Proto-Uralic/distribution: Difference between revisions

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* pronouns: '''*ku-''' "who", '''*me-''' "1PP", '''*mi-''' "what", '''*minä''' ¹ "1PS", '''*to''' "that"
* pronouns: '''*ku-''' 'who', '''*me-''' '1PP', '''*mi-''' 'what', '''*minä''' ¹ '1PS', '''*to''' 'that'
* basic verbs: '''*elä-''' ² "to live", '''*kalə-''' "to die", '''*kaĺa-''' "to disappear", '''*ńalə-''' "to lick", '''*ńälə-''' "to swallow", '''*puna-''' "to plait", '''*ujə-''' "to swim"
* basic verbs: '''*elä-''' ² 'to live', '''*kalə-''' 'to die', '''*kaĺa-''' 'to disappear', '''*ńalə-''' 'to lick', '''*ńälə-''' 'to swallow', '''*puna-''' 'to plait', '''*ujə-''' 'to swim'
* body parts: '''*künčə''' ³ "nail", '''*mëksa''' "liver", '''*sënə''' "vein", '''*sülə''' "bosom", '''*śilmä''' "eye", '''*śɜðäm(ə)''' "heart"
* body parts: '''*künčə''' ³ 'nail', '''*mëksa''' 'liver', '''*sënə''' 'vein', '''*sülə''' 'bosom', '''*śilmä''' 'eye', '''*śɜðäm(ə)''' 'heart'
* other nouns: '''*ëla''' "low", '''*ńëlə''' "arrow", '''*nimə''' "name", '''*pälä''' ⁴ "half", '''*pesä''' "nest", '''*purkə''' ⁵ "blizzard", '''#wäśkä''' "metal"
* other nouns: '''*ëla''' 'low', '''*ńëlə''' 'arrow', '''*nimə''' 'name', '''*pälä''' ⁴ 'half', '''*pesä''' 'nest', '''*purkə''' ⁵ 'blizzard', '''#wäśkä''' 'metal'
* etc: '''*kuma-''' "overturned", '''#kɜk/ttA''' "2", '''#wittə''' "5"
* etc: '''*kuma-''' 'overturned', '''#kɜk/ttA''' '2', '''#wittə''' '5'
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# Ms. *äm, Hu. ''én'' questionable
# Ms. *äm, Hu. ''én'' questionable
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# Smy. *kəčä irregular
# Smy. *kəčä irregular
# S. *pealē irregular
# S. *pealē irregular
# Hu. ''forr'' "to boil" questionable
# Hu. ''forr'' 'to boil' questionable
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samoyedic
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samoyedic
|-
|-
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* numerals: '''#kormɜ''' "3", '''#kuwtə''' "6", '''*ńeljä''' "4", '''*śëta''' "100"
* numerals: '''#kormɜ''' '3', '''#kuwtə''' '6', '''*ńeljä''' '4', '''*śëta''' '100'
* others: '''*jäŋə''' "ice", '''*jećə''' ¹ "soul", '''*kälä-''' "to wade", '''*kätə''' "hand", '''*keččä''' ² "ring", '''*kerə''' "bark", '''#kuwlə-''' "to hear", '''*tälwə''' "winter", '''*sükśə''' "autumn", '''*śarw/pə''' "horn", '''*wajə''' "butter", '''*wäkə''' "power", '''*werə''' "blood", '''*wɜðɜm''' "marrow"
