Proto-Uralic/distribution: Difference between revisions

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==Missing in 3 branches==
==Missing in 3 branches==
(61 roots)
(62 roots)


{|
{|
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|-
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* '''*čača-''' "to be born" (S F H, or with F *sato "crops"?)
* '''*čača-''' 'to be born' (S F H, or with F *sato 'crops'?)
* '''*aðəma''' "sleep" (S F Smy)
* '''*aðəma''' 'sleep' (S F Smy)
* '''*kojəra''' "male animal", '''*sälɜ-''' "to load", '''*warə''' "mountain" (S Mo Ma)
* '''*kojəra''' 'male animal', '''*sälɜ-''' 'to load', '''*warə''' 'mountain' (S Mo Ma)
* '''*pata''' "pot" (S Mo P)
* '''*pata''' 'pot' (S Mo P)
* '''*kütkə-''' "to tie" (S Mo H)
* '''*kütkə-''' 'to tie' (S Mo H)
* '''*kama''' "crust" (messy!), '''*üćä''' "small" (S Mo Kh)
* '''*kama''' 'crust' (messy!), '''*üćä''' 'small' (S Mo Kh)
* '''*täjə''' "louse" (S Mo Smy)
* '''*täjə''' 'louse' (S Mo Smy)
* '''*šiŋərə''' "mouse" (S Ma Smy)
* '''*šiŋərə''' 'mouse' (S Ma Smy)
* '''*totkə''' "tench" (S P Kh)
* '''*totkə''' 'tench' (S P Kh)
* '''*aśkəl''' "step" (S H Kh)
* '''*aśkəl''' 'step' (S H Kh)
* '''*käjä''' "moth", '''*pićlä''' ~ '''*pećrä''' "rowan", '''*śawə''' "clay" (S H Smy)
* '''*käjä''' 'moth', '''*pićlä''' ~ '''*pećrä''' 'rowan', '''*śawə''' 'clay' (S H Smy)
* '''#küjə''' "adder", '''*mośkə-''' "to wash" (S Ms Kh)
* '''#küjə''' 'adder', '''*mośkə-''' 'to wash' (S Ms Kh)
* '''*ńälmä''' "tongue" (F Mo P)
* '''*ńälmä''' 'tongue' (F Mo P)
* '''*ńëkćəm''' "gills", '''*wanča-''' "to go carefully" (F Mo H)
* '''*ńëkćəm''' 'gills', '''*wanča-''' 'to go carefully' (F Mo H)
* '''#läpðä''' "spleen" (F Mo Ms)
* '''#läpðä''' 'spleen' (F Mo Ms)
* '''*soskə-''' "to chew", '''*ulkə''' "pole" (F Ma H)
* '''*soskə-''' 'to chew', '''*ulkə''' 'pole' (F Ma H)
* '''*čaŋa-''' "to hit" (F P H)
* '''*čaŋa-''' 'to hit' (F P H)
* '''*närə''' "nose" (F H Ms)
* '''*närə''' 'nose' (F H Ms)
* '''*panča-''' "to open" (F H Smy)
* '''*panča-''' 'to open' (F H Smy)
* '''*ćappa-''' "to hit" (F Kh Smy)
* '''*ćappa-''' 'to hit' (F Kh Smy)
* '''#kïra-''' "to curse", '''*woča''' "fish trap" (Mo Ma P)
* '''#kïra-''' 'to curse', '''*woča''' 'fish trap' (Mo Ma P)
* '''*käwðə''' "rope", '''*parwə''' "raft" (Mo Ma H)
