User:Masako/pataka: Difference between revisions
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|- | |- | ||
! 1sg | ! 1sg | ||
| na || ena || na'i || nayo || | | '''na''' || '''ena''' || '''na'i''' || '''nayo''' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2sg | ! 2sg | ||
| ta || eta || ta'i || tayo || | | '''ta''' || '''eta''' || '''ta'i''' || '''tayo''' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3sg | ! 3sg | ||
| ha || eha || ha'i || hayo || | | '''ha''' || '''eha''' || '''ha'i''' || '''hayo''' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 4sg | ! 4sg | ||
| tla || etla || tla'i || tlayo || | | '''tla''' || '''etla''' || '''tla'i''' || '''tlayo''' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1pl<br>1pl exclusive | ! 1pl<br>1pl exclusive | ||
| nam<br>na'am || enam<br>ena'am || nami<br>na'ami || namyo<br>na'amyo || nanku<br>na'anku | | '''nam'''<br>'''na'am''' || '''enam'''<br>'''ena'am''' || '''nami'''<br>'''na'ami''' || '''namyo'''<br>'''na'amyo''' || '''nanku'''<br>'''na'anku''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2pl | ! 2pl | ||
| tam || etam || tami || tamyo || tanku | | '''tam''' || '''etam''' || '''tami''' || '''tamyo''' || '''tanku''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3pl | ! 3pl | ||
| kam || ekam || kami || kamyo || kanku | | '''kam''' || '''ekam''' || '''kami''' || '''kamyo''' || '''kanku''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 4pl | ! 4pl | ||
| tlam || etlam || tlami || tlamyo || tlanku | | '''tlam''' || '''etlam''' || '''tlami''' || '''tlamyo''' || '''tlanku''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 07:29, 3 October 2015
Introduction
Borrowing
Kala borrows extensively from various natural languages. This is a very small sample of borrowings:
- kala – to speak, talk, converse; from Arabic [takallama]
- na – I, me; from Arabic [ʾanā]
- pato – duck (Anatidae); from Spanish [pato]
- tsenka – orange; from Chinese [chéng]
- uasi – to take, get, acquire; from Lakota [wasichu]
- myonta – to allow, permit; from Finnish [myöntää]
- a – to be, exist, yes; from Japanese [aru]
Parts of Speech
Kala has three parts of speech, each with several subgroups.
- noma - nouns
- nkalo - pronouns
- uati - verbs
- tatse - locative verbs (prepositions)
- peya - particles
- nita - interjections
- eka - affixes
Phonology
Consonants
- Plosives: /p t k ʔ/ [b d g ɢ]
- Nasals: /m n ɲ/
- Continuants: /s l h/ [ʃ ɾ ɦ]
- Affricates: /t͡s t͡ɬ/ [t͡ʃ t͡l]
- Semivowels: /j w/
- Prenasalized: /ᵐp ⁿt ᵑk/
- Labialized:/pʷ kʷ mʷ nʷ ʃʷ hʷ t͡ʃʷ/
- Palatalized: /pʲ kʲ mʲ hʲ/
Note: Because of its small phoneme inventory, Kala allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s l h/ as [ʃ ɾ ɦ], and /t͡s t͡ɬ/ as [t͡ʃ t͡l]; also, vowels may be either long or short.
Vowels
Morphology
Nouns
Pronouns
| Agent | Patient | Reflexive | Possessive | Reciprocal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | na | ena | na'i | nayo | |
| 2sg | ta | eta | ta'i | tayo | |
| 3sg | ha | eha | ha'i | hayo | |
| 4sg | tla | etla | tla'i | tlayo | |
| 1pl 1pl exclusive |
nam na'am |
enam ena'am |
nami na'ami |
namyo na'amyo |
nanku na'anku |
| 2pl | tam | etam | tami | tamyo | tanku |
| 3pl | kam | ekam | kami | kamyo | kanku |
| 4pl | tlam | etlam | tlami | tlamyo | tlanku |
Verbs
Particles
Syntax
| Sentence | na nyoma ina | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Words | na | nyoma | ina | |||
| Gloss | I | (AG) | rice | (P) | eat | (pres) |
| Parts | Agent | Patient | Verb | |||
| Translation | I eat rice. | |||||
