *sɨl(-) | ol(vad) | *talaa- | *ɬoLaa- | - | |
| "(to) bore" | *pura | *porē "edge" |
- | - | *pɨr | fuur- | Tv. porɤɤ | *por | *pəråjŋ | Cf. IE |
| "crook'd" | *kura, *kurja? | - | - | - | *kɨr- | - | - | *kor | *kərå | -r- or -rj-? |
| "to blink" | - | - | *końa-/ə- | *kŭme- | *kuń- | huń- | *kʷań- | *koń- | *kəńə- | F. küünü- cf. *küńe- "tear". |
| "morning" | - | - | - | - | - | hol-- | *kʷal | *koL-- | *kərə | |
| "to press" | - | - | - | - | - | ńom- | CMs. *ńal- | *ńoL- | - | |
| indistinct | ||||||||||
| "to hit" | *putot- | *poðō- | - | pŭðə- | U. pɨľ- ~ K. peľ |
- | *poľ- | - | *pəjä- | Check Ma. Smy *-ä after *ðʲ. H. faaj- "hurt" may not belong |
| "land" | *muta | *moðē | moda | - | - | - | - | - | *məjå | |
| "to become happy" | *muja- (…?) "to smile" |
*mojē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *məjə- | |
| "back" | *muka- | - | - | - | - | *məkå | ||||
| "to tell" | *jutte- | - | jofta- | - | - | *jaats- "to play" |
- | - | *jəptə- | H. a / _[-voice]? |
| "block of wood" | *luta | *lotē | - | - | - | - | - | - | *jəčə | *-t- or *-č-? |
| "10" | - | *lokē | - | *lu | *lɨd | - | *law | - | - | Mari CV → long. Cf. *lukə- "to read". P. "number" ← *lukanta, cf. Ms *lowənt- "to count" |
| "cloud(y)" | Fi. kumuri | - | Er. kovol | - | K. kɨmɤr | homaaľ | N. xom- | - | - | |
| "narrowing" | - | *čorō | - | - | *śuur | sor- | *sarɤɤ | *sart | - | |
| "male" | *uros | *orēs | - | - | - | uur(a-) | - | - | - | OH †uru |
| "to push" | *surva/u- | - | - | *šŭre- | - | suur- | - | - | - | |
| "to strangle" | Es. poo- | *pūvē- | *pova- | - | *pɤd(ɨ)- | fuul- | - | - | - | check other SF? Kh. *pɯɯk- "to go sour" may not belong |
| "to fish w/net" | - | *koltē- | - | - | - | - | *kult- | *kåålt- | Sk. qoldɛi- | *kulk(ə)-ta-, hence Ms *u? |
| "to cross water" | - | *mokcē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *məčå- | |
| "dew" | *lɤpsē | ľe/akš | *lŭpš | K. lɨs | - | - | - | *jəptå- | S. *o → ɤ / _p | |
| "(to) crumble" | *mure- | *moarrɤ- | - | - | - | morža | *mur- | *moorəj- | *mərə- | S. *morē and F. in part ← Gmc? H. also mar- "to bite". |
| "finger" | - | *sūvðē | - | - | - | ujj(a-) | *tuľaa' | *ɬååj | Mt. taja < *təjå |
*suwəľa?? |
| "major river" | *juka | *jokɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | *jəkå | + Russ. substratal *juka. F. "waterfall", Mo. jov ← *jôki? |
| "axe; knife" | - | *čorkkō | - | - | - | - | N. śoxri | *ćo(o)kər | - | OU → K ćukri, U ćukɨr? |
| "to knock" | - | - | Er. tomba- | - | U. dɨbɨrt- | †tob- | N toomp- | - | - | |
| in FP only | ||||||||||
| "to weave" | *kuto- | *koðē- | *koda- | *koe- | *kɨ(j)- | - | - | - | - | |
| "hill" | *kumpa/u | *kompō | komba | - | *gɨb | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc *xumpaz. Distinct from EU *kompa "wave". P. "bog" may also not belong |
| "outside" | *ulko- | *olkō- | - | - | K. ɨlɤ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "lazy" | *tuhma | *tosmē | - | - | K. dɨš | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc *dusma "stupid"? |