* '''*käwðə''' 'rope', '''*parwə''' 'raft' (Mo Ma H)
* '''*kixə-''' "to rut", '''*(ń)imə-''' "to suck" (Mo Ma Ms)
* '''*kixə-''' 'to rut', '''*(ń)imə-''' 'to suck' (Mo Ma Ms)
* '''*wolka''' "shoulder" (Mo Ma Kh)
* '''*wolka''' 'shoulder' (Mo Ma Kh)
* '''*kolɜ''' "hole", '''*lewlə''' "soul", '''#wïča-''' "to scrape" (Mo Ma Smy)
* '''*kolɜ''' 'hole', '''*lewlə''' 'soul', '''#wïča-''' 'to scrape' (Mo Ma Smy)
* '''*ëptə''' "hair" (Mo P H)
* '''*ëptə''' 'hair' (Mo P H)
* '''#lïntɜ''' "bird" (Mo P Smy)
* '''#lïntɜ''' 'bird' (Mo P Smy)
* '''*siwə''' "year ring" (Mo H Kh; S. irreg.)
* '''*siwə''' 'year ring' (Mo H Kh; S. irreg.)
* '''*läppä''' "cover", '''*śänä''' ~ '''*śenä''' "mushroom" (Mo H Smy)
* '''*läppä''' 'cover', '''*śänä''' ~ '''*śenä''' 'mushroom' (Mo H Smy)
* '''#üwä''' "belt" (Mo Ms Kh)
* '''#üwä''' 'belt' (Mo Ms Kh)
* '''*mu-''' "other" (Mo Kh Smy)
* '''*mu-''' 'other' (Mo Kh Smy)
* '''*toxə-''' "to bring" (Ma P H)
* '''*toxə-''' 'to bring' (Ma P H)
* '''*tekə-''' "to do" (Ma P Smy)
* '''*tekə-''' 'to do' (Ma P Smy)
* '''*kälü''' "sis-in-law", '''*šarəwa''' "dry" (Ma H Ms)
* '''*kälü''' 'sis-in-law', '''*šarəwa''' 'dry' (Ma H Ms)
* '''*laśkɜ-''' "to let go", '''*tarkə-''' "to tremble" (Ma H Smy)
* '''*laśkɜ-''' 'to let go', '''*tarkə-''' 'to tremble' (Ma H Smy)
* '''*säppä''' "gall", '''*päŋə''' "head", '''*waja-''' "to sink" (Ma Kh Smy)
* '''*säppä''' 'gall', '''*päŋə''' 'head', '''*waja-''' 'to sink' (Ma Kh Smy)
* '''*marja''' "berry" (P H Smy)
* '''*marja''' 'berry' (P H Smy)
* '''*ićä''' "father; big" (P Kh Smy)
* '''*ićä''' 'father; big' (P Kh Smy)
* '''*no-''' "those", '''*ora''' "squirrel" (H Ms Kh)
* '''*no-''' 'those', '''*ora''' 'squirrel', '''tulə''' 'fire' (H Ms Kh)
* '''*läktə-''' "to depart" (H Ms Smy)
* '''*läktə-''' 'to depart' (H Ms Smy)
* '''*loŋə-''' "to throw" (messy!), '''*penä''' "dog", '''*woĺə''' "new" (Ms Kh Smy)
* '''*loŋə-''' 'to throw' (messy!), '''*penä''' 'dog', '''*woĺə''' 'new' (Ms Kh Smy)
| width="15"|
| width="15"|
| valign="top"|
| valign="top"|
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! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
! S !! F !! Mo !! Ma !! P !! H !! Ms !! Kh !! Smy
|-
|-
| 18 || 12 || 29 || 25 || 12 || 28 || 15 || 20 || 27
| 18 || 12 || 29 || 25 || 12 || 29 || 16 || 21 || 27
|}
|}