* others: '''*jäŋə''' 'ice', '''*jećə''' ¹ 'soul', '''*kälä-''' 'to wade', '''*kätə''' 'hand', '''*keččä''' ² 'ring', '''*kerə''' 'bark', '''#kuwlə-''' 'to hear', '''*tälwə''' 'winter', '''*sükśə''' 'autumn', '''*śarw/pə''' 'horn', '''*wajə''' 'butter', '''*wäkə''' 'power', '''*werə''' 'blood', '''*wɜðɜm''' 'marrow'
| ¹ K. ''ać'' unclear
| ¹ K. ''ać'' unclear
² Mo. ''či'' "sun" unclear
² Mo. ''či'' 'sun' unclear
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Khanty
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Khanty
|-
|-
| '''*lämə''' "broth"
| '''*lämə''' 'broth'
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Hungarian
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Hungarian
|-
|-
| '''#kowsə''' "spruce", '''*ĺëmə''' "bird cherry", '''*poŋə''' "bosom", '''*porə-''' "to bite", '''*wü/ilɜ''' "upper"
| '''#kowsə''' 'spruce', '''*ĺëmə''' 'bird cherry', '''*poŋə''' 'bosom', '''*porə-''' 'to bite', '''*wü/ilɜ''' 'upper'
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Permic
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Permic
|-
|-
| '''*joŋsə''' "bow", '''*kala''' "fish", '''*muna''' "egg", '''*śinśä''' ¹ "inside"
| '''*joŋsə''' 'bow', '''*kala''' 'fish', '''*muna''' 'egg', '''*śinśä''' ¹ 'inside'
| ¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
| ¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mari
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mari
|-
|-
| '''*pelə-''' "to fear", '''*tulka''' ¹ "feather", '''*tu/üĺkA''' "prod"
| '''*pelə-''' 'to fear', '''*tulka''' ¹ 'feather', '''*tu/üĺkA''' 'prod'
| ¹ F. ''*sulka''?!
| ¹ F. ''*sulka''?!
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mordvinic
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Mordvinic
|-
|-
| '''*kunśə'''(-) "(to) pee", '''*menə-''' "to go", '''*pončə''' "tail", '''#sɜja''' "sleeve"¹, '''*śälə-''' "to cut"
| '''*kunśə'''(-) '(to) pee', '''*menə-''' 'to go', '''*pončə''' 'tail', '''#sɜja''' 'sleeve'¹, '''*śälə-''' 'to cut'
| ¹ F. ''hija'' unclear
| ¹ F. ''hija'' unclear
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Finnic
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Finnic
|-
|-
| '''*ipsə/ä-''' "(to) smell", '''#sejə''' "pus"
| '''*ipsə/ä-''' '(to) smell', '''#sejə''' 'pus'
| ¹ Mo. unclear
| ¹ Mo. unclear
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samic
! colspan="2"| Found everywhere except Samic
|-
|-
| '''*küńä''' "elbow", '''*piŋə''' ¹ "tooth", '''*walə-''' "to be"
| '''*küńä''' 'elbow', '''*piŋə''' ¹ 'tooth', '''*walə-''' 'to be'
| ¹ Smy. *pəj "flint" unclear
| ¹ Smy. *pəj 'flint' unclear
|}
|}


