Diaeresis and Umlaut: Difference between revisions

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| The diaeresis is used when /e/ follows another vowel, and signals that these two vowel letters do not form a digraph. These two vowels are pronounced as a diphthong.<ref name=lhueslue>[[Lhueslue#Romanization|Lhueslue, Romanization]] at FrathWiki.</ref>
| The diaeresis is used when /e/ follows another vowel, and signals that these two vowel letters do not form a digraph. These two vowels are pronounced as a diphthong.<ref name=lhueslue>[[Lhueslue#Romanization|Lhueslue, Romanization]] at FrathWiki.</ref>
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| [[Wikipedia:Front_vowel|Front]] version of [[Wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
| rowspan = 2 | [[Wikipedia:Front_vowel|Front]] version of [[Wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
| [[Qwynegold]] (Qwadralónia dialect)
| [[Qwynegold]] (Qwadralónia dialect)
| [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
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| [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
| Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
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| Unaccented Oo, Uu stand for /o, u/.<ref name=songulda>[[Songulda_language#Romanization_and_pronunciation|Songulda language, Romanization and pronunciation]] at FrathWiki.</ref>
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| [[Wikipedia:Stress_(linguistics)|Stress]]
| [[Seebee]] (external romanization)
| [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| ȷ̈ /ˈj/
| Normally a dot is placed below the first letter of a stressed syllable, but in the case of lower case j, umlaut is used instead because there is not space for a dot neither below or above the letter otherwise. Note that ȷ̈ is not a precomposed letter, but a combination of dotless ȷ and combining diaeresis.
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Revision as of 11:03, 23 August 2016

Diaeresis (known as tréma in French) and umlaut both employ the same character. But there is a difference of use between diaeresis and umlaut. Letters with umlaut stand for completely different sounds than their non-accented counterparts. For example in Swedish Oo represents /u/ while Öö represents /ø/. Diaeresis on the other hand does not change the sound value of a letter, but instead marks that a vowel is not part of a diphthong or digraph. Both are also known under the general name trema.

The diaeresis and umlaut characters have different origins. Diaeresis was borrowed from the Greek alphabet,[1] while umlaut began as a small e placed on top of Aa, Oo or Uu. This e then later evolved into the same shape as diaeresis.[2]

Diaeresis/Umlaut in Unicode

Characters with Diaeresis/Umlaut
¨ ◌̈ Ä ä Ǟ ǟ Ë ë Ḧ ḧ Ï ï Ḯ
U+00A8 U+0308 U+00C4 U+00E4 U+01DE U+01DF U+00CB U+00EB U+1E26 U+1E27 U+00CF ​ U+00EF U+1E2E
Diaeresis Combining Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Capital Letter E With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter E With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter H With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter H With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute
ḯ Ö ö Ȫ ȫ Ṏ ṏ ẗ Ü ü Ǖ ǖ Ǘ
U+1E2F U+00D6 U+00F6 ​ U+022A U+022B U+1E4E U+1E4F U+1E97 U+00DC ​ U+00FC U+01D5 U+01D6 U+01D7
Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute ​ Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis ​ Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter T With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron ​ Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute
ǘ Ǚ ǚ Ǜ ǜ Ṻ ṻ Ẅ ẅ Ẍ ẍ Ÿ ÿ
U+01D8 U+01D9 U+01DA U+01DB U+01DC U+1E7A U+1E7B U+1E84 U+1E85 U+1E8C U+1E8D U+0178 U+00FF
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter W With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter W With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter X With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter X With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter Y With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter Y With Diaeresis