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! H
! H
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="5"|
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="5"|
| 6 || 4 || 10
| 7 || 5 || 10
|-
|-
! Ms
! Ms
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="6"|
| style="background:lightgrey" colspan="6"|
| 8 || 4
| 9 || 4
|-
|-
! Kh
! Kh

Revision as of 12:04, 22 August 2014

Missing in 0-1 branches

(69 roots)

Found in all branches
  • pronouns: *ku- "who", *me- "1PP", *mi- "what", *minä ¹ "1PS", *to "that"
  • basic verbs: *elä- ² "to live", *kalə- "to die", *kaĺa- "to disappear", *ńalə- "to lick", *ńälə- "to swallow", *puna- "to plait", *ujə- "to swim"
  • body parts: *künčə ³ "nail", *mëksa "liver", *sënə "vein", *sülə "bosom", *śilmä "eye", *śɜðäm(ə) "heart"
  • other nouns: *ëla "low", *ńëlə "arrow", *nimə "name", *pälä ⁴ "half", *pesä "nest", *purkə ⁵ "blizzard", #wäśkä "metal"
  • etc: *kuma- "overturned", #kɜk/ttA "2", #wittə "5"
  1. Ms. *äm, Hu. én questionable
  2. Mo. *eŕa- irregular
  3. Smy. *kəčä irregular
  4. S. *pealē irregular
  5. Hu. forr "to boil" questionable
Found everywhere except Samoyedic
  • numerals: #kormɜ "3", #kuwtə "6", *ńeljä "4", *śëta "100"
  • others: *jäŋə "ice", *jećə ¹ "soul", *kälä- "to wade", *kätə "hand", *keččä ² "ring", *kerə "bark", #kuwlə- "to hear", *tälwə "winter", *sükśə "autumn", *śarw/pə "horn", *wajə "butter", *wäkə "power", *werə "blood", *wɜðɜm "marrow"
 ¹ K. ać unclear

² Mo. či "sun" unclear

Found everywhere except Khanty
*lämə "broth"
Found everywhere except Hungarian
#kowsə "spruce", *ĺëmə "bird cherry", *poŋə "bosom", *porə- "to bite", *wü/ilɜ "upper"
Found everywhere except Permic
*joŋsə "bow", *kala "fish", *muna "egg", *śinśä ¹ "inside" ¹ Kh. *ćuućii unclear
Found everywhere except Mari
*pelə- "to fear", *tulka ¹ "feather", *tu/üĺkA "prod" ¹ F. *sulka?!
Found everywhere except Mordvinic
*kunśə(-) "(to) pee", *menə- "to go", *pončə "tail", #sɜja "sleeve"¹, *śälə- "to cut" ¹ F. hija unclear
Found everywhere except Finnic
*ipsə/ä- "(to) smell", #sejə "pus" ¹ Mo. unclear
Found everywhere except Samic
*küńä "elbow", *piŋə ¹ "tooth", *walə- "to be" ¹ Smy. *pəj "flint" unclear
Totals
S F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
66 67 64 66 65 64 69 68 51

Missing in 2 branches

(63 roots)

Finnic Mordvinic Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic
Samic *kuńa- "to blink" *täwðə "full" (Ma. irreg.) *sewə- "to eat" *lowə "bone"
*pAnə- "to put"		 *wetə "water" *kiwə "stone"
*sula- "to melt"
Finnic *ëńa "aunt"
*soŋə- "to go thru"		 *këččə "bitter"
*ńërə "cartilage"		 *oŋə "mouth" (?) *mälkə "breast"
*peljä "ear"
Mordv. *mińä "dtr-in-law"
*pura "bore"
*pušə- "to blow" 		*ëppə "pa-in-law"
*śojə(-) "(to) sound"
*śowə "mouth"		 *suxə- "to row"
*sɜnśɜ- "to stand"		 *jɜxə- "to drink" *puća- "to squeeze" (Ma. irreg.)
*särä "root"
Mari *nüðə "handle" (H. irreg.)
*pala "bit" 		*enä "big" (P. irreg.)
*jëka- "to divide"
*karə "crust"
*kälə "tongue"
*mexə- "to sell"
#näjə "girl, woman" 		*kulkə- "to go" *ćäŋkə- "to cut" (Mo. irreg.)
#kiśkä- "to rip"
*kulə- "to run out"
*näkə- "to see"
*omtə "cavity"
*śëlka "pole"
*ü/ejə "night"
Permic *kanta- "to carry"
*sala- "to steal"
*śüĺə "coal"		 #wiŋü "son-in-law" (messy!) *pućka "shit" (F. irreg.)
*wëlka- "to leave"
Hung. *ëkta- "to put" #kośkə "dry"
*śečä "uncle" 		*śepä "neck"
*śëmə "scales"
*śoð(ka) "goldeneye"
*śülkə "spit"
Mansi *kajwa- "to dig" (S. irreg.)
*lomə "snow" (H. q:ble)
*te- "2PP"
*tinä "2PS" 		*kota "house"
*pilwə "cloud"
*śalə "intestine" (H. q:ble)
Khanty *miŋä "behind"
Total missing
S F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
8 8 12 22 13 20 11 9 23
Correlations
F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
S 1 1 1 0 2 0 1 2
F 0 2 2 0 1 0 2
Mo 3 3 2 0 1 2
Ma 2 6 1 0 7
P 3 1 0 2
H 1 2 4
Ms 4 3
Kh 1