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|-
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! Samic
! Samic
| '''*kuńa-''' "to blink" || '''*täwðə''' "full" (Ma. irreg.) || '''*sewə-''' "to eat" ||
| '''*kuńa-''' 'to blink' || '''*täwðə''' 'full' (Ma. irreg.) || '''*sewə-''' 'to eat' ||
| '''*lowə''' "bone"<br/>'''*pAnə-''' "to put" || || '''*wetə''' "water"
| '''*lowə''' 'bone'<br/>'''*pAnə-''' 'to put' || || '''*wetə''' 'water'
| '''*kiwə''' "stone"<br/>'''*sula-''' "to melt"
| '''*kiwə''' 'stone'<br/>'''*sula-''' 'to melt'
|-
|-
! Finnic
! Finnic
| style="background:lightgray"|
| style="background:lightgray"|
| || '''*ëńa''' "aunt"<br/>'''*soŋə-''' "to go thru" || '''*këččə''' "bitter"<br/>'''*ńërə''' "cartilage" || || '''*oŋə''' "mouth" (?) ||
| || '''*ëńa''' 'aunt'<br/>'''*soŋə-''' 'to go thru' || '''*këččə''' 'bitter'<br/>'''*ńërə''' 'cartilage' || || '''*oŋə''' 'mouth' (?) ||
| '''*mälkə''' "breast"<br/>'''*peljä''' "ear"
| '''*mälkə''' 'breast'<br/>'''*peljä''' 'ear'
|-
|-
! Mordv.
! Mordv.
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*mińä''' "dtr-in-law"<br/>'''*pura''' "bore"<br/>'''*pušə-''' "to blow"
| '''*mińä''' 'dtr-in-law'<br/>'''*pura''' 'bore'<br/>'''*pušə-''' 'to blow'
| '''*ëppə''' "pa-in-law"<br/>'''*śojə(-)''' "(to) sound"<br/>'''*śowə''' "mouth" || '''*suxə-''' "to row"<br/>'''*sɜnśɜ-''' "to stand" || || '''*jɜxə-''' "to drink"
| '''*ëppə''' 'pa-in-law'<br/>'''*śojə(-)''' '(to) sound'<br/>'''*śowə''' 'mouth' || '''*suxə-''' 'to row'<br/>'''*sɜnśɜ-''' 'to stand' || || '''*jɜxə-''' 'to drink'
| '''*puća-''' "to squeeze" (Ma. irreg.)<br/>'''*särä''' "root"
| '''*puća-''' 'to squeeze' (Ma. irreg.)<br/>'''*särä''' 'root'
|-
|-
! Mari
! Mari
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*nüðə''' "handle" (H. irreg.)<br/>'''*pala''' "bit"
| '''*nüðə''' 'handle' (H. irreg.)<br/>'''*pala''' 'bit'
| '''*enä''' "big" (P. irreg.)<br/>'''*jëka-''' "to divide"<br/>'''*karə''' "crust"<br/>'''*kälə''' "tongue"<br/>'''*mexə-''' "to sell"<br/>'''#näjə''' "girl, woman"
| '''*enä''' 'big' (P. irreg.)<br/>'''*jëka-''' 'to divide'<br/>'''*karə''' 'crust'<br/>'''*kälə''' 'tongue'<br/>'''*mexə-''' 'to sell'<br/>'''#näjə''' 'girl, woman'
| '''*kulkə-''' "to go" ||
| '''*kulkə-''' 'to go' ||
| '''*ćäŋkə-''' "to cut" (Mo. irreg.)<br/>'''#kiśkä-''' "to rip"<br/>'''*kulə-''' "to run out"<br/>'''*näkə-''' "to see"<br/>'''*omtə''' "cavity"<br/>'''*śëlka''' "pole"<br/>'''*ü/ejə''' "night"
| '''*ćäŋkə-''' 'to cut' (Mo. irreg.)<br/>'''#kiśkä-''' 'to rip'<br/>'''*kulə-''' 'to run out'<br/>'''*näkə-''' 'to see'<br/>'''*omtə''' 'cavity'<br/>'''*śëlka''' 'pole'<br/>'''*ü/ejə''' 'night'
|-
|-
! Permic
! Permic
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*kanta-''' "to carry"<br/>'''*sala-''' "to steal"<br/>'''*śüĺə''' "coal" || '''#wiŋü''' "son-in-law" (messy!) || || '''*pućka''' "shit" (F. irreg.)<br/>'''*wëlka-''' "to leave"
| '''*kanta-''' 'to carry'<br/>'''*sala-''' 'to steal'<br/>'''*śüĺə''' 'coal' || '''#wiŋü''' 'son-in-law' (messy!) || || '''*pućka''' 'shit' (F. irreg.)<br/>'''*wëlka-''' 'to leave'
|-
|-
! Hung.
! Hung.
| colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="5" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*ëkta-''' "to put" || '''#kośkə''' "dry"<br/>'''*śečä''' "uncle"
| '''*ëkta-''' 'to put' || '''#kośkə''' 'dry'<br/>'''*śečä''' 'uncle'
| '''*śepä''' "neck"<br/>'''*śëmə''' "scales"<br/>'''*śoð(ka)''' "goldeneye"<br/>'''*śülkə''' "spit"
| '''*śepä''' 'neck'<br/>'''*śëmə''' 'scales'<br/>'''*śoð(ka)''' 'goldeneye'<br/>'''*śülkə''' 'spit'
|-
|-
! Mansi
! Mansi
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="6" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*kajwa-''' "to dig" (S. irreg.)<br/>'''*lomə''' "snow" (H. q:ble)<br/>'''*te-''' "2PP"<br/>'''*tinä''' "2PS"
| '''*kajwa-''' 'to dig' (S. irreg.)<br/>'''*lomə''' 'snow' (H. q:ble)<br/>'''*te-''' '2PP'<br/>'''*tinä''' '2PS'
| '''*kota''' "house"<br/>'''*pilwə''' "cloud"<br/>'''*śalə''' "intestine" (H. q:ble)
| '''*kota''' 'house'<br/>'''*pilwə''' 'cloud'<br/>'''*śalə''' 'intestine' (H. q:ble)
|-
|-
! Khanty
! Khanty
| colspan="7" style="background:lightgray"|
| colspan="7" style="background:lightgray"|
| '''*miŋä''' "behind"
| '''*miŋä''' 'behind'
|}
|}


