User:Masako/pataka: Difference between revisions

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== syllable structure ==
== syllable structure ==
'''Kala''' words are typically made up of [[Wikipedia:Syllable#Open_and_closed|open syllables]] of the type CV (consonant-vowel) with most words having syllables exclusively of this type. There is a limited set of syllables allowed by '''Kala''' phonotactics, similar to Japanese or Chinese. They are listed here: [[:File:Kalasyl.png|syllable chart]], or [[Kala/syllables|here]].
 
'''Kala''' words are typically made up of [[wp:Syllable#Open_and_closed|open syllables]] of the type CV (consonant-vowel) with most words having syllables exclusively of this type. There is a limited set of syllables allowed by '''Kala''' phonotactics, similar to Japanese or Chinese. They are listed here: [[:File:Kalasyl.png|syllable chart]], or [[Kala/syllables|here]].


* /l/ cannot occur word initially (except in loan words and toponyms).
* /l/ cannot occur word initially (except in loan words and toponyms).
== stress ==
[[wp:Stress_(linguistics)|Stress]] generally falls on the penultimate syllable, which means that stress is ''de facto'' initial in most lemma given that stems are most often (CVCV).


= orthography =
= orthography =

Revision as of 05:35, 31 August 2016

introduction

terminology

language variation

glossing

phonology

consonants

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
central lateral
Nasal m (m) n (n) ɲ (ny)
Plosive p~b (p) t~d (t) k~g (k) ʔ (`)
Affricate ts (ts) t͡ɬ~tl (tl) t͡ʃ (ts)
Continuant s (s) l~ɾ (l) ʃ (s) h~ɦ (h)
Semivowel j (y) w (u)
  • Prenasalized: /ᵐp ⁿt ᵑk/
  • Labialized:/pʷ kʷ mʷ nʷ ʃʷ hʷ t͡ʃʷ/
  • Palatalized: /pʲ kʲ mʲ hʲ/

Note: Because of its small phoneme inventory, Kala allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s l h/ as [ʃ ɾ ɦ], and /t͡s t͡ɬ/ as [t͡ʃ t͡l]; also, vowels may be either long or short.

vowels

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i~ɪ (i) u~u: (u)
Mid e~ɛ (e) o~o: (o)
Open a~a: (a)

Kala has five vowels /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/ and /u/. Each occurs in both stressed and unstressed syllables. Phonetic nasalization occurs for vowels occurring between nasal consonants or when preceding a syllable-final nasal, e.g. tsunka [ˈt͡ʃũᵑka] ('bug').

diphthongs

Phonetically, Kala has only two diphthongs, both falling; [aɪ̯] and [aʊ̯], but there are five syllables that can be analyzed as rising diphthongs; [wa], [we], [ja], [je], and [jo]. The two triphthongs [waɪ̯] and [jaʊ̯] are very rare but should be noted as possible.

syllable structure

Kala words are typically made up of open syllables of the type CV (consonant-vowel) with most words having syllables exclusively of this type. There is a limited set of syllables allowed by Kala phonotactics, similar to Japanese or Chinese. They are listed here: syllable chart, or here.

  • /l/ cannot occur word initially (except in loan words and toponyms).

stress

Stress generally falls on the penultimate syllable, which means that stress is de facto initial in most lemma given that stems are most often (CVCV).

orthography

word classes

contentives

particles

interjections

modifying contentives

appositional

attributive

oblique

clauses

simple

subject omission

clause modification

constituents

predicates

coordination

subordination

derivation

gerundive

grammatical functions

correlatives

definiteness

gender

preforms and determiners

questions

relative clauses

examples