| "hair, bundle" | *tukka/u | - | - | #čuka | *čɨk- | - | - | - | - | also cf. H. čuk- "to clog" |
| "destruction; fight" | Fi. tuho | - | - | - | *tɨšk | - | - | - | - | |
| "bottom, floor" | - | - | - | *pŭndakš | *pɨdes | - | - | - | - | |
| "to rummage" | *purka- | *porkē- | Er. purga- | *pŭrɣə- | - | - | - | - | - | F. "dismantle" |
| "to bewitch" | *lumot- | *lomō- | - | *lŭmə- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "god" | *jumala | - | *jon-dol "lightning" |
*jŭmə | - | - | - | - | - | + Mo. ill-attested jumi. ← II dyumān- ? |
| "bowl" | *kuppV | *skoppē | kopo | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE in some way? |
| "to yelp, sob" | - | *noskē- | Er. noska- | - | - | - | - | - | - | F *nuuska- ← Sw., *nuuhka ← onom. |
| "" | ||||||||||
PU *u_ə
→ F. *u_i, S. *o_ɤ, Mo. *o(CCə), Ma. *ŭC/*u, P. *ɨ, Ms. *u
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kh. *kåå/*oo, Smy. *u | ||||||||||
| "pole" | - | *olkɤ | Mk. olga | - | K. ɨl | - | *ula | N. *ooɭ | *uj | F. ulku ← S. OU better here than ~ F vuoli. OU aawla/oxəL something else? |
| "to go" | *kulkë- | *kolkɤ- | *koĺgə- | - | K. kɨlal- | halad- | - | *kååkəL- | *kəj- | Cf. PIE *kʷelH- |
| "(to) pee" | *kusë- | *końčɤ- | - | *kŭža- | *kudź- | huuɟ- | *kunć- | *kos- | *kunsə- | |
| "fire" | *tuli | *tolɤ | *tol | *tŭl | *tɨl | - | - | - | *tuj | |
| "to spawn" | *kutë- | *koðɤ- | - | - | K. kuĺmɨ- | *kuĺəm | *kååj- | - | ||
| "to swim" | *ui- | *vōjɤ- | *ujə- | *iä- | *uuj- | uus- | *uj- | *ooj/ć- | *uə- | Possibly originally *uj- rather tha *ujə-? S. *ujə → *ōjɤ? Cf. "tip". Ditto Mo.? |
| "to kno" | *tuntë- | *tomtɤ- | - | - | *tod- | tud- | - | - | *cumcə- | maybe *čumtə- w/ č/t assimilations? |
| "to push" | *puskë- | *poskɤ- | - | Hi. pɤška- ~ Me. püškä- |
- | - | *puwt- | *pookəL- | - | |
| "ridge, cleft" | *kuru/i- | *korɤ | - | *kŭrək | K. kɨr(j)- | hor- | - | *koor | - | S. *kūrɤ ← F. K. guran "hole" may not belong |
| "20" | - | - | komś | - | *kɨź | huus(a-) | *kus | *kåås | - | *ms → *ws → *s in Ug.? |
| "tube" | *pucki | *pockɤ | *počkə | *pŭč | *pučk | - | - | - | *pučə | P. "inside" |
| "ant" | *kutki | *kotkɤ | Er. kotkodav | *kŭtkə | *koot | - | - | - | TN xudumka | |
| "crane" | *kurki | *kōrkɤ | *kargə | - | - | - | - | - | *kəro | |
| "fir" | - | - | - | *nŭlɣə | *ńɨl | - | *ńulɤɤ | *ńalkɯɯ | *ńulkå | *ńuləka |
| "dam, bridge" | - | - | - | - | - | - | E. puwləl | *pookəL | *pulə | ~ F. *po/õlkë- "to tread"?! |
| "" | ||||||||||
| Ms. *o, Kh. *o (as if *-uCCa?) | ||||||||||
| "flurry" | *purku | *porkɤ | Er. porga- ~ Mk. purga- |
Me. purɣə- | K. pɨra | forr- | *porkɤɤj | *porkaaj | *purət- | ObU *por-ka(j)? U. pur "glo", H. "boil" may not belong |
| "to run out" | *kulu- | *kolɤ- | *koĺə- | - | K. gɨlal- | hull- "to fall" |
*kol- | *koLaa- | - | |