Revision as of 02:37, 3 September 2015

Missing in 0-1 branches

(69 roots)

Found in all branches
  • pronouns: *ku- 'who', *me- '1PP', *mi- 'what', *minä ¹ '1PS', *to 'that'
  • basic verbs: *elä- ² 'to live', *kalə- 'to die', *kaĺa- 'to disappear', *ńalə- 'to lick', *ńälə- 'to swallow', *puna- 'to plait', *ujə- 'to swim'
  • body parts: *künčə ³ 'nail', *mëksa 'liver', *sënə 'vein', *sülə 'bosom', *śilmä 'eye', *śɜðäm(ə) 'heart'
  • other nouns: *ëla 'low', *ńëlə 'arrow', *nimə 'name', *pälä ⁴ 'half', *pesä 'nest', *purkə ⁵ 'blizzard', #wäśkä 'metal'
  • etc: *kuma- 'overturned', #kɜk/ttA '2', #wittə '5'
  1. Ms. *äm, Hu. én questionable
  2. Mo. *eŕa- irregular
  3. Smy. *kəčä irregular
  4. S. *pealē irregular
  5. Hu. forr 'to boil' questionable
Found everywhere except Samoyedic
  • numerals: #kormɜ '3', #kuwtə '6', *ńeljä '4', *śëta '100'
  • others: *jäŋə 'ice', *jećə ¹ 'soul', *kälä- 'to wade', *kätə 'hand', *keččä ² 'ring', *kerə 'bark', #kuwlə- 'to hear', *tälwə 'winter', *sükśə 'autumn', *śarw/pə 'horn', *wajə 'butter', *wäkə 'power', *werə 'blood', *wɜðɜm 'marrow'
 ¹ K. ać unclear

² Mo. či 'sun' unclear

Found everywhere except Khanty
*lämə 'broth'
Found everywhere except Hungarian
#kowsə 'spruce', *ĺëmə 'bird cherry', *poŋə 'bosom', *porə- 'to bite', *wü/ilɜ 'upper'
Found everywhere except Permic
*joŋsə 'bow', *kala 'fish', *muna 'egg', *śinśä ¹ 'inside' ¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
Found everywhere except Mari
*pelə- 'to fear', *tulka ¹ 'feather', *tu/üĺkA 'prod' ¹ F. *sulka?!
Found everywhere except Mordvinic
*kunśə(-) '(to) pee', *menə- 'to go', *pončə 'tail', #sɜja 'sleeve'¹, *śälə- 'to cut' ¹ F. hija unclear
Found everywhere except Finnic
*ipsə/ä- '(to) smell', #sejə 'pus' ¹ Mo. unclear
Found everywhere except Samic
*küńä 'elbow', *piŋə ¹ 'tooth', *walə- 'to be' ¹ Smy. *pəj 'flint' unclear
Totals
S F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
66 67 64 66 65 64 69 68 51

Missing in 2 branches

(63 roots)

Finnic Mordvinic Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic
Samic *kuńa- 'to blink' *täwðə 'full' (Ma. irreg.) *sewə- 'to eat' *lowə 'bone'
*pAnə- 'to put'		 *wetə 'water' *kiwə 'stone'
*sula- 'to melt'
Finnic *ëńa 'aunt'
*soŋə- 'to go thru'		 *këččə 'bitter'
*ńërə 'cartilage'		 *oŋə 'mouth' (?) *mälkə 'breast'
*peljä 'ear'
Mordv. *mińä 'dtr-in-law'
*pura 'bore'
*pušə- 'to blow' 		*ëppə 'pa-in-law'
*śojə(-) '(to) sound'
*śowə 'mouth'		 *suxə- 'to row'
*sɜnśɜ- 'to stand'		 *jɜxə- 'to drink' *puća- 'to squeeze' (Ma. irreg.)
*särä 'root'
Mari *nüðə 'handle' (H. irreg.)
*pala 'bit' 		*enä 'big' (P. irreg.)
*jëka- 'to divide'
*karə 'crust'
*kälə 'tongue'
*mexə- 'to sell'
#näjə 'girl, woman' 		*kulkə- 'to go' *ćäŋkə- 'to cut' (Mo. irreg.)
#kiśkä- 'to rip'
*kulə- 'to run out'
*näkə- 'to see'
*omtə 'cavity'
*śëlka 'pole'
*ü/ejə 'night'
Permic *kanta- 'to carry'
*sala- 'to steal'
*śüĺə 'coal'		 #wiŋü 'son-in-law' (messy!) *pućka 'shit' (F. irreg.)
*wëlka- 'to leave'
Hung. *ëkta- 'to put' #kośkə 'dry'
*śečä 'uncle' 		*śepä 'neck'
*śëmə 'scales'
*śoð(ka) 'goldeneye'
*śülkə 'spit'
Mansi *kajwa- 'to dig' (S. irreg.)
*lomə 'snow' (H. q:ble)
*te- '2PP'
*tinä '2PS' 		*kota 'house'
*pilwə 'cloud'
*śalə 'intestine' (H. q:ble)
Khanty *miŋä 'behind'
Total missing
S F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
8 8 12 22 13 20 11 9 23
Correlations
F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
S 1 1 1 0 2 0 1 2
F 0 2 2 0 1 0 2
Mo 3 3 2 0 1 2
Ma 2 6 1 0 7
P 3 1 0 2
H 1 2 4
Ms 4 3
Kh 1