Diaeresis/Umlaut in Natlangs

Uses of Diaeresis or Umlaut
Usage Language Letters Notes
Central vowel Moro Ëë /ˈəː/ This letter represents a "long or stressed ‘ə’",[3] but the phonemicity of it is contested.[4] The orthography for Moro did not have capital letters originally.[3]
Change of place of articulation Malagasy N̈n̈ /ŋ/ This letter is used in some dialects. It may optionally be replaced by Ññ or Ng ng.[5] Note that N̈n̈ is not a precomposed letter.
Front version of back vowel (this includes Ää even though its unaccented version is not a back vowel in all of these languages) Estonian Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
Finnish Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/ Usage borrowed from Swedish.
German Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/ The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae, oe and ue.
Hungarian Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
Icelandic Öö /œ/
Livonian Ää /æ/, Ǟǟ /æː/
Mandarin (Pinyin romanization) Üü /y/, Ǖǖ /y˥/, Ǘǘ /y˧˥/, Ǚǚ /y˨˩˦/, Ǜǜ /˥˩/ Üü without tone markings may stand for the so called neutral tone,[6] or it is simply due to no tone marks being used in the given text.[7] Note that these tone values are based on the Beijing dialect.[8]
Slovak Ää /æ~ɛ/ /æ/ is archaic or dialectal pronunciation.[9]
Swedish Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/ The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae[10] and oe.[11] Üü is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but is used in some loanwords and in many surnames.
Hiatus Catalan Ïï /i/, Üü /u/ Diaeresis on an Ii or Uu following another vowel marks that the two vowels are in different syllables. Without diaresis, the Ii or Uu would stand for a semivowel.[12]
French Ëë, Ïï, Üü, Ÿÿ
Non-silent vowel Catalan Üü /w/ Diaresis on an Uu that is between Gg or Qq and a front vowel marks that this letter stands for /w/. Otherwise it would be a part of the digraph Gu gu /g/ or Qu qu /k/ that is used before front vowels.[12]
Raised vowel Hungarian Ëë /e/ Unaccented Ee stands for /ɛ/. Ëë is not really a part of the Hungarian alphabet however; it is used when writing down spoken or sung language in a dialect that has this phoneme.
Other Arabic (ISO 233 romanization) T̈ẗ /a(t)/ This letter is used for transcribing the Arabic letter ة which is used for a suffix which may or may not include a /t/, depending on context.[13] Note that there is no precomposed form of capital T̈.

Diaeresis/Umlaut in Conlangs

Uses of Diaeresis or Umlaut
Usage Language Creator Letters Notes
Digraph disambiguation Lhueslue (external romanization) Qwynegold Ëë /e/ The diaeresis is used when /e/ follows another vowel, and signals that these two vowel letters do not form a digraph. These two vowels are pronounced as a diphthong.[14]
Front version of back vowel Qwynegold (Qwadralónia dialect) Qwynegold Ää /æ, ɛ/, Ä́ä́ /æˑ, ɛˑ/, Ā̈ā̈ /æː, ɛː/, Öö /ø, œ/, Ö́ö́ /øˑ, œˑ/, Ō̈ō̈ /øː, œː/ Ä́ä́, Ā̈ā̈, Ö́ö́, Ō̈ō̈ have no precomposed forms.
Songulda (external romanization) Qwynegold Öö /ø/, Üü /y/ Unaccented Oo, Uu stand for /o, u/.[15]
Stress Seebee (external romanization) Qwynegold ȷ̈ /ˈj/ Normally a dot is placed below the first letter of a stressed syllable, but in the case of lower case j, umlaut is used instead because there is not space for a dot neither below or above the letter otherwise. Note that ȷ̈ is not a precomposed letter, but a combination of dotless ȷ and combining diaeresis.

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Diaeresis, Diaeresis, History at Wikipedia.
  2. ↑ Diaeresis, Umlaut, History at Wikipedia.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Guest, Elizabeth. 1997. Moro Phonology.
  4. ↑ Blench, Roger. 2005. A dictionary of the Moro language of the Nuba hills, Sudan .
  5. ↑ Malagasy language, Diacritics at Wikipedia.
  6. ↑ Pinyin, Numerals in place of tone marks at Wikipedia.
  7. ↑ Pinyin at Wikipedia.
  8. ↑ Mandarin Chinese, Tones at Wikipedia.
  9. ↑ Slovak language at Wikipedia.
  10. ↑ Ä at Wikipedia.
  11. ↑ Ö at Wikipedia.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Catalan alphabet, Diaeresis at Wikipedia.
  13. ↑ Taw, Tāʼ marbūṭah at Wikipedia.
  14. ↑ Lhueslue, Romanization at FrathWiki.
  15. ↑ Songulda language, Romanization and pronunciation at FrathWiki.


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