| "turn, to get lost" | - | *jorɤ- | - | - | U. jɨromɨ- K. jɨr "depth" |
†jorgo- "pity" | *jorəɣl- | *jorəɣL-, *jooɣər- | jü/urə- | *ju → *jü in PSmy/PSk? Also cf. Smy jorä "deep", S. *jormē "depth, whirlpool". H. jaar- "go" may not belong |
| "skis" | *suksi | - | *soks | - | - | - | *towt | *ɬok | *tutə | *sukə, → *suk-sə outside Khanty?! |
| "to row" | *sowta- | *sūkɤ- | - | *šua- | K. sɨn- | - | *tow- | *ɬoɣəl-, VVj ɬaaɣəŋt- |
*tu- | *suxə-, F. dissimil. deriv. (S. *suvtē- ← F.) |
| "to read" | *lukë- | *lokɤ- | Er. lovo- ~ Mk. luvə- |
*lŭða- | - | olvaš- | - | *loŋət- ? | - | H. metathesis?! Cf. *luka "10"; IE *leǵ-. |
| "summer" | *suvi | *sɤŋɤ- | - | - | - | - | *tuj | *ɬoŋ | *təŋ | Smy cf. *piŋə "tooth" → *pəj "flint" |
| "to learn" | - | - | *tona- | *tŭne- | *tuun-- | *tanul- | - | - | *tən-tå- | *-a or *-ə? |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "moon" | *kuu | - | *koŋ | - | - | hoo, hava- | - | *kow | *kïj | LuS kuojijti- ← *kaja |
| in FP only | ||||||||||
| "to cram" | *cuŋkë- | *coŋkɤ- | *toŋgə- | *čü̆ŋɣər | K. čɨgəm | - | - | - | - | FS ← Gmc *θwinga-? H. dug "to squeeze" (& Ms *tokr-?) ← Trk *dïg "id." |
| "tip, sharp thing" | *hui | *sōjɤ | - | - | *šɨ ~ *ši | - | - | - | - | S. *ujə → *ōjɤ ? Cf. "to swim" |
| "to press" | - | *norɤ- | - | - | *nɨr- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to sharpen" | - | *čokɤ- | Er. śuvo- | *šua- | - | - | - | - | - | Check Ma. |
| "to depart" | *urkë- | - | orgo- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to enquire" | *utëlë- | *ocɤ- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to call" | *kuccu- | *koččō- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Kh *kuuć- "to lure" better ~ Ms *kujt- "id." |
| Long (?) | ||||||||||
| "to hear" | *kuulë- | *kūlɤ- | *kuĺə- | *kola- | *kɨl- | hall- | *kʷaal- | *kåål- | - | Possibly better #-owə- or smθŋ. H. may be ← *hadl- ← *kontələ-. Cf. Smy *kåw "ear" |
| "wind" | *tuuli | - | - | Me. tul | *tɤl | - | - | - | - | or something like *ëw? |
| "sheep" | *uuhi ~ *utti | - | uča | - | *ɨž | - | *aaš | *aač | - | ← IE *aǵ-, ObU independantly (~ F. *voohi)? Ma. *ŭžɣa "sheep pelt" ← P. |
| Ms. *aa ~ Kh. *uu | ||||||||||
| "6" | *kuuci | *kūtɤ | *kotə | *kut | *kwať | hat(o-) | *kaat | *kuut | - | |
| "trough, scoop" | F kuiri/u | - | - | - | *gɨr | - | *kʷaaro | *kuurə | *kuj | |
| "herd of reindeer" | - | *čorɤk | - | - | - | - | *šaar- | *suur | - | |
| "to kill; death" | *surë- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *suur- | - | |
| "eyebrows; temple" | *kulma | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kuuĺəm | - | S. *kūlmē ← F. Note *ĺ?! |
| "lip; mouth" | *huuli | ? | - | - | - | - | - | *ɬuuL | - | What does does S. *sūlɤ "approx." have to do with this? |
| "birch" | - | - | - | - | *kɨdź | - | *koš- | *kuuńć | - | If not *a or something. F. *kaski may be ← IE *h₁es- |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| F *u ~ M u/∅ (probably adstratal) | ||||||||||