Missing in 3 branches

(63 roots)

  • *čača- 'to be born' (S F H, or with F *sato 'crops'?)
  • *aðəma 'sleep' (S F Smy)
  • *kojəra 'male animal', *sälɜ- 'to load', *warə 'mountain' (S Mo Ma)
  • *pata 'pot' (S Mo P)
  • *kütkə- 'to tie' (S Mo H)
  • *kama 'crust' (messy!), *üćä 'small' (S Mo Kh)
  • *täjə 'louse' (S Mo Smy)
  • *šiŋərə 'mouse' (S Ma Smy)
  • *totkə 'tench' (S P Kh)
  • *aśkəl 'step' (S H Kh)
  • *käjä 'moth', *pićlä ~ *pećrä 'rowan', *śawə 'clay' (S H Smy)
  • #küjə 'adder', *mośkə- 'to wash' (S Ms Kh)
  • *ńälmä 'tongue' (F Mo P)
  • *ńëkćəm 'gills', *wanča- 'to go carefully' (F Mo H)
  • #läpðä 'spleen' (F Mo Ms)
  • *soskə- 'to chew', *ulkə 'pole' (F Ma H)
  • *čaŋa- 'to hit' (F P H)
  • *närə 'nose' (F H Ms)
  • *panča- 'to open' (F H Smy)
  • *ćappa- 'to hit' (F Kh Smy)
  • #kïra- 'to curse', *woča 'fish trap' (Mo Ma P)
  • *käwðə 'rope', *parwə 'raft' (Mo Ma H)
  • *kixə- 'to rut', *(ń)imə- 'to suck' (Mo Ma Ms)
  • *wolka 'shoulder' (Mo Ma Kh)
  • *kolɜ 'hole', *lewlə 'soul', #wïča- 'to scrape' (Mo Ma Smy)
  • *ëptə 'hair' (Mo P H)
  • #lïntɜ 'bird' (Mo P Smy)
  • *puĺa- 'to break', *siwə 'year ring' (Mo H Kh; S. irreg.)
  • *läppä 'cover', *śänä ~ *śenä 'mushroom' (Mo H Smy)
  • #üwä 'belt' (Mo Ms Kh)
  • *mu- 'other' (Mo Kh Smy)
  • *toxə- 'to bring' (Ma P H)
  • *tekə- 'to do' (Ma P Smy)
  • *kälü 'sis-in-law', *šarəwa 'dry' (Ma H Ms)
  • *laśkɜ- 'to let go', *tarkə- 'to tremble' (Ma H Smy)
  • *säppä 'gall', *päŋə 'head', *waja- 'to sink' (Ma Kh Smy)
  • *marja 'berry' (P H Smy)
  • *ićä 'father; big' (P Kh Smy)
  • *no- 'those', *ora 'squirrel', tulə 'fire' (H Ms Kh)
  • *läktə- 'to depart' (H Ms Smy)
  • *loŋə- 'to throw' (messy!), *penä 'dog', *woĺə 'new' (Ms Kh Smy)
Total missing
S F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
18 12 30 25 12 30 16 22 27
Correlations
F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
S 2 8 4 2 6 2 6 6
F 4 2 2 8 2 1 3
Mo 13 6 10 4 7 8
Ma 4 9 4 4 10
P 4 0 2 4
H 7 6 10
Ms 9 4
Kh 9
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