Missing in 3 branches

(62 roots)

  • *čača- 'to be born' (S F H, or with F *sato 'crops'?)
  • *aðəma 'sleep' (S F Smy)
  • *kojəra 'male animal', *sälɜ- 'to load', *warə 'mountain' (S Mo Ma)
  • *pata 'pot' (S Mo P)
  • *kütkə- 'to tie' (S Mo H)
  • *kama 'crust' (messy!), *üćä 'small' (S Mo Kh)
  • *täjə 'louse' (S Mo Smy)
  • *šiŋərə 'mouse' (S Ma Smy)
  • *totkə 'tench' (S P Kh)
  • *aśkəl 'step' (S H Kh)
  • *käjä 'moth', *pićlä ~ *pećrä 'rowan', *śawə 'clay' (S H Smy)
  • #küjə 'adder', *mośkə- 'to wash' (S Ms Kh)
  • *ńälmä 'tongue' (F Mo P)
  • *ńëkćəm 'gills', *wanča- 'to go carefully' (F Mo H)
  • #läpðä 'spleen' (F Mo Ms)
  • *soskə- 'to chew', *ulkə 'pole' (F Ma H)
  • *čaŋa- 'to hit' (F P H)
  • *närə 'nose' (F H Ms)
  • *panča- 'to open' (F H Smy)
  • *ćappa- 'to hit' (F Kh Smy)
  • #kïra- 'to curse', *woča 'fish trap' (Mo Ma P)
  • *käwðə 'rope', *parwə 'raft' (Mo Ma H)
  • *kixə- 'to rut', *(ń)imə- 'to suck' (Mo Ma Ms)
  • *wolka 'shoulder' (Mo Ma Kh)
  • *kolɜ 'hole', *lewlə 'soul', #wïča- 'to scrape' (Mo Ma Smy)
  • *ëptə 'hair' (Mo P H)
  • #lïntɜ 'bird' (Mo P Smy)
  • *siwə 'year ring' (Mo H Kh; S. irreg.)
  • *läppä 'cover', *śänä ~ *śenä 'mushroom' (Mo H Smy)
  • #üwä 'belt' (Mo Ms Kh)
  • *mu- 'other' (Mo Kh Smy)
  • *toxə- 'to bring' (Ma P H)
  • *tekə- 'to do' (Ma P Smy)
  • *kälü 'sis-in-law', *šarəwa 'dry' (Ma H Ms)
  • *laśkɜ- 'to let go', *tarkə- 'to tremble' (Ma H Smy)
  • *säppä 'gall', *päŋə 'head', *waja- 'to sink' (Ma Kh Smy)
  • *marja 'berry' (P H Smy)
  • *ićä 'father; big' (P Kh Smy)
  • *no- 'those', *ora 'squirrel', tulə 'fire' (H Ms Kh)
  • *läktə- 'to depart' (H Ms Smy)
  • *loŋə- 'to throw' (messy!), *penä 'dog', *woĺə 'new' (Ms Kh Smy)
Total missing
S F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
18 12 29 25 12 29 16 21 27
Correlations
F Mo Ma P H Ms Kh Smy
S 2 8 4 2 6 2 6 6
F 4 2 2 8 2 1 3
Mo 13 6 9 4 6 8
Ma 4 9 4 4 10
P 4 0 2 4
H 7 5 10
Ms 9 4
Kh 9
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