| "stem" | *runko | *roŋkē | Er. rungo ~ Mk ronga |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc *skrunkaz |
| "bump" | *muhka | *mokšē | Er. muška | - | - | - | - | - | - | ~ Ru. mɨška "mousie"?? |
| "wood" | *huhta | - | *šuftə | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← Ir. #čukta- "lit (on fire)" |
| "broken" | *luhVj | - | *luža- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to wash" | *huhto- | - | *kšta- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *šukšta- |
| "lichen" | *luppV | *lɤppō | - | nupəń | ||||||
| East only | ||||||||||
| "to chew, gnaw" | - | - | - | - | - | raag- | "L. rågn-" | - | *luŋkəj- | |
| "lily, onion" | - | - | - | - | - | - | T taŋkəl | VV *ɬooɣəɭ | #tokul | *l-ɭ → ɭ-ɭ in Vakh? |
| "up" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *num | *nuum, *nååmən | #num, Sk *nom | |
| "up" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *nuuk | #ńAŋtV | Cf. prev. |
| "middle" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *jäčə | *jončV | |
| "pine" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ji(i)w | *juuɣ | *jɤ | best *jëxə? |
| "inside" | - | - | - | - | - | joh, juh | *juw, *jun | *jo(o)ɣ | - | |
| "birch bark vessel; bark" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kus | *koćək | *kaså | Fi. kosio ← S. *kōššē ← IE *kʷasjo-. |
| "horse" | - | - | - | - | - | loo, lova- | *luw | *laaw-, V looɣ- | - | also F. lupo "stallion"? |
| To sort | ||||||||||
| "grass" | *nurmi | *ńormɤ | - | - | - | - | *ńuurəm | *ńåårəm | - | |
| "sack" | - | *pūðā | - | - | - | - | - | - | *påtə | #powtɜ?? |
| "top" | F. sukka | *čokkɤ | - | - | *ćuuk | - | *ćak- | *ćäk | *sok | |
| "body" | - | *korōntē | - | - | - | - | *kur- | *kor | #kər "self" |
Check Ms, Smy. |
| "curve" | *mutka | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *måcə | |
| "frost" | *kuura | *korā | - | - | *gɤɤr | har | - | - | - | |
| "pole" | - | *sosō | *šočko | - | *džadž | - | - | - | Sk. čoočə | |
| "him/her" | *hän | *son | son | - | U. so ~ K. sɨ | öö | *täw | *ɬöɣ | - | *u ~ *ü |
| "prod" | *tutka- | *tūðkē | Er. totka (!!) | - | U. tuĺɨm | tööɟ(ä-) | *taĺək | *töj | *təjkå | *u ~ *ü |
| "(to) shit" | *paska | *pɤškɤ | *pəśkiźe- | *pŭškeða- | - | foš(o-) | *poś(-) | *poć(-) | - | S. *o → *ɤ / p_? |
| "clump" | *puŋka | *pūŋkē | pokoĺ | - | U. pog ~ K. bugɨĺ | - | *paak | #pooŋkəḷ | - | H. bog (and P?) "knot" ← Trc *bog "bundle" |
| "reindeer knee" | - | *pūnčēs | - | - | U. pɨdźɤs ~ K. pidźɤs | - | - | - | *punsV | K. M > F /_Ć ? |
| "narrow, top" | *suppa | *čūppɤ, NS čoppe | - | - | *śoop-, K. ćup |
sup-, čuup |
- | - | - | F. suippu from × huippu |
| "(to) dry" | *kujva(-) | Lu. kuife | - | - | - | - | - | *kojəm- | - | |
| "thin" | *hupa | Er. čova ~ Mk. šuva |
- | - | - | šovaań | - | - | - | *č- |
| "door" | *uksi | *ūksɤ | - | - | *ɤs | - | - | - | - | Or B. *ōksa → F. → S. |
