User:Masako/pataka: Difference between revisions

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=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===


Kala agent pronouns are often omitted when the person is obvious from context. Kala personal pronouns also encode clusivity. That is, there are different words for "we" depending on whether the speaker is including the person spoken to or not. Pronouns do not inflect for gender; if gender is significant, one can use words like '''naka, tlaka, nahi, tahi''' (''the woman, the man, the girl, the boy''), etc.
'''Kala''' agent pronouns are often omitted when the person is obvious from context. '''Kala''' personal pronouns also encode clusivity. That is, there are different words for "we" depending on whether the speaker is including the person spoken to or not. Pronouns do not inflect for gender; if gender is significant, one can use words like '''naka, tlaka, nahi, tahi''' (''the woman, the man, the girl, the boy''), etc.


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=== Demonstratives ===
=== Demonstratives ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
|+ uatse
|-
!
! Proximal<br>'''i-'''
! Medial<br>'''ua-'''
! Distal<br>'''ye-'''
! Inclusive<br>'''-kua'''
! Negative<br>'''-k'''
! Indefinite<br>'''-la'''
|-
! mo<br>''place''
| '''hina''' || '''uana''' || '''yemua''' || '''mokua''' || '''mok''' || '''mola'''
|-
! ko<br>''person''
| '''iko''' || '''uako''' || '''yeko''' || '''tlokua''' || '''tlok''' || '''kola'''
|-
! uku<br>''amount''
| '''iku''' || '''uaku''' || '''-''' || '''kua''' || '''ok''' || '''ula'''
|-
! ama<br>''time''
| '''ima''' || '''uama''' || '''-''' || '''kuama''' || '''amak''' || '''tlama'''
|-
! so<br>''kind, type''
| '''iso''' || '''so'o''' || '''yeso''' || '''sokua''' || '''sok''' || '''sola'''
|-
! no<br>''thing''
| '''itla''' || '''uatla''' || '''yetla''' || '''nokua''' || '''nok''' || '''nola'''
|-
! to<br>''manner, method, way''
| '''yoto''' || '''uato''' || '''ato''' || '''tokua''' || '''tok''' || '''tola'''
|}


== Verbs ==
== Verbs ==

Revision as of 08:37, 3 October 2015

Introduction

Borrowing

Kala borrows extensively from various natural languages. This is a very small sample of borrowings:

  • kala – to speak, talk, converse; from Arabic [takallama]
  • na – I, me; from Arabic [ʾanā]
  • pato – duck (Anatidae); from Spanish [pato]
  • tsenka – orange; from Chinese [chéng]
  • uasi – to take, get, acquire; from Lakota [wasichu]
  • myonta – to allow, permit; from Finnish [myöntää]
  • a – to be, exist, yes; from Japanese [aru]

Parts of Speech

Kala has three parts of speech, each with several subgroups.

  1. noma - nouns
    1. nkalo - pronouns
  2. uati - verbs
    1. tatse - locative verbs (prepositions)
  3. peya - particles
    1. nita - interjections
    2. eka - affixes

Phonology

Consonants

  • Plosives: /p t k ʔ/ [b d g ɢ]
  • Nasals: /m n ɲ/
  • Continuants: /s l h/ [ʃ ɾ ɦ]
  • Affricates: /t͡s t͡ɬ/ [t͡ʃ t͡l]
  • Semivowels: /j w/


  • Prenasalized: /ᵐp ⁿt ᵑk/
  • Labialized:/pʷ kʷ mʷ nʷ ʃʷ hʷ t͡ʃʷ/
  • Palatalized: /pʲ kʲ mʲ hʲ/

Note: Because of its small phoneme inventory, Kala allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s l h/ as [ʃ ɾ ɦ], and /t͡s t͡ɬ/ as [t͡ʃ t͡l]; also, vowels may be either long or short.

Vowels

Morphology

Nouns

Pronouns

Kala agent pronouns are often omitted when the person is obvious from context. Kala personal pronouns also encode clusivity. That is, there are different words for "we" depending on whether the speaker is including the person spoken to or not. Pronouns do not inflect for gender; if gender is significant, one can use words like naka, tlaka, nahi, tahi (the woman, the man, the girl, the boy), etc.

nkalo
Agent Patient Reflexive Possessive Reciprocal
1sg na ena na'i nayo
2sg ta eta ta'i tayo
3sg ha eha ha'i hayo
4sg tla etla tla'i tlayo
1pl
1pl exclusive 		nam
na'am		 enam
ena'am		 nami
na'ami		 namyo
na'amyo		 nanku
na'anku
2pl tam etam tami tamyo tanku
3pl kam ekam kami kamyo kanku
4pl tlam etlam tlami tlamyo tlanku

Demonstratives

uatse
Proximal
i- 		Medial
ua- 		Distal
ye- 		Inclusive
-kua 		Negative
-k 		Indefinite
-la
mo
place 		hina uana yemua mokua mok mola
ko
person 		iko uako yeko tlokua tlok kola
uku
amount 		iku uaku - kua ok ula
ama
time 		ima uama - kuama amak tlama
so
kind, type 		iso so'o yeso sokua sok sola
no
thing 		itla uatla yetla nokua nok nola
to
manner, method, way 		yoto uato ato tokua tok tola

Verbs

Particles

Syntax

Sentence na nyoma ina
Words na nyoma ina
Gloss I (AG) rice (P) eat (pres)
Parts Agent Patient Verb
Translation I eat rice.

Comparisons

Questions

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