| "groove, path" | *ura | - | ur- | - | - | - | *uuraj | #wuuri | - | Cf. F. *uurta- "to groove" |
| "udder" | *utar | - | odar | *wadar | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE, zero grade vs. full grade |
| "ash; lye" | - | *kūnɤ | - | *kon | K. kun | - | - | - | - | at least S ← IE; maybe Ma/K *kanə |
| "to lose; to spoil; to hide" | *hukkat- | - | - | *čɨk- | - | čuk- | - | - | #təkå- | Or F. ← Gmc *sukka |
| "pole" | - | L. sosso | *čočkə | - | *džadž | - | - | - | Sk. čoočə | |
| "to divide" | - | - | - | - | *šɨr- | irt-, †ort- | - | *ɬort- | *tarV- | |
| "mortar" | *huhmar ~ Ka huumar | - | *šovar | *šuar | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "gruel" | F huttu | |||||||||
| "down; beard" | F untuva | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | #muntV- | Bad. Slk *untə |
| "be forgotten" | *unV-hta- | - | - | - | *vun(et)- | - | - | - | - | F better from "sleep" |
| "to scrape" | Fi. nuhja-, nuoha-, Es nuha- | - | *nozərda- | *nuže- | - | - | - | *noL- | *nət- | *nuSja-? |
| "moss" | - | - | - | - | K. ńɨč(k) | - | - | - | *ńåč(ɜ) | |
| "to rest" | - | - | Er. nuvśe-, Mo. nuva- |
- | - | ńug(os)- | *ńuunt- | *ńooɣəL- | *ńuŋ(əś)- | |
| "midge" | - | - | - | *lŭməj | U nɨmɨ ~ K nom | - | - | - | - | |
| "midge" | - | - | - | (*lŭməj) | U ĺum | - | CMs *ĺooməj | - | - | better *o? |
| "club" | *nuhja ~ *nujja | - | - | nöšle- | U nušɨ ~ K nɤs(k) | - | - | - | - | |
| "marten" | - | - | - | *lŭj | - | - | "loisa" | - | Sk lokka, Ma lui | |
| "downstream" | - | *lū- | - | - | - | - | *luuj- | *laŋa | ||
| "weak" | - | - | - | *lŭš(kə)- | K. lɨškɨd | - | - | - | - | |
| "to bind" | - | - | - | - | *jɨt- | - | - | - | FN jūťe- | |
| "fierce; strong" | F julma | - | - | - | *joonm- | - | - | - | - | |
| "hump" | *mukula | - | - | *mŭɣəĺ | *mɨĺ(i) | - | - | - | - | -ĺ-?? |
| "back" | - | - | - | *tup | U. tɨbɨr | top | - | - | - | |
| "neck" | *turja "nape" |
- | - | - | - | torok(o-) | *tur | *tuu₁r | - | *turə-ja? + H. tarja "crest etc." |
| "to break" | - | - | - | *tuɣe- | U. tijal- | - | - | - | - | |
| "kernel" | *tuuma, F tuma | - | *toŋ | Hi. toŋ ~ Me. tomə | - | - | - | - | - | #towŋɜ?? |
| "to fill" | F. tuppat- | - | *topaftə-, *topəďə- |
- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "stiff" | *turta | - | - | *turta- | K. tural- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to observe" | - | - | - | *tŭšle- | U. dɨšɨ- | - | - | - | - | medial?? |
| "knife" | *kuraks | *korɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kəru | *-a/-ə? |
| "many; very" | - | *olō | - | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. ŋuuĺii | |
| "to be still" | - | *orō- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. ŋoraa- | |
| "hollow" | Fi. uuma | - | - | - | - | - | *wum | *oompə | Ne. *ŋaamaat | |
| "fist" | - | - | *moksəndə | *mŭškəndə | *mɨžɨk | - | - | - | - | Medials messy. Cf. II *mušti? |
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